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Efficiency of Yam Production in Kwara State, Nigeria.

Ojo, EO; Toluwase, SOW; Osundare, FO and Ajiboye, A.

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Services, Ekiti State University.

Correspondence E-mail address: sunday.toluwase@eksu.edu.ng; sowtoluwase@yahoo.co.uk.

GSM: -08062294631

Abstract: The study was carried out to investigate the efficiency of yam production in Kwara State, Nigeria. The objectives include among others, identification of technologies used by farmers, determine the efficiency of yam farming, determine the factors influencing the efficiency of yam production and identify the challenges faced by the farmers in yam production in the study area. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select the respondents within the state. Four Local Government Areas were purposively selected because of the predominance of yam production in the area. A total number of two hundred and forty (240) yam farmers were used for the study. Data were analyzed using both descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages and mean and the inferential statistics such as stochastic frontier production function and allocative efficiency analysis. The result showed that male constituted a greater percentage (90.8%) of those involved in yam production in the state with the mean age of 52.5 years. The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) technique was used to assess the efficiency of yam production. The findings revealed that all the estimated coefficient of the variables of the production function were positive except that of the quantity of herbicides used, this suggest that an additional unit of farm size, labour, quantity of seed yam and quantity of fertilizer usage will lead to 0.653, 0.007, 0.338 and 0.017 increase in the output of the yam respectively while an additional usage of herbicides will lead to 0.187 decrease in the output of the yam. The determinants of technical efficiency in the study area are education of the farmers, membership of farmers’ organization, farming experience, farm size, labour, fertilizer application and access to extension services. The Return to Scale analysis which serves as a measure of resource productivity gave a value of 0.828 revealing that the variables were over utilized by the farmers in the study area. However, the study revealed that most of the farmers encountered financial problems, pest attack and poor climatic conditions. The study recommends that government should encourage young school’s leavers and graduates to take to farming in order to increase yam production in the area. Government and non-governmental organization should engage the service of an extension agent and farm inputs should be subsidized.

[Ojo, EO; Toluwase, SOW; Osundare, FO and Ajiboye, A. Efficiency of Yam Production in Kwara State, Nigeria. Stem Cell 2019;10(4):1-6]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 1. doi:10.7537/marsscj100419.01.

Keywords; Efficiency, Farmers, Yam, Production, Kwara State.

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Transdifferentiation of Bone Marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells into oocytes a step towords restoration of ovarian activity in cases of premature ovarian failure

Prof. Dr. Asmaa Fath Elbab; Prof. Dr. Hala Gabr; Dr. Eman Elsherif

Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls) Al-Azhar University, Egypt,

Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt,

MB. Bch, Msc, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department Specialist, Ministry of Health, Egypt

Abstract: Background: The majority of cases with premature ovarian failure (POF) are not concerned about the lack of menstrual cycles or ovarian steroids, but about virtually no chance of conceiving with genetically related children. Although oocyte or embryo donation is an alternative method for achieving a pregnancy, yet it is religiously not allowed in some countries and the majority of cases prefer to reproduce with their own gametes. Stem cell therapy is a rapidly evolving field that could help the recovery of ovarian function in some women who suffered POF. This study aims is to assess the therapeutic potency of bone marrow MSC transplantation for primary and chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage with restoration of ovarian function, and to asses if BM MSC can exert a protective action against onset and severity of chemotherapy induced ovarian damage if given simultaneously with chemotherapy. Method: 54 mature white albino female rats were included in the study divided randomly in to 4 groups control (n=9), groups A (n=15), B (n=14), and c (n=16) where ovarian failure was induced by intaraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide 50mg/kg as a loading dose then 8mg /kg daily dose for 14 consecutive days. Group C injected intaperitoneally with BM MSC at the time of giving chemotherapy to assess if this has a protective action, while group B was injected with BM MSC after confirmation of ovarian failure then followed for a period of 3 weeks before being sacrificed. Also 25 patients diagnosed with idiopathic POF were enrolled in the study. Laparoscopic intraovarian injection of autologous BM MSC was performed, patients followed for a period ranging between 8 to 12 months. Results: Treated animals showed increased levels of the sex hormone E2, with homing of the iron tagged stem cells in the ovaries confirmed by histopathology. Some human patients showed initial improvement in the form of initial decline of serum levels of FSH with rise of E2 and a tiny increase of AMH. 11 patients of 25 (44%) had resumed their menses at different points of follow up one case had spontaneous successful term pregnancy. Conclusion: The current study supports the existence of stem cells in adult mammalian female's bone marrow that can influence ovarian function, even though in this study BM stem cell transplantation did not yield mature eggs and the improved ovarian function together with resumption of menstrual cycle was transient before relapsing again but this moves us a step closer to the desirable goal. Recommendations: Understanding the complexity of recovery of ovarian function in POF after stem cell transplantation, cause of ovarian failure whether spontaneous or related to chemotherapy and how ovarian stem cells interact with their surrounding environment with determination of the MSC dose according to its biological effectiveness is a critical point for achieving a successful cell based therapy.

