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Science Journal

 

Academia Arena

 学术争鸣

ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online), doi:10.7537, Monthly

Volume 9 - Number 1 (Cumulated No. 91),  January 25, 2017

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CONTENTS  

No.

Titles / Authors /Abstracts

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1

The relationship between diversification strategy and cash holding with abnormal stock returns in the Tehran Stock Exchange

 

Masumeh Hosein Ahmadi*, Soghra Ghobadi (Ph.D) **

 

* Department of Accounting, Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad university, khorramshahr, iran

** Department of Accounting, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad university, Ahvaz, iran

 

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between diversification strategy and cash holding with abnormal stock returns. This study is an applied-developmental one in terms of objective, and analytical descriptive research in terms of nature and method. The study sample was selected using a systematic removal method. Data were collected using library materials and statistical reports. The research data were analyzed by inferential statistics (regression analysis) Excel software and software Eviews. The findings of the study shows that there is variable changes in cash levels maintained significant positive impact on stock returns is unusual, So that a unit increase in the variable abnormal stock returns will increase by as much as 0.004 units. Variable diversification effect is positive and significant abnormal returns stock, So that a unit increase in the variable diversify abnormal stock returns will increase by about 0.003 units.

[Masumeh Hosein Ahmadi, Soghra Ghobadi. The relationship between diversification strategy and cash holding with abnormal stock returns in the Tehran Stock Exchange. Academ Arena 2017;9(1):1-5]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 1. doi:10.7537/marsaaj090117.01.

 

Keywords: diversification, returns, cash holding, abnormal stock returns, Tehran Stock Exchange

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Investigation Impact of Participative Management on Employee’ Performance Improvement

 

Mohsen Nasiri

 

MSc in Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

ssbahar456@gmail.com

 

Abstract: The main aim of this research is investigation the impact of participative management on improvement of employees. Participative management style is management style positively associated with high level of job satisfaction. It is based on the involvement of employees in decision-making, problem-solving in the company and empowering employees, as well as on supporting their high autonomy, own initiative and creativity. The article describes the features of participative management style and the outcomes of our own research focused on participative management style elements. To do this, we analyse whether the existence of a characteristic management style influences the employee views of reputation, studying the effect of control variables such as employee age, gender, level of education or job position. Do Leadership style and management approach affect employees’ performance improvement?

[Mohsen Nasiri. Investigation Impact of Participative Management on Employee’ Performance Improvement.. Academ Arena 2017;9(1):6-9]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 2. doi:10.7537/marsaaj090117.02.

 

Key words: Participative Management, Employee’ Performance, Decision-making

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新黑洞理论之1

==本文摘录改编自拙作《黑洞宇宙学概论[4]==

==5个基本公式奠定‘新黑洞理论’的基础==

 

张洞生

 

17 Pontiac Road, West Hartford, CT 06117-2129, U.S.A.

zhangds12@hotmail.com; zds@outlook,com

 

