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Preventing Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chicken

Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh¹, Nagwa S. Rabie¹ and Mona S. Zaki²

¹Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

²Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza Egypt

Abstract: The use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, numerous studies have been published describing alternative strategies to prevent diseases in animals. A particular focus has been on prevention of necrotic enteritis in poultry which caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) by the use of microbes or microbe-derived products. Microbes produce a plethora of molecules with antimicrobial properties and they can also have beneficial effects through interactions with their host. Here we review recent developments in novel preventive treatments against C. perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens that employ yeasts, bacteria and bacteriophages or secondary metabolites and other microbial products in disease control.

[Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh, Nagwa S. Rabie and Mona S. Zaki. Preventing Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chicken. Stem Cell 2020;11(3):1-8]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 1. doi:10.7537/marsscj110320.01.

Keywords: Broiler Chicken, Necrotic Enteritis, Clostridium perfringens

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The Improvement of Recombinant PirA Antigen Expression in Escherichia coli M15

Nguyen Van Khanh¹, Nguyen Quang Linh¹, Nguyen Thi Bich Phuong², Nguyen Van Hue², Nguyen Thi Thanh Xuan², Vo Phuoc Khanh³, Tran Quoc Dung⁴ ⃰

¹Institute of Biotechnology, Hue University, Road 10 Street, Phu Thuong Commune, Phu Vang District, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

²University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

³Ong Ich Khiem High School, Hoa Vang District, Da Nang City, Vietnam

⁴University of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

tranquocdung@hueuni.edu.vn

Abstract: Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), previously name Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS), is a disease in shrimps which is caused by Vibrio spp. This disease has led to serious shrimp mortality (up to 100%) and caused significant economic losses to shrimp industry. Many studies have shown that AHPND was caused by Vibrio spp. carrying PirA and PirB toxin genes located on the same large plasmid (63-70 kb); they encoded for a binary protein PirAB, which was proved to be the virulence factor of this disease. This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of different environmental conditions during induction on growth of recombinant Escherichia coli M15 and the expression of recombinant PirA antigens. The recombinant E. coli M15 strain carrying the pirA gene derived from our previous research. The gene encoding the pirA antigen was expressed as a fusion protein containing histidine tag at the N-terminal end of the peptide using pQE30 (pQE30-6xHis-PirA) cloned in E. coli M15 cells. Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentration, induction time, and cell density before induction, were selected as three important factors to optimize. The expression levels of 6xHis-PirA fusion protein under the different growth conditions were analyzed. SDS-PAGE analyses was carried out for further confirmation of interest-gene expression. The highest level of 6xHis-pirA fusion protein in recombinant E. coli 15 was determined after induction by 1.00 mM IPTG, for 4 hours after induction, when cell density (OD_600nm) reached a value of 1.0 (at 37°C, 200 rpm). From the present outcomes, we conclude that optimizing the three important factors of IPTG concentration, induction time, and cell density before induction can improve 6xHis-pirA fusion protein yield in the E. coli M15 expression system.

[Khanh NV, Linh NQ, Phuong NTB, Hue NV, Xuan NTT, Khanh VP, Dung TQ. The Improvement of Recombinant PirA Antigen Expression in Escherichia coli M15. Stem Cell 2020;11(3):9-16]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 2. doi:10.7537/marsscj110320.02.

Keywords: Recombinant PirA antigen, E. coli M15, 6xHis-pirA fusion protein, AHPND

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Effect of Salmonella on Hatchability and Fertility

Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh¹, Nagwa S. Rabie¹ and Mona S. Zaki²