[Asmaa Fath Elbab; Hala Gabr; Eman Elsherif. Transdifferentiation of Bone Marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells into oocytes a step towords restoration of ovarian activity in cases of premature ovarian failure. Stem Cell 2019;10(4):7-20]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 2. doi:10.7537/marsscj100419.02.

Key words: Premature ovarian failure (PO F), Chemotherapy induced ovarian failure, Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM MSC)

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Protein products in poultry nutrition

Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh¹, Nagwa S. Rabie¹ and Mona S. Zaki²

¹Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

²Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

drmonazaki@yahoo.com

Abstract: In poultry nutrition, most attention is given to protein products, due to the importance of protein as a major constituent of the biologically active compounds in the body. It also assists in the synthesis of body tissue, for that renovation and growth of the body. Furthermore, protein exists in form of enzymes and hormones which play important roles in the physiology of any living organism. Broilers have high dietary protein requirements, so identification of the optimum protein concentration in broiler diets, for either maximizing broiler performance or profit, requires more knowledge about birds' requirements for protein and amino acids and their effects on the birds' growth performance and development. The broad aim of this review is to highlight the importance of some of the available high-quality specialized protein products of both animal and plant origins which can be explored for feeding broiler chickens. Feeding these products to broiler chicks, especially at an earlier age, can assist early gut development and digestive physiology, and improve broiler growth performance and immunity.

[Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh, Nagwa S. Rabie and Mona S. Zaki. Protein products in poultry nutrition. Stem Cell 2019;10(4):21-25]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 3. doi:10.7537/marsscj100419.03.

Keywords: Protein; product; poultry; nutrition

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Influence of growth stimulators and foliar spraying of application on onion yield

Geries, L.S.M.²; A.A. E. Mohamed¹; E. Hafez¹ and Lamiaa. M. Beshta²

¹Agron. Dep., Fac. of Agric., Kafr-elsheikh univ.; Kafr-elsheikh; Egypt.

² Onion Res. Dept., Field Crops Res. Inst., ARC, Egypt.

Abstract: This study was conducted at the Farm of tawulah Village, Qallin, at North delta of Egypt, during 2015 - 2016 and 2016 - 2017 seasons, to study the effect of some growth regulators and time of application on the plant growth, yield and yield components of onion variety Behary red (Allium cepa, L.). The experiments were set out in a split-plot-design with four replications, eight growth regulator treatment, i.e., control (spray with water), cytokinins, gibberellins, nepthalene acetic acid, cytokinins+ gibberellins, cytokinins+ nepthalene acetic acid, gibberellins+ nepthalene acetic acid and cytokinins+ gibberellins+ nepthalene acetic acid were arranged at random in the main plots, three foliar spraying, i.e., once spray at 50, once spray at 70 as well as twice spray at 50 and 70 DAT ( days after transplanting) were arranged at random in sub-plot. The results showed that, foliar spraying with the combination of cytokinins+ gibberellins+ nepthalene acetic acid recorded the highest values for growth attributes i.e., leaf length and number of green leaves, most studied traits comparing to other treatment, except culls yield. while foliar spraying at 50 and 70 days after transplanting, recorded the highest values for vegetative growth character and onion yield with best quality.

[Geries, L.S.M.; A.A. E. Mohamed; E. Hafez and Lamiaa. M. Beshta. Influence of growth stimulators and foliar spraying of application on onion yield. Stem Cell 2019;10(4):26-29]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 4. doi:10.7537/marsscj100419.04.

Key words: Onion, transplanting date, growth regulators - foliar spraying

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Biosynthesis, Characterization and Antifungal Investigation of Ag-Cu Nanoparticles from Bark Extracts of Garcina kola

Akintelu Sunday Adewale ¹ and Folorunso Aderonke Similoluwa ^2*

¹Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, USA

aderonkesimi@gmail.com

+2348136872649

Abstract: The scarcity of effective antifungal agents capable of eradicating the increasing antifungal resistance has been acknowledged as one of the most challenge battling with many orthodox health care centres. This study aimed at the investigation of the antifungal competence of Ag-Cu nanoparticles synthesized from the bark of Garcina kola against Candida tropicalis, Fusarium oxysperium, Candida albican and Aspergillus flaws. Fresh matured barks of Garcina kola were collected from Gebeleju Farm land in Irele area of Ondo State. The bark was washed, air dried, chopped, pulverized, extracted and properly stored. The Ag-Cu nanoparticles formed where characterized and the Agar disk diffusion method was followed to determine its antifungal activity at 150, 100 and 50mg/ml using Amphotericin-B as controls. The characterization of the Ag-Cu nanoparticles revealed a spherical shape nanoparticles of size 21-32 nm with an average diameter of 16nm which are of disperse distribution. The inhibitory zones of the Ag-Cu nanoparticles at 150, 100, 50mg/ml and Amphotericin-B against the test fungi ranges from 20 to 13mm, 13 to 7mm, from 10 to 4 mm and from 29 to 20mm respectively. The order of the antifungal competence of the Ag-Cu nanoparticles against test fungi was Aspergillus flaws > Candida albican > Fusarium oxysperium > Candida tropicalis. The broad inhibitory spectrum obtained from the antifungal screening of Ag-Cu nanoparticles confirmed its application as remedy against fungal infections and its usage as highly relevant ingredient that could be useful in the production of effective novel antifungal agents.