<序言>由于《黑洞宇宙学概论[4]》内容全新且浩繁,初读者看来,可能显得过于分散。作者现在摘录改编书中主要内容写成‘新黑洞理论系列’文章,它们是该书的‘纲领和骨架’,使读者易于认知新理论。不才才疏学浅,经过10多年的探索,另辟奇径,不用[广义相对论方程],在霍金伟大的黑洞物理学理论的基础上,5个正确有效的经典基本公式,组成作者的[新黑洞理论],它能自洽有效地用公式描述和证实黑洞我们宇宙黑洞’‘生长衰亡的正确规律,及其在变化中任何确定时间的各个物理参数的数值。因此,作者的[新黑洞理论]能准确地计算出我们宇宙各个时间的时间简史,且符合近代的天文观测数据资料,这是霍金等尚未做到的事情。在[广义相对论方程] 发表后整整100年时的2015.11,出版了《黑洞宇宙学概论[4]》一书,其中的[新黑洞理论]为人们提供了一条不用[广义相对论方程]研究黑洞和宇宙的途径,欢迎读者们将2者作比较,判断出其中是非对错优劣。衷心希望读者们能从批判否定推翻作者的观念理论公式论证和结论中,得出新的理论和公式,以推进黑洞和宇宙科学的进步。爱因斯坦于1915年发表了他的[广义相对论方程],它是爱因斯坦头脑中的产物,不是建立在坚实可靠而广泛实验的基础上的,当时还没有哈勃定律的宇宙膨胀的概念。从物理学上来讲,广义相对论方程中只有物质粒子之间的物质能量密度的引力作用,而无对抗引力的热斥力是先天不足的,是无法解出物体内部粒子的运动轨迹的,因为宇宙中任何物体的稳定存在都是其内部物质及其结构的引力与斥力相平衡的结果。一个只有粒子纯引力的场方程必然使每个粒子都永远处在不稳定的奔向其质心的收缩运动中,其最后的归宿只能是向其质量中心收敛成密度为无限大的奇点这是违反热力学定律即因果律的结果,从逻辑推理就可得出的结论。此外更重要的是,无论是宇宙是否是黑洞(作者在此书中证明了宇宙自始至终都是黑洞),都是开放系统(非恒质-能量、非密度均匀系统)’‘不可逆过程(时间不可逆,非等熵)’‘系统内部和外界都有物质和辐射能的互相转变和交换(E =MC2,等等。但是在解[广义相对论方程]时,除了Karl Schwarzschild的解完全能够包容上述所有条件、而得出唯一正确的黑洞解之外,100年来,其余所有的对[广义相对论方程]玩花样的杰出的学者们,包括霍金和彭罗斯在内,对[广义相对论方程]的解都是错误的,或者背离实际的,或者是似是而非的,因为他们解方程的前提都无法包容上述诸多条件中的任何一条,这是研究方向上的错误。因此,他们得出的黑洞理论宇宙学理论都是背离实际的玄学,宇宙中找不到密度为无限大的奇点,就是明显的例子。所以爱因斯坦说:要打破人的偏見,比崩破一個原子還難。

[张洞生. 新黑洞理论之1, 本文摘录改编自拙作《黑洞宇宙学概论[4], 5个基本公式奠定‘新黑洞理论’的基础. Academ Arena 2017;9(1):10-14]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 3. doi:10.7537/marsaaj090117.03.

 

<关键词>: 新黑洞理论;无电荷、无旋转、球对称的史瓦西(引力)黑洞;史瓦西(引力)黑洞在其视界半径Rb上的5个普遍公式;5个公式奠定了新黑洞理论的基础;黑洞在其视界半径Rb上的霍金的温度公式,黑洞的霍金辐射mss及其公式;黑洞最后只能因不停地发射霍金辐射而收缩成为最小黑洞Mbm = (hC/8πG)1/2 =10-5 g = mp,即普朗克粒子时,就在普朗克领域爆炸消失;黑洞不可能在其视界内部的中心出现奇点;广义相对论方程ETGR

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新黑洞理论之2

==只有用經典理論才能解釋黑洞發射霍金輻射mss的機理==

==本文摘录改编自拙作《黑洞宇宙学概论[2]==

 

张洞生

 

17 Pontiac Road, West Hartford, CT 06117-2129, U.S.A.

zhangds12@hotmail.com; zds@outlook.com

 