¹ Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

² Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza Egypt

drmonazaki@yahoo.com

Abstract: Salmonella infection is not only infecting poultry but also emerging as a pandemic in public health. Salmonella affecting poultry are Salmonella Pullorum (S. Pullorum,) Salmonella Gallinarum, (S. Gallinarum) Salmonella, Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), which are collectively categorized under S. Enterica (S. Enterica). It causes a systemic infection in poultry birds primarily gastroenteritis with colonization of bacteria in liver, spleen, intestines, ovary, oviduct and vagina. Poultry eggs are more importantly contaminated with salmonella infection that originate from transovarian route (vertical route) or from contaminated hen house (horizontal route). In severe cases Salmonella infection causes a decrease in egg production, reduction in fertility and low hatchability of infected eggs. Albumin, yolk and other shell contents get contaminated with bacteria. They serve as source of nutrition for micro- organisms. Hatcheries and egg storing places also present risk of Salmonella contamination. They possess bacterial micro flora that may contaminate eggs before they are processed or set in the incubator. More simply the decrease in hatchability of eggs occurs due to persistence of Salmonella infection in hen reproductive tract.

[Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh, Nagwa S. Rabie and Mona S. Zaki. Effect of Salmonella on Hatchability and Fertility. Stem Cell 2020;11(3):17-22]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 3. doi:10.7537/marsscj110320.03.

Keywords: Effect; Salmonella; Hatchability; Fertility

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Brooder Pneumonia

Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh¹, Nagwa S. Rabie¹ and Mona S. Zaki²

¹Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

²Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza Egypt

drmonazaki@yahoo.com

Abstract: Brooder pneumonia is an acute form of aspergillosis caused most frequently by Aspergillusfumigatus in birds. It causes significant economic loses to the poultry industry with high mortality and morbidity rate in poultry chicks. Chicks become infected when they hatch from eggs in incubators during brooding age and they inhale fungal spores from their surrounding environment. Besides infection in poultry Aspergillusfumigatus is considered as major respiratory etiological agent of various birds e.g quails, ducks, malards, turkeys, penguins etc. It also causes infection in other animals and humans. Antimycotics in water and feed are used to treat aspergillosis. Prevention of brooder pneumonia includes sanitation of hatchery and regular fumigation of eggs. advances in diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of fungal diseases in poultry has not taken much attention. Recently, molecular biological tools have been explored for rapid and accurate diagnosis of important fungal infections. Effective prevention and control measures include: appropriate hygiene, sanitation and disinfection, strict biosecurity programme and regular surveillance/monitoring of fungal infections as well as following judicious use of anti-fungal drugs.

[Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh, Nagwa S. Rabie and Mona S. Zaki. Brooder Pneumonia. Stem Cell 2020;11(3):23-27]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 4. doi:10.7537/marsscj110320.04.

Keywords: Brooder pneumonia; aspergillosis; Aspergillusfumigatus; poultry; hygiene; sanitation; disinfection; biosecurity; drugs

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Ranking the factors affecting international contracts based on sister city emphasizing the sustainable income of municipalities

Kho Chiang

Department of Economics, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Telephone: 0021-215-8125, E-mail: Chiang@gmail.com

Abstract: one of the most important issues in recent decades. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting international contracts based on sister city with a sustainable income approach of municipality. In this study, 20 academic experts and municipalities were asked to select five components that they viewed as the most important factors in international contracts based on sister city. Emphasizing the sustainable income of municipalities in the region, they were asked to prioritize each of their five selected components from least important to most important based on the scale one to five. Then, with a casual structural and textual connection they determined the type of relationship between the components using pairwise comparison. The information obtained from the experts' opinions was entered into the ISM software and was used in the ranking of factors affecting the conclusion of international contracts based on sister city, emphasizing the sustainable income of municipalities. The results revealed that the components "change of management style", "domestic and foreign political stability" and "legal" had the lowest significance (fourth level) and the components "attracting foreign investment", "private sector investment", "development", "International Entrepreneurship", "Tourism Growth" and "Operational" were the building blocks (first level) of international sister city-based contracts that make up a sustainable income for municipalities.

[Chiang K. ranking the factors affecting international contracts based on sister city emphasizing the sustainable income of municipalities. Stem Cell 2020;11(3):28-38]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 5. doi:10.7537/marsscj110320.05.