[Akintelu Sunday Adewale and Folorunso Aderonke Similoluwa. Biosynthesis, Characterization and Antifungal Investigation of Ag-Cu Nanoparticles from Bark Extracts of Garcina kola. Stem Cell 2019;10(4):30-37]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 5. doi:10.7537/marsscj100419.05.

Key words: Garcinia kola bark, nanoparticles, characterization, fungal strains, Amphotericin-B, antifungal agents

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Embryonic Stem Cell Research Literatures

Mark Herbert, PhD

World Development Institute

39 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: Stem cells are derived from embryonic and non-embryonic tissues. Most stem cell studies are for animal stem cells and plants have also stem cell. Stem cells were discovered in 1981 from early mouse embryos. Stem cells have the potential to develop into all different cell types in the living body. Stem cell is a body repair system. When a stem cell divides it can be still a stem cell or become adult cell, such as a brain cell. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and can renew themselves by cell division, and stem cells can also differentiate to adult cells with special functions. Stem cells replace the old cells and repair the damaged tissues. Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Mark H. Embryonic Stem Cell Research Literatures. Stem Cell 2019;10(4):38-217]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 6. doi:10.7537/marsscj100419.06.

Key words: stem cell; life; research; literature

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Stem Cell and Quantum Research Literatures

Mark Herbert, PhD

World Development Institute

39 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma8080@gmail.com

Abstract: Stem cells are derived from embryonic and non-embryonic tissues. Most stem cell studies are for animal stem cells and plants have also stem cell. Stem cells were discovered in 1981 from early mouse embryos. Stem cells have the potential to develop into all different cell types in the living body. Stem cell is a body repair system. When a stem cell divides it can be still a stem cell or become adult cell, such as a brain cell. Stem cells are unspecialized cells and can renew themselves by cell division, and stem cells can also differentiate to adult cells with special functions. Stem cells replace the old cells and repair the damaged tissues. Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. This article introduces recent research reports as references in the related studies.

[Herbert M. Stem Cell and Quantum Research Literatures. Stem Cell 2019;10(4):218-232]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 7. doi:10.7537/marsscj100419.07.

Key words: stem cell; life; research; literature

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Effect of Some Fertilization Treatments with Macro and Micro Elements on Growth and Chemical Composition of Scindapsus Aureus Plant

Hamdy E.B. Moustafa

Botanic Gards Res. Dept. Hort. Res. Inst., ARC. Giza, Egypt

Abstract: This study was conducted at the experimental Nursery of the ornamental Horticulture department in the tropical farm at Kom Ombo under directorate of Aswan out during 2016 and 2017 seasons. With the aim of investigating the effect of macro and micro elements fertilization on growth and chemical composition of Scindapsus aureus plants grown under green house conditions. The plants were grown in ( 20 cm) plastic pots of the soil a mixture ( compost + sand) 1:1 by volume. Fertilize with NPK (19: 19:19) three times as soil dressing during the growing season at 1 to 3 g /plant and spraying NPK (19: 19:19) or citrine compound (2% Fe + 2% Zn + 2% Mn) each at 0.2 % three times during each season at the middle of June, July and August. Supplying the soil with NPK (19: 19:19) or spraying with NPK (19: 19:19) or citrine compound had a significant effect in increasing some of the characteristics of the vegetative growth and chemical composition, namely plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves/ plant, fresh and Dry weight of leaves/ plant, fresh and dry weight of stem/ plant, fresh and dry weight of roots/ plant, main root length, chlorophylls a, b, total chlorophylls and total carotenoids, percentages of N, P, K Fe, Zn, and Mn in the leaves compared with the control treatment. The best results were obtained regarding the growth characteristics and chemical composition of Scindapsus aureus plants grown in a pot inside a greenhouse when fertilized three times during the season in middle June, July and August with 2 g / plant of NPK (19: 19:19) as soil dressing and foliar spraying with a citrine compound (Zn + Fe + Zn ) three times also during ( Mid, June, July and August) at 0.2%.

[Hamdy E.B. Moustafa. Effect of Some Fertilization Treatments with Macro and Micro Elements on Growth and Chemical Composition of Scindapsus Aureus Plant. Stem Cell 2019;10(4):233-239]. ISSN: 1945-4570 (print); ISSN: 1945-4732 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/stem. 8. doi:10.7537/marsscj100419.08.

Keywords: Fertilization Treatments, Chemical Composition, Scindapsus Aureus Plant

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