<內容摘要>黑洞Mb在其視界半徑Rb上發射霍金量子輻射mss簡稱霍金輻射。本文的目的就是要将霍金没有弄明白的霍金辐射mss,弄得更清楚更明白。  宇宙中任何事物,包括我们视界的宇宙,都符合生长衰亡的规律,为什么?因为他们都必定有‘吐故纳新,新陈代谢’。史瓦西对广义相对论方程的特殊解,解决了黑洞的‘纳新’问题,但是不知道‘吐故’什么。霍金的黑洞理论指出了黑洞的‘吐故’是发射霍金量子辐射mss,但不知道霍金辐射mss是什么,不知道它的许多性质和量,不知道它与黑洞的关系,不知道mss被发射出来的机理。本文就是要解决和回答这些问题。霍金對黑洞理論劃時代的偉大貢獻是提出了在黑洞視界半徑Rb上有作為冷源的閥溫Tb能像黑體一樣發射量子輻射mss。這是建立在熱力學和量子力學的堅實的基礎上的,是符合實際物理世界的理論。由廣義相對論史瓦西公式得出的黑洞是一個怪物。一旦形成,它就只能吞噬外界能量-物質而膨脹長大,在宇宙中永不消亡。霍金的黑洞理論證明,黑洞會因發射霍金量子輻射mss而縮小消亡,使黑洞與宇宙中的任何物體和事物一樣,具有生長衰亡的普遍規律。所以是霍金的黑洞的理論挽救了不切實際的相對論黑洞理論。但是霍金沒有得出霍金輻射mss的公式,所以他不可能知道任何黑洞最後只能收縮成為普朗克粒子mp,而不可能收縮為「奇點」。他對其發射機理的解釋卻不能讓人信服和恭維的。霍金解釋說,由於真空是大量的「虛粒子對」不斷快速產生和湮滅的真空海洋,就使得虛粒子對中的負粒子被黑洞捕獲而正粒子留在外部世界顯形,這就成為黑洞中正粒子逃出黑洞的原因。這種解釋是在用無法證實的新物理概念來忽悠人。作者在本文中將用經典理論所找出霍金輻射mss的正確公式(1d),並且論證:黑洞的霍金輻射mss就是直接從其視界半徑上Rb逃到外界的,是從高溫高能量場向低溫低能量場的自然流動,是符合熱力學定律的。

[张洞生. 新黑洞理论之2==只有用經典理論才能解釋黑洞發射霍金輻射mss的機理==. Academ Arena 2017;9(1):15-20]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 4. doi:10.7537/marsaaj090117.04.

 

<關鍵字>: 史瓦西黑洞;黑洞Mb在視界半徑Rb上的閥溫Tb;黑洞的霍金輻射mss;狄拉克海真空的虛粒子對;黑洞在視界半徑Rb上的3能量;用經典理論解釋霍金輻射

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新黑洞理论之3

==黑洞Mb的每个霍金輻射mss携带的信息量Io h/2πmssC2/νss==

==本文摘录改编自拙作《黑洞宇宙学概论[4]==

 

张洞生

 

17 Pontiac Road, West Hartford, CT 06117-2129, U.S.A.

zhangds12@hotmail.com; zds@outlook.com

 

