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Stem Cell and Genome editing Research Literatures

Mark Herbert

Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA
Ms10012002@gmail.com

Abstract: Stem cells are derived from embryonic and non-embryonic tissues. Most stem cell studies are for animal stem cells and plants have also stem cell. Stem cells were discovered in 1981 from early mouse embryos. Stem cells have the potential to develop into all different cell types in the living body. Stem cell is a body repair system. When a stem cell divides it can be still a stem cell or become adult cell, such as a brain cell. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and can renew themselves by cell division, and stem cells can also differentiate to adult cells with special functions. Stem cells replace the old cells and repair the damaged tissues. Genome editing, or genome engineering is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified or replaced in the genome of a living organism. In 2018, the common methods for such editing use engineered nucleases, or "molecular scissors". These nucleases create site-specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) at desired locations in the genome. The induced double-strand breaks are repaired through nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR), resulting in targeted mutations. As of 2015 four families of engineered nucleases were used: meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALEN), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) system.
[Mark Herbert. Stem Cell and Genome editing Research Literatures. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):1-3]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 1. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.01.

Key words: stem cell; genome editing; life; research; literature

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Aeromonas Hydrophila Infection: A Review

Mona S. Zaki¹, Nagwa S. Rabie² and Kh. M. Elbayoumi²

¹Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

²Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Abstract: The Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) bacterium is found in all freshwater environments, in brackish water and in chlorinated and unchlorinated drinking water. Aeromonas spp. Was considered as potential food-borne psychrotrophic pathogens. Itis recognized to cause a variety of diseases in fish, poultry and transmitted to human being causes clinical disease. Fish and chicken play an important role in the transmission of this pathogen to humans. A. hydrophila is aquatic pathogen can grow competitively at 5°C. Gram-negative, Oxidase positive, facultative anaerobic, opportunistic. A. hydrophila able to produces virulence factors, such as hemolysins, adhesions, enterotoxins, phospholipase, lipase and aerolysins, the latest is a virulence factor contributing to the pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila infection. A. hydrophila was isolated from fish meat, milk and dairy product together with chicken showing clinical disease. Β-lactamase producing strains of A. hydrophila was isolated from many clinical cases due to huzzard use of antibiotics in fish and human being.

[Mona S. Zaki, Nagwa S. Rabie and Kh. M. Elbayoumi. Aeromonas Hydrophila Infection. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):4-6]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 2. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.02.

Keywords: Aeromonas; Hydrophila; Infection; Review

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Effect of Spraying Salicylic Acid, Some Crop Seed Sprouts and Turmeric Extract on Growth and Vine Nutritional Status of Superior Grapevines

Faissal F. Ahmed¹; Aisha S. A. Gaser² and Mohamed M. A. Hassan¹

¹Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ, Egypt

²Viticulture Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Instit. ARC, Giza, Egypt

faissalfadel@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was carried out during 2016 and 2017 seasons to examine the effect of spraying Superior grapevines with rocket and fenugreek seed sprouts and turmeric extract each at 0.05 o 0.2% and salicylic acid (SA) at 100 to 400 ppm on growth and vine nutritional status. The selected vines were sprayed three times with the investigated three plant extracts and salicylic acid at the growth start, just after berry setting, and 21 days after berry setting. Single and combined applications of fenugreek and rocket seed sprouts and turmeric extract at 0.05 to 0.2% and salicylic acid at 100 to 400 ppm caused a material promotion on all growth aspects namely main shoot length, number of leaves/shoot, leaf area, wood ripening coefficient, pruning wood weight and cane thickness and vine nutritional status namely chlorophylls a & b, total carotenoids, N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn in the leaves of Superior grapevines relative to the control. The best materials were rocket seed sprout, salicylic acid, turmeric extract and fenugreek seed sprout, in ascending order. Combined applications (SA at 200 ppm+ fenugreek seed sprout at 0.1%, SA at 200 ppm+ turmeric extract at 0.1% and SA at 200 ppm+ rocket seed sprout at 0.1%) were preferable than using each material alone in this respect. Carrying out three sprays of a mixture of salicylic acid at 200 ppm and fenugreek seed sprout at 0.1% at growth start, just after berry setting and three weeks later was responsible for enhancing growth and vine nutritional status of Superior grapevines.