Keywords: Species richness; beta-diversity; taxonomic diversity; forest

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SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Phtyo-Activity in Individuals with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants

Adekunle Odunayo Adejuwon ^{1, 2, 3, 4*}, Marina V. Donova ⁵, Olubunmi Sharon Obayemi ⁶, Victoria Anatolyivna Tsygankova ⁷

¹ Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Osun State, Nigeria

² National Research Foundation of Ukraine (NRFU), Maksymovych Scientific Library of The Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 58, Office Number 38 Ukraine, East Europe

³ The European Science Foundation College of Expert Reviewers (The European Union (EU)); and The European Science Foundation College of Review Panel Members (The European Union (EU)), Offices: 1, Quai Lezay-Marnésia - BP 90015, 67008 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Western Europe

⁴ Medwave Company Limited, Istanbul, Istanbul Province, Republic of Turkey, Southeastern Europe/Western Asia

⁵ G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Pushchino, 5, 142290, Moscow, Russian Federation, East Europe

⁶ Department of Public Health and Community Health Promotion, Liberty University, Lynchburg VA, United States of America

⁷ Department for Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAS), Kyiv-94 (Kiev), 02660, Ukraine, East Europe

e-mail address: ao_adejuwon@yahoo.ca

Abstract: Background: In an earlier investigation (Adejuwon et al. (2020). Cancer Biology, Marsland Press, Volume 10, Number 3) we reported from our observations that the concentrated alcohol extract of the combination of Philenoptera cyanescens roots, Ageratum conyzoides leaves, Moringa oleifera leaves, Moringa oleifera stems, Zingiber officinale rhizomes, Allium sativa buds, Jatropha curcas stems, Citrus aurantiifolia juice and honey has anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory potential on certain adult females with stage 1b cervical carcinoma. Materials and Methods: In this present investigation, 500 g each of Garcinia kola seeds, Allium sativum buds, Zingiber officinale leaves, Carica papaya leaves and Azadirachta indica leaves were separately ground and mixed. This was added to 1 Litre of the juice of Citrus aurantiifolia fruits. The combination was soaked in 2 Litre of absolute alcohol (Sigma-Aldrich). This was left overnight for 24 hr. The extract was filtered and concentrated to about one-sixth of its original volume in vacuo using a rotary evaporator (Quick fit, Rotavapor-R, Buchi, Switzerland) at 30^oC under low vacuum pressure and low evaporation. 100 ml of the concentrated extract was daily given orally to n = 8 volunteer patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplants diagnosed with COVID-19 (using Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-Polymerase Chain Reaction at the Department of Virology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria) immediately after meal for a period of fifteen days. The patients were placed under observation. Observations: The symptoms of acute respiratory disease reduced gradually in six of the patients within eight days of application of oral medication. The six patients presented no symptoms of acute respiratory syndrome within and after fifteen days of oral application. Conclusion: The concentrated alcohol extract of the combination of Garcinia kola seeds, Allium sativum buds, Zingiber officinale leaves, Carica papaya leaves, Azadirachta indica leaves and Citrus aurantiifolia fruits was effective on the presenting symptoms of COVID-19 in certain patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplants. The bioactive constituents of the combination should be investigated with the aim of developing a vaccine or curative with the essence to eradicate SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.

[Adejuwon AO, Obayemi OS, Tsygankova VA. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Phtyo-Activity in Individuals with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants. Stem Cell 2020;11(3):39-41]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 6. doi:10.7537/marsscj110320.06.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Hematopoietic; Stem Cell; Transplant; Medicinal Plants

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Effective Medicinal Plants’ Extract on Ability to Properly Empty Bladder in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Escherichia coli Infection

Adekunle Odunayo Adejuwon ^{1, 2, 3, 4*}, Olaleke David Odeleye ⁴, Okikioluwa Ayoade Odewale ⁵, Olubunmi Sharon Obayemi ⁶, Victoria Anatolyivna Tsygankova ⁷, Oluwakemi Thonda ¹, Marina V. Donova ⁸