<內容摘要>: 本文是新黑洞理论的第三篇文章。在第一篇文章中,作者提出了组成新黑洞理论普遍有效的5个经典的基本公式,其中(1d)式,mssMb = hC/8πG,找出了霍金辐射mss与黑洞总质能量Mb之间准确的量化公式,并从(1e)式,得出任何黑洞,无论大小,其最终的命运,都只能是收缩成为最小黑洞Mbm = mp 普朗克粒子,而爆炸消失在普朗克领域。第二篇文章是新黑洞理论之2,本篇用经典理论论证了,黑洞Mb向外发射霍金辐射mss就是它们作为热辐射,按照热力学第二定律,从黑洞的高温高能区域向境外低温低能区域自由地流动。本文是新黑洞理论的第三篇,以公式确定了信息量Io、熵Sbm、普朗克常数h/2π与黑洞霍金辐射mss之间的关系。本文首次將黑洞霍金輻射mss(能量子)携带的信息量Io 与熵Sb统一在新黑洞理论中了,证实了黑洞的与其信息量成正比,二者有同质同体性,而且证明了黑洞的每一个mss,无论大小,其所携带的信息量Io,都等于单位信息量Io≡h/2π,等于mss一个频率内的能量mssC2,即Io ≡ mssC2/νss。这就给予普朗克常数h/2π一个新的定义和概念,它就是一个最基本单位信息量Io。同时,也赋予了黑洞新的概念。什么是黑洞?本篇证明:黑洞就是在其外界没有能量-质量可被吞食时,是一个不稳定的不停地收缩的引力收缩体,它在收缩时,就将黑洞内的质-能量Mb统统通过视界半径Rb转变为一个接一个的霍金辐射mss(能量子,热辐射)流向外界,直到黑洞最后收缩成为最小黑洞Mbm = mp而爆炸消失在普朗克领域。每一个霍金辐射mss,无论频率多少、波长短长,都只携带一个单元的最小信息量Io ≡ h/2π ≡ mssC2/νss即一个频率之间的霍金辐射mss的能量mssC2/νss普朗克常数H ≡ h/2π≡Io,其新的物理意义就是每一个热辐射mss(能量子,电磁波)所携带的一个单元的最小信息量Io」本文的主要任務在於用經典理論和公式證明:1無論任何大小質量的黑洞Mb,它每次所發射的任何一個霍金輻射量子mss,其所擁有的信息量Io剛好等於宇宙中最小的、最基本的信息量 Io h/2π≡ HIo就是普朗克常數,而與黑洞的Mbmss的質-能的量無關。2;證明最小黑洞,即普朗克粒子的熵Sbm≡ π≡宇宙中最小的熵。3證明黑洞Mb的總信息量Im = 4GMb2/C;而其總熵Sb= π4GMb2/CIo= A/4Lp2 = πIm/Io = πIm/H4;證明了Sb = πIm/H,熵与信息量具有同质同体性。因此黑洞发射任何一个霍金辐射mss就是向外发射信息量和熵。宇宙中只有3样东西,物质、(辐射)能量和信息。新黑洞理论将黑洞的物质Mb、(辐射)能量mss和信息量Io的关系通过作者推导出来的2个新公式,mssMb = hC/8πGIo ≡ h/2π ≡ mssC2/νssIo ≡ h/2π ≡ mssC2/νss量化地联系起来了。但是信息并非有形的实体,物质Mb、(辐射)能量mss信息量Io的载体Io就像是Mbmss的意识形态或者灵魂,Mb从生到死不断地运动和变化造成mss的频率和波长有序地随着mss的增减而变化,这实际上就是对Mb有序变化的编码如果人们通过近代天文观测仪器能够连续地接收到和计算解读出mss波长和频率的改变,就可准确地认识到黑洞Mb本体的变化规律和命运。在已知宇宙的黑洞中,我们宇宙黑洞的总质-能量Mbu1056g,其霍金辐射mssu10--66g;最小黑洞Mbm=10—5g,其霍金辐射mssm10--5g二者总质-能量由大变到小的倍数=1056/Mbm=10—5=1061倍;相应地二者霍金辐射由小到大的倍数=10--66g/10--5g =10—61倍。太阳型黑洞的质量3Mbθ»6´1033g,相应地其mssθ»2´10--42g,因此,mssθ的波长l ssθ应约为18km顺便在此根据作者新黑洞理论中的公式和计算,谈谈对美国最近测定的黑洞的引力波的质疑: 2016211日,美国LIGO的科学家们按照计算机的数字模拟广义相对论方程解的方法,计算和比对测量到2个超恒星级黑洞的质量分别为太阳质量的29倍和36倍,它们距离我们13亿光年,合并后成为162个太阳质量的黑洞,损失的3个太阳质量。LIGO的科学家们认为他们测定的(35 ~ 150赫兹)的波经过计算和比对后,论证为黑洞碰撞合并后所发出的引力波按照作者新黑洞理论中的公式,根据LIGO所得出的上列数据,可知62黑洞质量约为Mbs»10-20)(3Mbθ»6´1034g;相应地其msss» 5´10--43g »3´10—10eV;其发射出的霍金辐射的波长lsss » 2´107cm=200km;其频率νsss»1500Hz左右。但是,LIGO实验测量到的频νssd »35 ~ 150赫兹,折合其波长则约为2´108cm=2´103km。可见,LIGO实验测量到的并非他们认为的上述2黑洞合并前后所发出霍金辐射引力波。作者的质疑:由于νssd<10νsss, 第一;问题是LIGO并没有真正观察到两个黑洞的合并,无法证明他们所测得的波就是两个黑洞并合后发出的引力波。因此,这只是他们计算后的猜测和推论。因为他们猜测和推论所根据的模型和数学公式如果没有其它同类型实测数据的佐证,极可能是错误的。第二;如果LIGO测得的波确是黑洞发射的引力波,该黑洞的质量应该大于620个太阳质量,即比LIGO所说62个太阳质量的黑洞大10倍多;就是说,只有在62个太阳质量的黑洞形成后,再吞噬进其外围的560多个太阳质量的黑洞的质量-能量后,才能发射出35 ~ 150赫兹的更弱的引力波。第三;根据本文后面的(6e)式,还可以测定2个相邻引力波发射的时间间隔--dτb应是:如果是62太阳质量的黑洞,其--dτb62»0.044秒;如果是620太阳质量的黑洞,其--dτb620»0.44秒;不知LIGO是否愿意用作者的这种方法检测一下,或者能判断他们测得的引力波是哪里的黑洞发射出来的;第四;LIGO说,2太阳质量的29倍和36倍的黑洞合并成为一个62太阳质量的黑洞,引力波是损失的3太阳质量的物质发出来的。这说法是不对的。在2个黑洞合并前,会从2个黑洞中拉出许多物质粒子甚至团块,但是它们只能被黑洞的潮汐作用所粉碎,形成高速高能粒子,彼此碰撞发出高能X射线,而少数有幸逃脱黑洞引力束缚的高速粒子也不可能发出极低频超长和极低能量的引力波。