[Faissal F. Ahmed; Aisha S. A. Gaser and Mohamed M. A. Hassan. Effect of Spraying Salicylic Acid, Some Crop Seed Sprouts and Turmeric Extract on Growth and Vine Nutritional Status of Superior Grapevines. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):7-15]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 3. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.03.

Keywords: Rocket and fenugreek seed sprouts, turmeric extract, salicylic acid, growth, vine nutritional status, Superior grapevines.

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Impact of Using Oils of Rocket and Nigella Seeds as Partial Replacement of Dormex on Breaking Dormancy and Improving Yield of Superior Grapevines Under Minia Region Conditions

Ahmed, M.K. Abdel Aal¹; Mervat A. Aly² and Pakistan M. Aly¹

¹Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric., Minia Univ., Egypt

² Viticulture Res. Dept. Hort. Res. Instit. ARC. Giza, Egypt

Abstract: During 2015 and 2016 seasons, Superior grapevines were subjected once (10-11 Jan.) to dormex at 4 % alone, rocket oil at 5 %, nigella oil at 5 %, rocket + nigella oils at 5 % and/or dormex at 1 to 2 %. The merit was detecting the effect of these treatments on bud behavior, ABA, total phenols, total indoles and total soluble sugars of the buds, growth aspects, pigments and NPK in the leaves, berry setting %, yield, shot berries % and berries quality. Exposing the vines once (10 – 11 Jan.) to dormex at 4 % alone, rocket seed oil at 5 %, nigella seed oil at 5 % and rocket + nigella seed oil each at 5 % and / or dormex at 1 to 2 % materially was very effective in enhancing percentages of bud burst and fruiting buds, total indoles and total soluble sugars in the buds, growth aspects, pigments and NPK in the leaves, berry setting %, yield and berries quality and decreasing durations of bud burst and blooming, ABA and total phenols in the buds and shot berries % relative to the control. Combined applications of dormex at 1 to 2 % and both oils of rocket and nigella seed at 5 % had an announced effect on the aforementioned parameters compared to using each material alone. No major differences on the investigated characteristics were observed among the application of dormex at 4 % alone and the use of dormex at 2 % plus both rocket and nigella seed oils each at 5 %. It is advised to use dormex at 2% plus oils of rocket and nigella seeds each at 5 % (once on 10-11 Jan.) instead of using dormex at 4 % alone for breaking dormancy and improving yield and berries quality of Superior grapevines grown under Minia region conditions.

[Ahmed, M.K. Abdel Aal; Mervat A. Aly and Pakistan M. Aly. Impact of Using Oils of Rocket and Nigella Seeds as Partial Replacement of Dormex on Breaking Dormancy and Improving Yield of Superior Grapevines Under Minia Region Conditions. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):16-27]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 4. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.04.

Key Words: Dormancy; Dormex; oils of rocket and nigella seeds; bud behavior; growth; yield; berries quality; Superior grapevines

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Investigation of Duiraj River meandering pattern, Using Curvature and Center Angle Coefficients

Ali Asghari1, Maryam Mousavi Bideli2, Saeed Shojaei3,*, Khadijeh Rahimi Balkanlou4

1Department of Agricultural, Payame Nour University, Iran
2M.S. Student of Department of Environmental Pollution, Yazd University, Iran
3*Ph.D. Student Department of Management the Arid and Desert Regions, Yazd University, Iran
4Ph.D. Student of Desertification at University of Kashan, Department of Desert Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Geo Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
Shojaeisaeeds@Gmail.Com

Abstract: Meandering is one of the most important river engineering issues that affects human activities in the riverside boundary, so studying these areas is necessary in order to obtain accurate knowledge and to investigate possible problems and risks for optimum conservation and optimal utilization of natural resources. The purpose of this research is to investigate the quantitative characteristics and patterns of the paths studied in the Duirj River, thereby identifying the characteristics and characteristics of the studied area. The study of curling in this river indicates that the curling is low and the degree of side and middle erosion is also low. Investigating the variations of the central angle showed that the variation of the range is limited, which indicates rocks of approximately the same length along the river's path. The development of meanders usually increases the length of the canal and at the same time reduces the steepness of the river. The river in question is too developed Meander, and the rate of rifting is sinusoidal.
[Asghari A, Mousavi Bideli M, Shojaei S, Rahimi Balkanlou KH. Investigation of Duiraj River meandering pattern, Using Curvature and Center Angle Coefficients. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):28-31]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 5. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.05.

