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A review of common diseases in military bases

Iman Ghasemzadeh ¹, Rokhsareh Zare Shahri ², Seyed Shojaeddin Namazi^*3, Mohammad Esmaeil Shahrzad², Forugh Mahmudi², Seyede Saeide Namazi⁴, Payam Sadeghi²

1.                    Infectious & tropical diseases research center , Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

2.                    Islamic Azad University, Jask Branch, Jask, Iran

3.                    Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

4.                    Islamic Azad University, Yasuj Branch, Yasuj, Iran

Author.paper@yahoo.com

Abstract: A myriad of diseases in military bases have made individuals visit medical clinics. Among them are orthopedic diseases such as stress fractures, infectious disease such as mycoplasma pneumonia and neisseria meningitis and dermatologic diseases including scabies, lice and athlete’s foot. Not only can these diseases spread easily among individuals in military bases, but they can also cause problems for their families. Raising the awareness of soldiers, army officers and others who work in these environments with such prevalent diseases can, to a great extent, prevent the epidemic among soldiers, their family and other members of the society. Also, vaccination against transmittable infectious disease like pneumonia and meningitidis can dramatically reduce the prevalence of this fatal disease in military forces and military bases.

[Ghasemzadeh I, Zare Shahri R, Namazi SSh, Shahrzad ME, Mahmudi F, Namazi SS. A review of common diseases in military bases. Stem Cell 2014;5(3):1-9]. (ISSN: 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 1

doi:10.7537/marsscj050314.01

Keywords: Military Personnel, Mycoplasma, Scabies.

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A review of gastrointestinal cancer: the most important and prevalent

Saeide Namazi¹, Firouz Zarin^2,*

^1. Islamic Azad Univerity, Yasuj Branch,Yasuj, Iran

^2. Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

Haji20_20@yahoo.com

Abstract: Gastrointestinal system cancers are one of the most prevalent cause of death in industrialized countries These cancers are more prevalent in regions with direct contact to foods or gastrointestinal products such as esophagus stomach, large and small intestines. Esophagus cancer is the third prevalent gastrointestinal cancer and the sixth cause for mortality in the world. Stomach cancer is the fourth prevalent which is, the most common cause for cancer in males is after lung cancer. In USA, small intestine cancer has devoted itself 3% of gastrointestinal cancers and %0/5 of all cancers. Due to low prevalence and non-specific presentation of small intestine cancer, the diagnosis is difficult and diagnosed in final stages because of late reference in the of patient which leads to have a poor prognosis. Large intestine cancer which is the most prevalent¸ cancerous cells begins to proliferate within intestinal tissue. The risk factors includes high age¸ male sexuality¸ smoking¸ drinking¸ long term reflux, barret esophagus, celiac disease¸ crohns disease, consisting nitrites and canned foods and eating salty fish and also hot and hot drinks¸ obesity and genetics background which seemingly can be prevented from gastrointestinal cancers by eating high fibrous food¸ no drinking or smoking and low consumption of canned and salty foods.

[Namazi S, Zarin F. A review of gastrointestinal cancer: the most important and prevalent. Stem Cell 2014;5(3):10-15] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 2

doi:10.7537/marsscj050314.02

Key words: Esophageal Cancer, Stomach Cancer, Intestinal Cancer

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Reducing Inorganic N Partially In Superior Vineyards By Using Organic Manures Enriched With Spirulina Plantensis Algae

Mohamed M.A.: Ali A.H.; Gobara A.A. and Abd El- Razik, M.A.

Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ. Egypt

Faissalfadel@yahoo.com

Abstract: During 2013 & 2014 seasons, Superior grapevines were fertilized with inorganic N besides four organic manures namely farmyard, compost as well as , fulvic and humic acids enriched with Spirulina plantensis algae as a trial for reducing mineral N fertilizer partially. Yield and quality of the berries in response to the present treatments were investigated. Using N as 50 to 75% inorganic N besides any organic manures (farmyard, compost, as well as fulvic or humic acids) enriched with Spirulina plantensis algae was very effective in improving the yield and cluster characters and reducing shot berries rather than using N via inorganic N fertilization alone. Supplying the vines with N as 25 to 75% inorganic N plus organic manures enriched with algae was preferable in improving quality of the berries in terms of increasing berry weight and dimensions, T.S.S., T.S.S. /acid and reducing sugars and decreasing total acidity % and both nitrate and nitrite in the juice rather than application of N via inorganic N fertilization alone. The amounts of CO₂ and total counts of bacteria in the soil were gradually enhanced with reducing the percentages of inorganic N and increasing the levels of organic manures enriched with algae. The best results with regard to yield and quality of Superior grapevines were obtained due to supplying the vines with N as 50% inorganic plus humic acid at 20 ml/ vines enriched with Spirulina plantensis algae at 5 ml / vine.

[Mohamed M.A.: Ali A.H.; Gobara A.A. and Abd El- Razik, M.A. Reducing Inorganic N Partially In Superior Vineyards By Using Organic Manures Enriched With Spirulina Plantensis Algae. Stem Cell 2014;5(3):16-21] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 3

doi:10.7537/marsscj050314.03

Keywords: Superior grapevines, organic manures, Spirulina plantensis, yield, quality of the berries

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Induced Pluripotent stem (iPS) cells

Ma Hongbao ¹, Margaret Young ²

¹ Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, NY 11212, USA; ² Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: All animal cells come from stem cells. Stem cell pluripotency means a stem cell having the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be differentiated to any fetal or adult cell type. However, the pluripotent stem cells cannot develop into a fetal or adult organism alone because they are lack of the potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue, such as the placenta.

