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Numerical and Experimental Analysis of R.C. Strip Footings

Prof. S. S. Abdel-Salam¹, Ass. Prof. E.A. El- Shamy¹ and Dr. H.E. Abd-El- Mottaleb¹

 1 Dept. of Structural Eng., Faculty of Eng., Zagazig University, Egypt.

Corresponding author: E.A. El- Shamy E-mail address: Emanelshamy@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT: Unlike most structures, the construction of bearing walls structures does not necessarily require using a lot of steel in reinforced concrete strip footings, but these structures can be constructed using light steel reinforcement. This paper aims at analyzing reinforced concrete strip footings with light steel reinforcement, as foundation system of bearing walls structures, which are widely used in Egypt, as an alternative solution to reduce the construction cost of buildings. In this paper, the effect of load value on the dimensions and capacity of strip footings is studied numerically and experimentally. A numerical model for the non-linear analysis of strip footing-soil interaction problem based on the finite and infinite element was implemented. A computer program was developed to model the strip footing-soil system. The material’s non-linearity of the reinforced concrete strip footing taking into account the non-linear stress-strain relation of concrete. In addition, The Modified Duncan-Mohr-Coulomb model was used to simulate soil non-linearity. The obtained numerical results were compared with the experimental results and a good agreement was observed. Design charts are proposed and presented for structural designers in order to calculate R.C. strip footing dimensions according to load capacity.

[S. S. Abdel-Salam, Ass. E.A. El- Shamy and H.E. Abd-El- Mottaleb. Numerical and Experimental Analysis of R. C. Strip Footings. Stem Cell. 2010;1(4):1-10] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net. 1

doi:10.7537/marsscj010410.01

Keywords: Structural design, Reinforced concrete, Strip footing and Finite element

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Stem Cell Introduction

Ma Hongbao *, Yang Yang *, Margaret Ma **

* Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

** Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA

Abstract: The stem cell is the origin of an organism’s life that has the potential to develop into many different types of cells in life bodies. In many tissues stem cells serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a red blood cell or a brain cell.

[Ma H, Yang Y, Ma M. Stem Cell Introduction. Stem Cell 2010;1(4):11-13] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 2

doi:10.7537/marsscj010410.02

Keywords: stem cell; origin; organism; life

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Stem Cell Definition, Classification and Research History

Ma Hongbao *, Yang Yang *, Margaret Ma **

* Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

** Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA

Abstract: This article gives a brief description of the Stem Cell Definition, Classification and Research History.

[Ma H, Yang Y, Ma M. Stem Cell Definition, Classification and Research History. Stem Cell 2010;1(4):14-17] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 3

doi:10.7537/marsscj010410.03

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Several Examples of Isolation and Characterization of Stem Cells

Ma Hongbao, Yang Yang

Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: The definition of stem cell is “an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell”. This article introduces some basic ideas and techniques of stem cells isolation and characterization described in many literatures as the references to the readers.

[Ma H, Yang Y. Several Examples of Isolation and Characterization of Stem Cells. Stem Cell 2010;1(4):18-20] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 4

doi:10.7537/marsscj010410.04

Key words: DNA; eternal; life; stem cell; universe

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Germ Stem Cell

Ma Hongbao *, Yang Yan *, Sun Yiwu *, Magaret Ma **

* Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

** Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA

Abstract: The definition of stem cell is “an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell”. Stem cells can differentiate into different cell types under appropriate in vitro and in vivo conditions. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage embryos. Somatic stem cells are generally believed to differentiate only into cells characteristic of the tissue wherein they reside. The germ cell is the only lineage that makes the genetic information across the generations in most multicellular organism’s perpetuation. Mammalian gametes are derived from a founder population of primordial germ cells that are determined early in embryogenesis and set aside for unique development. Primordial germ cells are closely related to embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells. If genetic and epigenetic methodological limitations could be solved, therapeutic opportunities could be also considered. The differentiation of functional oocytes from stem cells may permit the success of human somatic cell nuclear transfer for reprogramming studies and for the production of patient-specific embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cell derived oocytes could ultimately help to restore fertility in women.

[Ma H, Yang Y, Sun Y, Ma M. Germ Stem Cell. Stem Cell 2010;1(4):21-41] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 5

doi:10.7537/marsscj010410.05

Key words: DNA; life; stem cell; germ; differentiate

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Technique of Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) Research

Ma Hongbao *, Yang Yan *, Sun Yiwu *, Magaret Ma **

* Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

** Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA

Abstract: The definition of stem cell is “an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell”. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage embryos. Somatic stem cells differentiate into only the cells the specific tissue wherein they reside. Stem Cell is the original of life. All cells come from stem cells.

[Ma H, Yang Y, Sun Y, Ma M. Technique of Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) Research. Stem Cell 2010;1(4):42-52] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 6

doi:10.7537/marsscj010410.06

Key words: DNA; eternal; life; stem cell; universe

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Somatic Stem Cell

Ma Hongbao *, Yang Yan *, Margaret Ma **

* Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

** Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA

Abstract: The definition of stem cell is “an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell”. Somatic stem cell, also called adult stem cell, is a relatively rare undifferentiated cell found in many organs and differentiated tissues with a limited capacity for both self renewal and differentiation. Such cells vary in their differentiation capacity, but it is usually limited to cell types in the organ of origin. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage embryos. Somatic stem cells differentiate into only the cells the specific tissue wherein they reside.

[Ma H, Yang Y, Ma M. Somatic Stem Cell. Stem Cell 2010;1(4):53-60] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 7

doi:10.7537/marsscj010410.07

Keywords: stem cell; somatic, adult; differentiate; life

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Stem Cell Research Facts

Mark H Smith

Queens, New York 11418, USA

mark20082009@gmail.com

Abstract: The definition of stem cell is “an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell”. Stem Cell is the original of life. All cells come from stem cells. Serving as a repair system for the living body, the stem cells can divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the living body is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell situation or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, a bone cell, a nerve cell, or a brain cell. Stem cell research is a typical and important topic of life science. This material collects some literatures on stem cell research facts.

[Smith MH. Stem Cell Research Facts. Stem Cell 2010;1(4):61-119] (ISSN 1545-4570). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 8

doi:10.7537/marsscj010410.08

Key words: stem cell; life; gene; DNA; protein; fact

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