Key words: Meandering, Central Angle, Sinuosity, Duiraj watershed.

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Effects of industrial pollutants on physicochemical characteristics of the River Nile water and fish productivity

Mohammad M. N. Authman and Mona S. Zaki

Hydrobiology Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: River Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world, (6850 km). Its basin has an area of 2.9 million km². This area includes parts from eleven African countries through which the Nile passes, namely, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, Sudan, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Egypt. The Nile River of Egypt is an unusual river system because of its arid climate setting and the impact of the Aswan High Dam. River Nile is the principal freshwater resource for Egypt that has a wide usage in different fields include drinking, domestic water supply, agricultural, industrial, navigation, fishery and others. It flows 1,350 km from the Aswan High Dam, to its discharge into the Mediterranean Sea. At the city of Cairo, the River Nile bifurcates into two branches enclosing the delta region between them. These are the Rosetta (the western) branch and the Damietta (the eastern) branch that discharge Nile water into the Mediterranean through the Nile estuary. River Nile flow rate relies on the available water stored in Lake Nasser to meet needs within Egypt’s annual share of water, which is fixes at 55.5 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) annually according to an agreement signed with Sudan in 1959.

[Mohammad M. N. Authman and Mona S. Zaki. Effects of industrial pollutants on physicochemical characteristics of the River Nile water and fish productivity. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):32-36]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 6. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.06.

Keywords: Effect; industrial pollutant; physicochemical characteristics; River; Nile; water; fish; productivity

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New Trends in Control of Parasitic Infections in Marine Fish

Hussien A.M. Osman and Mona S. Zaki

Hydrobiology Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Parasitic diseases of fish are very important in aquaculture as it was the basis for all outbreaks of fish. It is very important to accurate diagnose and control of the parasitic diseases of fish to avoid great economical losses in aquaculture. So it is very important to discover new techniques for diagnosis and control of fish parasitic infections. Traditional chemotherapeutic control for fish parasitic infection must be avoided for its great harmfulness like accumulative residual in fish flesh and contamination of the environment, for these reasons new techniques must be developed for control of parasitic diseases of fish. One of the most essential methods are vaccination against parasites of fish, administration of dietary probiotics and immunostimulants like spirulina and ascorbic acid for enhancing the innate and acquired immune response and weight gain in fish. Also, using of medicinal plants as anti-parastic and immunostimulsting materials. Biological control of fish parasites using cleaner fish and shrimp for removal of fish external parasites, cells and mucous from the external body surface. Lastly, the most important method for control of fish diseases is what is called “biosecurity” for prevention or reduction the entrance of pathogenic organisms into the aquatic culture by including; sanitation, disinfection and quarantine.

[Hussien A.M. Osman and Mona S. Zaki. New Trends in Control of Parasitic Infections in Marine Fish. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):37-53]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 7. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.07.

Key words: New Trends, treatment, control, chemotherapeutic, probiotics, immunostimulants, Biological control, biosecurity.

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Impact of aflatoxicosis on fish aquaculture and poultry

Mona S. Zaki¹, Mohammad M. N. Authman¹, A. M. Hammam², Sami I Shalaby² and Nagwa S. Rabie ³

¹Hydrobiology Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Egypt

²Animal Reproduction Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Egypt

³Poultry Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Egypt

Dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.com

Abstract: World populations increased dramatically annually and consequently increase the demand for foods of animal origin, particularly from fish and poultry where the meat of fish are characterized by high protein content with high level of calcium and phosphorus beside its availability in the markets at any time with suitable prices in addition to the relatively short production cycle. Also poultry meat production has been considered as a rapid important source of protein, where it has a short life cycle and high capacity of feed conversion-Aquaculture is the fastest growing food producing sector in the world, with regard to the rapid development, expanding and intensity in this industry, it required increase in the essential requirements from feeds, medication and control of diseases. With growing demand for aquaculture comes increasing concern about the dependable supply of raw materials necessary to support this growth. Aqua feeds usually depend on fishmeal as a protein source, but recently the trend has moved towards using of nutrients replacements to obtain a plant protein with reasonable prices. The preparation of fish meals with non-hygienic measures either during storage or exposure to unfavourable environmental conditions which leads to spoilage or deterioration of protein and growth of fungi. As a result of this trend, aquaculture feeds have a higher risk of contamination by one or more types of aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are distributed worldwide. Aspergillus species are able to grow in a wide variety of substrates and under different environmental conditions. Aflatoxins are principally produced by Aspergillus flavus and A Aspergillus parasiticus, but may also be produced by other strains, such as A Aspergillus nomius, A Aspergillus tamari, and A Aspergillus pseudotamarii.