[Ma H, Young M. Induced Pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Stem Cell 2014;5(3):22-25] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 4

doi:10.7537/marsscj050314.04

Key words: life; stem cell; Induced pluripotent stem (iPS)

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The octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4) and stem cell literatures

Ma Hongbao ¹, Margaret Young ²

¹ Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, N Y 11212, USA; ² Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: The octamer is made of eight units. The octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4) is a protein also known as POU5F1 (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1) encoded by the POU5F1 gene. Oct-4 is a homeodomain transcription factor of the POU family. Oct-4 is replated to animal self-renewal of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. It is used as a marker for undifferentiated cells. The octamer  in this family of transcription factors is the DNA nucleotide sequence "ATTTGCAT", the etymology for the naming of the octamer transcription factor.

[Ma H, Young M. The octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4) and stem cell literatures. Stem Cell 2014;5(3):26-41] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 5

doi:10.7537/marsscj050314.05

Key words: life; stem cell; octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4)

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The SOX2  and stem cell literatures

Ma Hongbao ¹, Margaret Young ²

¹ Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, N Y 11212, USA; ² Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: SOX2, also known as SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2, is a transcription factor that is essential for maintaining self-renewal, or pluripotency, of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. Sox2 is a member of the Sox family of transcription factors that plays key roles in many stages of mammalian development, and it plays important roles in induced pluripotency. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling activates Sox2 downstream of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and subsequent activation of Klf4. Oct-4, Sox2 and Nanog positively regulate transcription of all pluripotency circuitry proteins in the LIF pathway. Sox2 in conjunction with Oct4, c-Myc and Klf4 are sufficient for producing induced pluripotent stem cells. Loss of pluripotency is regulated by hypermethylation of some Sox2 and Oct4 binding sites in male germ cells and post-transcriptional suppression of Sox2 by miR134.

[Ma H, Young M. The SOX2  and stem cell literatures. Stem Cell 2014;5(3):42-57] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 6

doi:10.7537/marsscj050314.06

Key words: life; stem cell; SOX2, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2

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Klf4 and stem cell literatures

Ma Hongbao ¹, Margaret Young ²

¹ Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, N Y 11212, USA; ² Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) is a member of the KLF family of transcription factors and regulates proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and somatic cell reprogramming. In embryonic stem (ES) cells, Klf4 can be a good indicator of stem-like capacity. Klf4 is a 55 kD transcription factor containing three zinc finger domains. Klf4 binds the CACCC core sequence at multiple sites in the 5’ flanking region of the gene and can activate its transcription. It interacts with the c-terminal domain of MUC1 to enhance the suppression of TP53/p53 tran-scription. The Klf4 gene is conserved in chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken, zebrafish, and frog, etc.

[Ma H, Young M. Klf4 and stem cell literatures. Stem Cell 2014;5(3):58-80] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 7

doi:10.7537/marsscj050314.07

Key words: life; stem cell; Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4)

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c-Myc and stem cell literatures

Ma Hongbao ¹, Margaret Young ²

¹ Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, NY 11212, USA; ² Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: Myc (c-Myc) is a regulator gene. Myc is a multifunctional, nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a role in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cellular transformation. Myc protein belongs to Myc family of transcription factors, which includes N-Myc and L-Myc genes. Myc mRNA contains an IRES (internal ribosome entry site) that allows the RNA to be translated into protein when 5' cap-dependent translation is inhibited. Myc protein is a transcription factor that activates expression of many genes through binding on consensus sequences and recruiting histone acetyltransferases. Myc has a direct role in the control of DNA replication. Myc is activated upon various mitogenic signals, such as Wnt, Shh and EGF. Myc plays role in cell proliferation, cell growth regulation, apoptosis, cancer formation, differentiation, and stem cell self-renewal, etc. c-Myc plays a crucial role in iPSC generation through the control of histone acetylation.

[Ma H, Young M. c-Myc and stem cell literatures. Stem Cell 2014;5(3):81-113] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 8

doi:10.7537/marsscj050314.08

Key words: life; stem cell; c-Myc

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Taxonomic Diversity of Understorey Vegetation in Kumaun Himalayan Forests

Geeta Kharkwal ¹, Poonam Mehrotra ², Yaswant Singh Rawat ¹

^1. Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263002, India

^1. Department of Botany, Bundelkhand University, Jhasi, Uttarakhand 263002, India

geetakh@gmail.com

Abstract: Taxonomic diversity of understorey vegetation (herb species) was studied in two evergreen forests, viz. oak and pine in the Kumaun Himalaya. In terms of taxonomic diversity, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were the two dominant families in the sampling forest types. Maximum number of species was found at hill base and minimum at hill top in both the forests. The number of families, genera and species ratio observed for pine forest was of course higher with compared to the oak forest showed about the higher taxonomic diversity. Perennials form had higher contribution as compared to annuals forms indicated better ability to store up soil. Very few species (9 species) were found to be common indicates higher dissimilarity in both type of forests. Species richness (per m2) was higher in the pine forest than the oak forest. A high value of beta-diversity in the oak forest point out that the species composition varied from one stand to another. However, low concentration of dominance value in the pine forest with compare to the oak forest point towards the dominance, which is shared by many species.

[Geeta Kharkwal, Poonam Mehrotra, Yaswant Singh Rawat. Taxonomic Diversity of Understorey Vegetation in Kumaun Himalayan Forests. Stem Cell 2014;5(3):114-118] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 9

Keywords: Species richness; beta-diversity; taxonomic diversity; forest

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