[张洞生. 新黑洞理论之3==黑洞Mb的每个霍金輻射mss携带的信息量Io h/2πmssC2/νss==. Academ Arena 2017;9(1):21-26]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 5. doi:10.7537/marsaaj090117.05.

 

<關鍵字>黑洞的霍金輻射mss; 霍金輻射mss的信息量Io≡h/2π;最小黑洞Mbm= mp的信息量Io就是普朗克常數H;黑洞的信息總量Im;最小黑洞即普朗克粒子的熵Sbm=π;黑洞的總熵Sb; 我們宇宙大黑洞Mub;測不准原理;普朗克常數mp

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The New Prime theorems131-140

 

Chun-Xuan Jiang

 

P. O. Box 3924, Beijing 100854, P. R. China

jiangchunxuan@vip.sohu.com

 

Abstract: Using Jiang function we prove that the new prime theorems (45)-(70) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions.

[Chun-Xuan Jiang. The New Prime theorems131-140. Academ Arena 2017;9(1):27-38]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 6. doi:10.7537/marsaaj090117.06.

 

Keywords: prime; theorem; function; number; new

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Results Of Research On Astroclimatology

 

Gangadhara Rao Irlapati

 

H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibaba Nagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad – 500 055, Telangana State, INDIA

Email ID: scientistgangadhar@gmail.com

 

Abstract: Astroclimate is the part of climate of place that is a result of solar radiation.  I have conducted many researches in the field of Astroclimatology and invented some related discoveries & inventions which may also be useful in understanding the extent of the use of Astroclimatology.

[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati. Results Of Research On Astroclimatology. Academ Arena 2017;9(1):39-67]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 7. doi:10.7537/marsaaj090117.07.

 

Key Words: A new Hypothetical Model of Cosmology, Universe.

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8

请教几个理论物理问题

 

Li Xusheng

 

1922538071@qq.com

 

Abstract: 物理学是一门自然科学,它的理论和应用基础是建立在实验和观测上的。理论物理是物理学的基础,只有学好它,才能弄懂其他学科。笔者认为可以这样理解惯性系——当研究对象对于参照系作用力的影响可以忽略时,该参照系可以认为是惯性系,例如对于普通的力学实验,我们研究对象对于地球运动的影响可以忽略,把地面系看作惯性系,具有足够好的精确度;研究太阳系中星体之间的作用力时不能把地球不能视为惯性系,由于太阳的质量巨大,星体对于它作用力的影响较小,太阳系可以作为惯性系。本文描述了几个重要的物理学问题。

[Li Xusheng. 请教几个理论物理问题. Academ Arena 2017;9(1):68-76]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 8. doi:10.7537/marsaaj090117.08.