[Mona S. Zaki, Mohammad M. N. Authman, A. M. Hammam, Sami I Shalaby and Nagwa S. Rabie . Impact of aflatoxicosis on fish aquaculture and poultry. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):54-57]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 8. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.08.

Keywords: Aflatoxins- Fish- Aquaculture- Aflatoxicosis –Feed stuff

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Rapeseed Growth and Yield under Water Stress Conditions

Narjes Moqbelihanzaei¹, Maryam khosropour^2,*

¹Master of Science Desert Management, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

²M. SC Student Combating Desertification, University of Tehran, Iran

Abstract: The study was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized blocks design with three irrigation treatments which was conducted on rapeseed plant in a farm in Dawlat Abad village located in the city of Khash, in the year 2012. The experimental treatments were consisted of two irrigation factors at three levels, every 5, every 10 and every 15 days during the growing period, and rapeseed cultivars at four levels, including R.g.s003 and Hyola 401. The results showed that the number of seeds per bag in the R.G.S003 with full irrigation was maximum, but not statistically different from the other cultivars. The results showed that with increasing water stress from complete irrigation toward the severe stress (every 15 days) the measuring parameters have decreased.

[Moqbelihanzaei N, khosropour M. Rapeseed Growth and Yield under Water Stress Conditions. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):58-60]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 9. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.09.

Keywords: Water Stress, Rapeseed, Seed Yield.

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Modeling of Iron Catalyst Deactivation and the Impact of Different Promoters on this Model

Hossein Atashi^1,*, Maliheh Ghofranpakdel¹, Ramin Kamali², Nazanin Nikbakht², Maryam Haji³, Siroos Shojaei²

^1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

^2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

^3. Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

H.Ateshi@hamoon.usb.ac.ir

Abstract: The synthesis of Fischer Tropsch is a catalytic process converting synthesis gas to liquid fuels. Iron catalytic activity changed due to the increase in metals as a promoter. The catalyst was determined at a temperature of 280 ° and the ratio of H2/CO = 2/1, and the metals were added to the catalyst including Mn, Cr, Mo, Ta, V and Zr. The rate of the catalyst deactivation was investigated and specified. The catalyst deactivation model followed the first order GPLE model and the catalyst FeZr is deactivated earlier than other catalysts.

[Atashi H, Ghofranpakdel M, Kamali R, Nikbakht N, Haji M. Shojaei S. Modeling of Iron Catalyst Deactivation and the Impact of Different Promoters on this Model. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):61-65]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 10. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.10.

Keywords: Agglomeration, Promoter, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, Iron Catalyst Deactivation

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An Overview of the Microbeam and Its Applications as Probe in Biological Systems

Mohsen Abdi

Department of Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

Mohsenabdi95@yahoo.com

Abstract: A micro beam is a very thin beam carrying usually protons, alpha particles or heavier particles with a size of ranging micrometers or smaller, corresponding to the cell size or the cell with a combination of techniques for locating living cells or sub-cell objectives (cell organelles), allowing the possibility of exposure to continuous radiation of these fast targets. This article basically reviews both technological aspects of modern single-cell micro beams and their applications. The recent concerns about micro beams started with the intrinsic problems in Radom, where the cells are affected by zero or an alpha particle. Micro beams allow the cells to be individually irradiated with precise particles. At the very early age of micro beams, environmental problems related to these radiations was impressed widely, namely by signaling as a result of cell injury. The focus was dedicated to two aspects of micro beams: first, to increase the sensitivity of detection of organelle targets such as the cytoplasm and mitochondria, and second, the exposure of some of the cells to micro beams specifically, allowing to check the conditions directly and identify messages regarding to biological response between irradiated and non-irradiated cells.

[Mohsen Abdi. An Overview of the Microbeam and Its Applications as Probe in Biological Systems. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):66-71]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 11. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.11.

