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Anemia, Iron Status and Calcium-Phosphorus levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Aida A .Mahmoud ¹ and Mohamed A. Ismail ²

¹Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine , Sohag University, Egypt^{. 2}Rheumatology Department , Faculty of Medicine , Sohag University, Egypt.

aidamahmoud11@yahoo.com

Abstract: The occurrence of anemia, iron status and calcium-phosphorus levels were studied in 70 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Anemia was found in 52.8% of the patients, 43.24 % of the anemic patients had iron deficiency anemia (microcytic hypochromic anemia and decreased serum iron and ferritin) and 56.76 % had anemia of chronic disease (normocytic normochromic anemia and normal serum ferritin level). Calcium/phosphorus ratio was found disturbed in RA patients as compared to controls and more disturbed in anemic RA patients than RA without anemia.

[Aida A .Mahmoud and Mohamed A. Ismail. Anemia, Iron Status and Calcium-Phosphorus levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Stem Cell. 2012;3(2):1-5] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net. 1

doi:10.7537/marsscj030212.01

Keywords: Anemia, Iron, Calcium, Phosphorus, Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Transdifferentiation Researches

Ma Hongbao *, Jenny Young *, Sun Yiwu *, Zhu Huaijie **, Zhu Yucui **

* Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA; ** Columbia University, Manhattan, NY 10027, USA. ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: Transdifferentiation is a non-stem cell transforming into a different type of cell, or a differentiated stem cell changing to another type of cells. Transdifferentiation is a type of metaplasia, which includes all cell fate switches, including the interconversion of stem cells. There are about 300 different types of cells in human and each specialized for a specific function. Most of our cells are matured cells (adult cells) and normally the adult cells are differentiated from than stem cells. The importance of the trandifferentiation is to transform the non-stem cell into a different type of cells that the old cells can transform to young cells. If we can transform the old cells to a young cell, we can keep the life living eternally and keep the life body in the younger stage forever. This is the really biological immortality – living eternal.

[Ma H, Young J, Sun Y, Zhu H, Zhu Y. Transdifferentiation Researches. Stem Cell. 2012;3(2):6-10] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 2

doi:10.7537/marsscj030212.02

Keywords: transdifferentiation; non-stem cell; transform; stem cell; immortality; eternal; die

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Exloring Semantic Web using Ontologies

Digivjay Singh *, R. K. Mishra **, Dehradun, Chandrashekhar ***

* M.Tech-CSE , Moradabad,

** Associate Professor, Department of CSE, DBGI

*** Assistant Professor, Department of CSE, SKIET, Kurukshetra

ABSTRACT: Virtually unlimited potential of data is available on web as time is passing away. But it is more difficult to extract the required data because keyword search in being used which is based on text of the data not on the semantic of data. Recently, researchers are trying to explore the potential associating with web content with explicit meaning in order to create a Semantic Web to minimize the manual efforts in search results. The semantic web is the next generation of syntactic web enriched by meaningful relations and tagging in the data management. World Wide Consortium (W3C) also trying to develop the standards creating and maintaining the semantic web like RDF, OWL and SPARQL etc. In those standards power of XML is being utilized to connect documents by creating the ontologies. This paper gives an overview of where the syntactic web is lacking and the standards which are currently used in semantic web.

[Digvijay Singh, R.K. Mishra, Chandrashekhar. Exloring Semantic Web using Ontologies. Stem Cell 2012;3(2):11-15] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 3

doi:10.7537/marsscj030212.03

Keywords: syntactic web, semantic web, ontologies, WWW, W3C, rdf.

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Germ Stem Cell Literatures

Mark H Smith

Queens, New York 11418, USA

mark20082009@gmail.com

Abstract: The definition of stem cell is “an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell”. Stem Cell is the original of life. All cells come from stem cells. Serving as a repair system for the living body, the stem cells can divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the living body is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell situation or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, a bone cell, a nerve cell, or a brain cell. Stem cell research is a typical and important topic of life science. This material collects some literatures on germ stem cell.

[Smith MH. Germ Stem Cell Literatures. Stem Cell 2012;3(2):16-82] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 4

doi:10.7537/marsscj030212.04

Key words: stem cell; life; gene; DNA; protein; germ

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Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell Literatures

Mark H Smith

Queens, New York 11418, USA

mark20082009@gmail.com

Abstract: The definition of stem cell is “an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell”. Stem Cell is the original of life. All cells come from stem cells. Serving as a repair system for the living body, the stem cells can divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the living body is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell situation or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, a bone cell, a nerve cell, or a brain cell. Stem cell research is a typical and important topic of life science. This material collects some literatures on umbilical cord blood stem cell.

[Smith MH. Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell Literatures. Stem Cell 2012;3(2):83-103] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 5

doi:10.7537/marsscj030212.05

Key words: stem cell; life; gene; DNA; protein; umbilical cord blood

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Stem Cell Technique Literatures

Mark H Smith

Queens, New York 11418, USA

mark20082009@gmail.com

Abstract: The definition of stem cell is “an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell”. Stem Cell is the original of life. All cells come from stem cells. Serving as a repair system for the living body, the stem cells can divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the living body is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell situation or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, a bone cell, a nerve cell, or a brain cell. Stem cell research is a typical and important topic of life science. This material collects some literatures on stem cell research technique.

[Smith MH. Stem Cell Technique Literatures. Stem Cell 2012;3(2):104-145] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 6

doi:10.7537/marsscj030212.06

Key words: stem cell; life; gene; DNA; protein; technique

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Pancreatic Stem Cell Literatures

Mark H Smith

Queens, New York 11418, USA

mark20082009@gmail.com

Abstract: The definition of stem cell is “an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell”. Stem Cell is the original of life. All cells come from stem cells. Serving as a repair system for the living body, the stem cells can divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the living body is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell situation or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, a bone cell, a nerve cell, or a brain cell. Stem cell research is a typical and important topic of life science. This material collects some literatures on pancreatic stem cell.

[Smith MH. Pancreatic Stem Cell Literatures. Stem Cell 2012;3(2):146-163] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 7

doi:10.7537/marsscj030212.07

Key words: stem cell; life; gene; DNA; protein; pancreatic stem cell

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