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Species Composition and Distribution of Earthworms in Hue City, Vietnam and Its Vicinity

Nguyen Van Thuan, Nguyen Thi Thuy, Tran Van Giang, Tran Quoc Dung ^⃰

Faculty of Biology, University of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi Street, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

tranquocdung@hueuni.edu.vn

Abstract: Background: Earthworms are the largest members of the order Opisthopora, the class Oligochaeta of phylum Annelida. They are distributed worldwide in different habitat and beneficial components of soil fauna since they dominate the invertebrate biomass in the soil. Earthworms as an alternative protein source in poultry, cattle and fish farming. Many earthworm species have been utilized as an important source of food for cattle and poultry. Thousands of different earthworm species have been identified worldwide with reports on diversity and distribution of earthworms in various parts of the world. Aim: This research was carried out to determine species composition and distribution of earthworms in the pig farming areas in Hue city, Vietnam and its vicinity. Material and methods: Earthworms were collected according to the method described by Ghilliarov (1975). The collected earthworms were identified using the external morphology key of Bai (1983) and Blakemore (2002). Outcomes were expressed in terms of biomass (fresh weight in g/m²) and density (ind/m²). Results: Thirteen earthworm spe­cies belonging to two families Megascolecidae and Glossoscolecidae were found from study areas during our study period from December 2018 to April 2019. P. elongata was found in all the ten study sites, and being distributed in all the strata with the earthworm density, and the fresh weight biomass were highest. Conclusion: The present study will provide new insight on earthworms in the pig farming areas of Hue city, Vietnam and its vicinity and will be valuable resources such as species composition, distribution, diversity for future basic and applied earthworm research, particularly in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam.

[Nguyen Van Thuan, Nguyen Thi Thuy, Tran Van Giang, Tran Quoc Dung. Species Composition and Distribution of Earthworms in Hue City, Vietnam and Its Vicinity. Stem Cell 2021;12(1):1-8]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 1. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.01.

Keywords: Earthworms, species composition, distribution, Hue city, Vietnam

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Measuring and determining the relationship between the performance of law enforcement police and the extent of perceived security

Saman Ojaghloo Shahabi^1,*, Hamid Esmaeilzadeh Zavaragh²

¹Master of Intellectual Property Law, University of Tehran, Iran

²Master of Criminal Law and Criminology, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Abstract: Law enforcement police are one of the largest law enforcement agencies in all countries. Creating social security and establishing security at the national and regional levels is subject to the operation of law enforcement police. The existence of this factor in creating security has led to the formation of regulatory bodies on its performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of law enforcement police and the extent of perceived security in the community. The research method in this research is quantitative and the required information and data have been collected by survey and field method, through a questionnaire, and in some cases by interview and observation. Data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics and statistical variables (Spearman correlation coefficients, Pearson and T-tests, and analysis of variance F) were used to analyze the data.

[Saman Ojaghloo Shahabi, Hamid Esmaeilzadeh Zavaragh. Measuring and determining the relationship between the performance of law enforcement police and the extent of perceived security. Stem Cell 2021;12(1):9-16]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 2. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.02.

Keywords: perceived security, social security, law enforcement police performance, Iran

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The comparative study of drugs maintenance crime in Iran and Afghanistan

Abolfazl Amadzade *, Gholam - Hossein Mir

Department of Laws, Punishment and Criminology, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran

Abstract: Today, the most societies are exposed to the effects of drug abuse, which affects various aspects of society's economic, social, cultural and political life. The extent of drugs use is so widespread and profound that not only includes the consumer himself, but also it involves all social networks from family to friends and from educational and occupational environments. The main aim of the present article is a comparative study of drugs maintenance in Iran and Afghanistan that has been conducted with a descriptive–analytical approach. In Iran‘s law and in Afghanistan’s criminal justice law, the drugs crime has been defined and drugs offenses are punished as prescribed punishment is considered to be politically or ordinary crime is a general crime. The results of the study show that in the law of Iran and Afghanistan, the crime of drugs snuggling is insignificant, the need to investigate these crimes and the denial of the right to review the narcotics trafficking cases are common but it is different from the principles of prosecution. The fundamentals of drugs smuggling in Iran and Afghanistan depend on the legal and executive considerations of the legislature of that country. Iran's criminal policy, unlike Afghanistan's criminal policy against drug trafficking, is a very, vigorously repressive policy. In this regard, the awareness of the fact that most of those affected by this standard are punishable under the long-term, low-level offenders are drug markets play an important role in the change of legislation. In fact, it is better to be tried by the application of preventive programs to reduce the presence of these people in the market until the implementation of the sanctions more complex problems is long. The signs and symptoms of this repressive criminal policy can be seen in determining the hanging to death penalty for many drug crimes, imposing life imprisonment and long term imprisonment, punishing corporal lashes, and prosecuting more widely. In Iran's criminal law, about drug smuggling is also a separate criminal policy that is different from the adopted criminal policy for other criminals.