Keywords: Microbeam, Probe, Biological Systems

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Modeling of Iron Catalyst Deactivation and the Impact of Different Promoters on this Model

Hossein Atashi^1,*, Maliheh Ghofranpakdel¹, Ramin Kamali², Nazanin Nikbakht², Maryam Haji³, Siroos Shojaei²

¹ Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

²Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

³Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract: The synthesis of Fischer Tropsch is a catalytic process converting synthesis gas to liquid fuels. Iron catalytic activity changed due to the increase in metals as a promoter. The catalyst was determined at a temperature of 280 ° and the ratio of H2/CO = 2/1, and the metals were added to the catalyst including Mn, Cr, Mo, Ta, V and Zr. The rate of the catalyst deactivation was investigated and specified. The catalyst deactivation model followed the first order GPLE model and the catalyst FeZr is deactivated earlier than other catalysts.

[Atashi H, Ghofranpakdel M, Kamali R, Nikbakht N, Haji M. Shojaei S. Modeling of Iron Catalyst Deactivation and the Impact of Different Promoters on this Model. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):72-76]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 12. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.12.

Keywords: Agglomeration, Promoter, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, Iron Catalyst Deactivation

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Effect of processing stages on seeds quality, growth and yield characters for some rice cultivars (Oryza Sativa L)

Abo Youssef M. I. ^**; S. H. Abo Khadra^*; M. E. Mosalem^* and A. Y. Shaheen^**

* Agronomy, Dept. Faculty of Agriculture. University Kafr- Elshiekh.

** Rice research section, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.

adelshaheen@gmail.com

Abstract: This study was conducted at the Farm of Rice Research Section, FCRI, ARC Egypt, during 2016 and 2017 summer seasons, were used in factorial design with three replications to study The effect of processing stages for some rice varieties on seeds quality, growth and yield characters of some rice varieties four rice verities, Giza 177, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 106 different processing stages. The data were recorded on 1- Laboratory characters i.e.,, 1000 grain weight, Grain volume, Germination index, 2- Growth characters i.e.,, Plant height, Days to heading, Flag leaf area, 3- Yield characters i.e.,, Number of panicles/plant, Panicle length, Seed set %, Panicle weight and Grain yield,. The results showed that, the processing stage number six recorded the highest values for the studied characters comparing to the other stages, sakha 106 recorded the highest values for most the studied traits except Giza 178 recorded the highest value for grain yield, From the above results could be concluded that to get high seed quality of rice varieties should be using the seed from six stage of the processing stages with different rice varieties or fourth stage which recorded the mean desirable values for yield characters.

[Abo Youssef M. I.; S. H. Abo Khadra; M. E. Mosalem and A. Y. Shaheen. Effect of processing stages on seeds quality, growth and yield characters for some rice cultivars (Oryza Sativa L). Stem Cell 2018;9(1):77-81]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 13. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.13.

Key words: - processing stages, seed quality, varieties.

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Stem Cell and next-generation sequencing (ngs) Research Literatures

Mark Herbert

Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA
Ms10012002@gmail.com

Abstract: Stem cells are derived from embryonic and non-embryonic tissues. Most stem cell studies are for animal stem cells and plants have also stem cell. Stem cells were discovered in 1981 from early mouse embryos. Stem cells have the potential to develop into all different cell types in the living body. Stem cell is a body repair system. When a stem cell divides it can be still a stem cell or become adult cell, such as a brain cell. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and can renew themselves by cell division, and stem cells can also differentiate to adult cells with special functions. Stem cells replace the old cells and repair the damaged tissues. Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—in a strand of DNA. The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery. Knowledge of DNA sequences has become indispensable for basic biological research, and in numerous applied fields such as medical diagnosis, biotechnology, forensic biology, virology and biological systematics. The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the sequencing of complete DNA sequences, or genomes of numerous types and species of life, including the human genome and other complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial species. An example of the results of automated chain-termination DNA sequencing. The first DNA sequences were obtained in the early 1970s by academic researchers using laborious methods based on two-dimensional chromatography. Following the development of fluorescence-based sequencing methods with a DNA sequencer, DNA sequencing has become easier and orders of magnitude faster. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.
[Mark Herbert. Stem Cell and next-generation sequencing (ngs) Research Literatures. Stem Cell 2018;9(1):82-138]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 14. doi:10.7537/marsscj090118.14.

Key words: stem cell; next-generation sequencing (ngs); life; research; literature

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