 

Keywords: 物理学; 力学; 因果; 分析; 数学; 方法

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9

A Series Solution of a Class of Diffusion Problems Arises During MRI

 

V. Soti

 

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Air University, Tehran, Iran.

Email: vahid.soti@gmail.com

 

Abstract: In this study, the Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging is investigated as a class of nonlinear diffusion equation subject to initial and boundary conditions. The Adomian Decomposition method is established for solving the proposed problem. The validity of this approach is investigate by using some numerical examples.

[V. Soti. A Series Solution of a Class of Diffusion Problems Arises During MRI. Academ Arena 2017;9(1):77-81]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 9. doi:10.7537/marsaaj090117.09.

 

Keywords: MRI, Adomian decomposition method, diffusion equation

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10

Effects of micronutrient application on the absorption of macro- and micronutrients in soybean

 

Esmaeil Yasari1, Abed vahedi2 and Maryam Saeedi3

 

1 Agriculture Department, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran.

3Wood and Paper Industries, Mazandaran, Iran. av1790@hotmail.com

 

Abstract: An experiment using the completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications was conducted in Dasht-e-Naz in Sari (in the province of Mazandaran) in 2010 to study the effects of the application of the micronutrients zinc, manganese, and boron on the solubility and absorption of macro- and micronutrients in soybean. Results of this study showed that the application of the micronutrients zinc, manganese, and boron caused an increase in the concentration of these micronutrients in the leaves of soybean at full bloom and at seed maturity. Results of the comparison of the means indicated that the highest concentrations of nitrogen (4.614 %), phosphorous (0.116 %), potassium (1.637 %), zinc (88.5 ppm), manganese (116.4 ppm), and boron (79.08 ppm) in the leaves of soybean were obtained when manganese, boron, boron, zinc, manganese, and boron were applied, respectively. These results, regarding seeds, also showed that the greatest concentrations of nitrogen (6.57%), phosphorous (0.177%), potassium (0.926%), and zinc (52.5ppm) in the seeds of soybean were observed when manganese, boron, manganese (added to the soil), and zinc (added to the soil) were applied, respectively; they also indicated that the highest manganese and boron concentrations in soybean seeds, 23.08 and 46.58 ppm, respectively, were achieved when manganese was added to the soil and when boron was used. These results suggested that using micronutrients like zinc, manganese, and boron, caused an increase in the absorption and concentration of macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in the leaves and seeds of soybean. The greatest mobility and absorption of nitrogen was observed when manganese was applied. Results also pointed out that application of boron increased the mobility and absorption of phosphorous and potassium.

[Esmaeil Yasari and Abed vahedi. Effects of micronutrient application on the absorption of macro- and micronutrients in soybean. Academ Arena 2017;9(1):82-87]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 10. doi:10.7537/marsaaj090117.10.

 

Keywords: soybean, micronutrients, absorption, macronutrients

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11

Results Of Research On Geology

 

Gangadhara Rao Irlapati

 

H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibaba Nagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad – 500 055, Telangana State, INDIA

Email ID: scientistgangadhar@gmail.com

 

Abstract: Geology is an earth science comprising the study of solid earth there are many parts in the geology like hydrogeology, geomorphology, petrology, mineralogy, seismology etc., I have conducted many researches on the geology and invented some related discoveries & inventions which may also be useful in understanding the extent of the use of geology.

[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati. Results Of Research On Geology. Academ Arena 2017;9(1):88-100]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 11. doi:10.7537/marsaaj090117.11.

 

Keywords: Geoscope; earthquakes; solid earth

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The articles in this issue are presented as online first for peer-review starting from January 5, 2017. 

All comments are welcome: editor@sciencepub.net

For back issues of the Academia Arena, click here.

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