¹ Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Osun State, Nigeria

² National Research Foundation of Ukraine (NRFU), Maksymovych Scientific Library of The Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 58, Office Number 38 Ukraine, East Europe

³ The European Science Foundation College of Expert Reviewers (The European Union (EU)); and The European Science Foundation College of Review Panel Members (The European Union (EU)), Offices: 1, Quai Lezay-Marnésia - BP 90015, 67008 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Western Europe

⁴ Medwave Company Limited, Istanbul, Istanbul Province, Republic of Turkey, Southeastern Europe/Western Asia

⁵ Department of Nursing, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

⁶ Department of Public Health and Community Health Promotion, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States of America

⁷ Department for Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1, Murmanskaya Str., 02660, Kyiv, Ukraine

⁸ G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Pushchino, 5, 142290, Moscow, Russian Federation, East Europe

e-mail address: ao_adejuwon@yahoo.ca

Abstract: Background: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) can increase the risk of urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infections in men include infection with Escherichia coli. In Nigeria, West Africa, medicinal plants are sometimes used to relieve BPH with the aim to avoiding transurethral resection of the prostate (surgery). Investigation: 200g each of Cola acuminata fruits and Capsicum annuum var fasciculatum fruits with 400g of Zingiber officinale rhizomes were ground. 1L of Citrus aurantium fruit juice was added. The extract was left overnight for 72 hr. The extract was filtered and concentrated to about one-sixth of its original volume in vacuo using a rotary evaporator (Quick fit, Rotavapor-R, Buchi, Switzerland) at 30^oC under low vacuum pressure and low evaporation. 100ml of the concentrated extract was given orally to ten male human subjects diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia and Escherichia coli infection with inability to empty their bladders by proper urination. The ten subjects were diagnosed positive for benign prostatic hyperplasia at the Medical Out-Patient (MOP) Unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria and positive for Escherichia coli infection at the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Oral application of extract to subjects was immediately after meal on a daily basis for a period of ten days. Observation: All subjects were able to empty bladder by proper urination conveniently within eight days of oral application of extract. Conclusion: The concentrated extract of a combination of Cola acuminata fruits, Capsicum annuum var fasciculatum fruits, Zingiber officinale rhizomes and Citrus aurantium fruit juice was effective on the ability to empty bladder by proper urination in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and Escherichia coli infection.

[Adejuwon AO, Odeleye OD, Odewale OA, Obayemi, OS, Tsygankova VA, Thonda O. Effective Medicinal Plants’ Extract on Ability to Properly Empty Bladder in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Escherichia coli Infection. Stem Cell 2020;11(3):42-44]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 7. doi:10.7537/marsscj110320.07.

Keywords: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH); Escherichia coli; Medicinal Plants

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Review On Medicinal Value And Side Effect Of Ruta

Betelhem Awoke (DVM), ^*Abraham Jemberu (DVM)

College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, P.O. Box. 2084

Email: abrishvet@gmail.com / abrishjvmd@gmail.com

Abstract: Ruta popularly known as rue is a multipurpose herb belonging to family Rutaceae has been used as a source of food and medicine for thousands of years. It has played an important dietary as well as medicinal role in human history and it has been on the top list of herbal sales among people. Today, it is commonly used in much culture as a seasoning or spice. Therefore, this paper is designed with the objective to review the medicinal values and toxicity of Ruta. Ruta has the potential of curing a man from a large number of diseases by inhibiting the growth of different strains of bacteria, fungi, parasites; it has also insecticidal and anti-inflammation activities. The active constituents are a rich source of secondary metabolites mainly: coumarins, alkaloids, volatile oils, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. It has been used abundantly worldwide due to its diverse medicinal properties that are rapidly absorbed and metabolized. The composition of Ruta is consistent with their use as flavoring agents in food as well as their use herbal medicines. The chemical ingredients of Ruta species have also been found to be useful for treatments of cancer, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases, also found to have antipyretic, antioxidant properties. Pregnant women and animals especially goat and horse are highly susceptible to Ruta species. A recent increase in the popularity of alternative medicine and natural products has renewed interest in Ruta species and their derivatives as potential natural remedies. Therefore, more studies are needed to refine the use and improvement of the efficacy of this important medicine plant.