[Abolfazl Amadzade, Gholam - Hossein Mir. The comparative study of drugs maintenance crime in Iran and Afghanistan. Stem Cell 2021;12(1):17-29]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 3. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.03.

Keywords: Smuggling, Drugs, Iran and Afghanistan’s Criminal Law.

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Stem Cell

Primarily from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell)

Mark Herbert

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage.^[1] They are found in both embryonic and adult organisms, but they have slightly different properties in each. They are usually distinguished from progenitor cells, which cannot divide indefinitely, and precursor or blast cells, which are usually committed to differentiating into one cell type.

[Mark Herbert. Stem Cell. Stem Cell 2021;12(1):30-44]. ISSN:1945-4570(print); ISSN:1945-4732(online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 4. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.04.

Keywords: multicellular organisms, stem cell; undifferentiate; differentiate; proliferate; cell lineage; embryonic; organism

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Embryonic stem cell

Primarily from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell)

Mark Herbert, PhD

World Development Institute

39 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: Embryonic stem cells (ES cells or ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. Isolating the embryoblast, or inner cell mass (ICM) results in destruction of the blastocyst, a process which raises ethical issues, including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage should have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development.

[Mark Herbert. Embryonic stem cell. Stem Cell 2021;12(1):45-55]. ISSN:1945-4570(print); ISSN:1945-4732(online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 5. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.05.

Keywords: Embryonic stem cells (ES cells or ESCs)； pluripotent； inner cell mass; blastocyst; fertilization; inner cell mass (ICM); embryos

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Induced pluripotent stem cell

Primarily from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell)

Mark Herbert, PhD

World Development Institute

39 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from a somatic cell. The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka’s lab in Kyoto, Japan, who showed in 2006 that the introduction of four specific genes (named Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4), collectively known as Yamanaka factors, encoding transcription factors could convert somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells.^[1] He was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent." Pluripotent stem cells hold promise in the field of regenerative medicine. Because they can propagate indefinitely, as well as give rise to every other cell type in the body (such as neurons, heart, pancreatic, and liver cells), they represent a single source of cells that could be used to replace those lost to damage or disease.

[Mark Herbert. Induced pluripotent stem cell. Stem Cell 2021;12(1):56-69].ISSN:1945-4570(print);ISSN:1945-4732(online).http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 6. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.06.

Keywords: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells or iPSCs); somatic cell; gene; Myc; Oct3/4; Sox2; Klf4; regenerative medicine; disease

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Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Primarily from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine)

Mark Herbert, PhD

World Development Institute

39 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell. The technique consists of taking an enucleated oocyte (egg cell) and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic (body) cell. It is used in both therapeutic and reproductive cloning. In 1996, Dolly the sheep became famous for being the first successful case of the reproductive cloning of a mammal. In January 2018, a team of scientists in Shanghai announced the successful cloning of two female crab-eating macaques (named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua) from fetal nuclei. "Therapeutic cloning" refers to the potential use of SCNT in regenerative medicine; this approach has been championed as an answer to the many issues concerning embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the destruction of viable embryos for medical use, though questions remain on how homologous the two cell types truly are.

[Mark Herbert. Somatic cell nuclear transfer Stem Cell 2021;12(1):70-77].ISSN:1945-4570(print);ISSN:1945-4732(online).http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 7. doi:10.7537/marsscj110120.07.

Keywords: genetics; developmental biology; somatic cell; nuclear transfer (SCNT); laboratory; strategy; embryo; body cell; egg cell; enucleated oocyte; cloning

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