[Betelhem Awoke, Abraham Jemberu. Review On Medicinal Value And Side Effect Of Ruta. Stem Cell 2020;11(3):45-52]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 8. doi:10.7537/marsscj110320.08.

Key Words: Alkaloids, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Medicinal Value, Ruta, Toxicity, Volatile Oils

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The Improvement of Recombinant PirA Antigen Expression in Escherichia coli M15

Nguyen Van Khanh¹, Nguyen Quang Linh¹, Nguyen Thi Bich Phuong², Nguyen Van Hue², Nguyen Thi Thanh Xuan², Vo Phuoc Khanh³, Tran Quoc Dung⁴ ⃰

¹Institute of Biotechnology, Hue University, Road 10 Street, Phu Thuong Commune, Phu Vang District, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

²University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

³Ong Ich Khiem High School, Hoa Vang District, Da Nang City, Vietnam

⁴University of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

tranquocdung@hueuni.edu.vn

Abstract: Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), previously name Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS), is a disease in shrimps which is caused by Vibrio spp. This disease has led to serious shrimp mortality (up to 100%) and caused significant economic losses to shrimp industry. Many studies have shown that AHPND was caused by Vibrio spp. carrying PirA and PirB toxin genes located on the same large plasmid (63-70 kb); they encoded for a binary protein PirAB, which was proved to be the virulence factor of this disease. This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of different environmental conditions during induction on growth of recombinant Escherichia coli M15 and the expression of recombinant PirA antigens. The recombinant E. coli M15 strain carrying the pirA gene derived from our previous research. The gene encoding the pirA antigen was expressed as a fusion protein containing histidine tag at the N-terminal end of the peptide using pQE30 (pQE30-6xHis-PirA) cloned in E. coli M15 cells. Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentration, induction time, and cell density before induction, were selected as three important factors to optimize. The expression levels of 6xHis-PirA fusion protein under the different growth conditions were analyzed. SDS-PAGE analyses was carried out for further confirmation of interest-gene expression. The highest level of 6xHis-pirA fusion protein in recombinant E. coli 15 was determined after induction by 1.00 mM IPTG, for 4 hours after induction, when cell density (OD_600nm) reached a value of 1.0 (at 37°C, 200 rpm). From the present outcomes, we conclude that optimizing the three important factors of IPTG concentration, induction time, and cell density before induction can improve 6xHis-pirA fusion protein yield in the E. coli M15 expression system.

[Khanh NV, Linh NQ, Phuong NTB, Hue NV, Xuan NTT, Khanh VP, Dung TQ. The Improvement of Recombinant PirA Antigen Expression in Escherichia coli M15. Stem Cell 2020;11(3):53-60]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 9. doi:10.7537/marsscj110320.09.

Keywords: Recombinant PirA antigen, E. coli M15, 6xHis-pirA fusion protein, AHPND

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Nanog and Stem Cell Research Literatures

Mark Herbert, PhD

World Development Institute

39-06 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: Stem cells are derived from embryonic and non-embryonic tissues. Most stem cell studies are for animal stem cells and plants have also stem cell. Stem cells were discovered in 1981 from early mouse embryos. Stem cells have the potential to develop into all different cell types in the living body. Stem cell is a body repair system. When a stem cell divides it can be still a stem cell or become adult cell, such as a brain cell. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and can renew themselves by cell division, and stem cells can also differentiate to adult cells with special functions. Stem cells replace the old cells and repair the damaged tissues. Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Mark H. Nanog and Stem Cell Research Literatures. Stem Cell 2020;11(3):61-95]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 10. doi:10.7537/marsscj110320.10.

Key words: stem cell; life; research; literature

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