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Econometric Estimation of Food Security Coefficient for Red Meat in Egypt, a Study of Demand and Consumer Spending Functions On Red Meat in Fayoum Governorate.

Dr. Amr Sayed Sofey El Sayed

Agricultural Economic Research Institute -Agricultural Research Center- Giza- Egypt

amrsofy120@gmail.com

Abstract: The research relied on identifying the economic dimension of food security for red meat in Egypt during the period (2000-2019), through a study of the current situation, where it was found that the average production and consumption amounted to about 898.4,1184 thousand tons, respectively, for red meat in Egypt for the study period. By estimating the strategic stock and the food security factor for red meat, it was found that the amount of the strategic stock amounted to about 270.90 thousand tons, sufficient for local consumption for 93 days, and the value of the food security factor was about 0.229. To achieve the objectives of the study, econometric analysis was used by conducting multiple regression analysis in the linear form using the Tobit Model and according to the unconventional analysis method known as the Tobit model to measure the impact of the most important economic factors, which are supposed to have an impact on the food security coefficient. These factors are represented in the value of agricultural investment in billions of dollars, the population in a million people, the amount of processed fodder in million tons, and the value of individual income in a thousand dollars. The significant effect of these factors was proven. By characterizing the study sample in the countryside and urban areas of Fayoum governorate in the 2022 season, which was collected through the questionnaire form, where the study sample population was divided into three categories, according to the monthly income criterion for the family. Each category was divided into rural and urban in Fayoum governorate, where the first category is less than 2,200 pounds, the second category is from 2200 to 4200 pounds, and the third category is 4,200 pounds or more. It was found that the most important factors affecting the consumer spending function of red meat for the countryside for the total sample are the price of red meat, the number of family members, the monthly income of the family, and the price of poultry, respectively. The total flexibility amounted to about 1.533. It also became clear that the most important factors affecting the consumer spending function of red meat for urban residents of the total sample are the price of red meat, the number of family members, and the monthly income of the family and the price of fish, respectively. The total flexibility amounted to about 1.621.

[Amr Sayed Sofey El Sayed. Econometric Estimation of Food Security Coefficient for Red Meat in Egypt, a Study of Demand and Consumer Spending Functions On Red Meat in Fayoum Governorate. World Rural Observ 2022;14(3):1-19]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1. doi:10.7537/marswro140321.01.

Keywords: Food security coefficient - red meat - demand function - consumer spending function - food gap.

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Effects of Irrigation and Method of Fertilization on Growth and Flowering Responses of Potted Chrysanthemum

Anber M. A. Hassanein

Permanent address: Horticulture Dept. (Ornamental Plants), Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Egypt.

Present address: Plant Production and Protection Dept., College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.

anber100@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Influences of irrigation frequency and method of fertilization on the growth and flowering of chrysanthemum grown under restricted root volume were tested. To study the effect of water regime, chrysanthemum cuttings were grown in pots and plants were irrigated regularly at 1, 2, 4 or 8 week intervals during growth period. In another pot experiment, the effect of fertilization method was tested as either foliar spray method at rates of 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 g l^-1; or as fertigation application (in irrigation water) at rates of 7.5, 15 and 22.5 g l^-1. Both, irrigation and fertilization experiments, were conducted to observe the growth and flowering performances of chrysanthemum. The obtained results showed that plants that irrigated weekly and fertilized with 3.0 g l^-1 as foliar spray produced the tallest plant values but flowering was inhibited. While plants irrigated at two week intervals and fertilized with 15.0 g l^-1 as fertigation method showed better flowering and produced the highest number of flowers per plant. It is evident that the numbers of flowers were affected by both irrigation frequencies and fertilization method of application. Irrigation frequency and method of fertilization can improve the growth and flowering of chrysanthemums grown in pots with restricted volume of soil.

[Anber M. A. Hassanein. Effects of Irrigation and Method of Fertilization on Growth and Flowering Responses of Potted Chrysanthemum. World Rural Observ 2022;14(3):20-27]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro140321.02.

Keywords: Effect; Irrigation; Method; Fertilization; Growth; Flowering; Response; Chrysanthemum

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FACTORS INFLUENCING SELF-HELP GROUP MEMBERS EMPOWERMENT IN NIGERIA

¹Sani Yakubu Gombe, ²Turiman Bin Suandi, ³Ismi Arif Ismail, ⁴Zohara Omar

¹Federal College of Education (Tech.) Gombe, Nigeria

²Institute of Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia

³Academy of Higher Education Leadership, Malaysia

⁴Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia

Corresponding author: sanigombe925@gmail.com

Tel: +2348036298053, +601136556175

Abstract: The wide spread of self-help groups (SHGs) in both urban and rural communities in Nigeria and the low empowerment of the members economically, socially, politically and psychologically raises a lot of questions about what exactly his happening, since the primary objective of forming the SHGs is to empower the members holistically. The overall aim of the paper is to identify and discuss the factors influencing SHG member empowerment in Nigerian communities. The paper briefly discusses leadership, cohesiveness, participation, volunteerism, communication, goals/objectives as (Group factors), while age of SHG member, gender, location and marital status as (Personal factors). The paper concludes that understanding why community members remain in their various SHGs or otherwise is very important in empowerment studies and holistic community development. There is every need to keep encouraging community members to form both homogeneous and heterogeneous SHGs to enable elimination of barriers towards participation and allow all community members participate in empowerment process. The paper also recommends that regulatory agencies should be more active in their supervisory and monitoring role in order to identify fake SHGs and those operating below standard and also reward those adhering to ethics and code of conduct; more studies need to be conducted with a view of exploring more factors influencing SHG members empowerment in Nigeria and compare with what is obtained globally to strengthen the system for better performance and management.

[Sani Yakubu Gombe, Turiman Bin Suandi, Ismi Arif Ismail, Zohara Omar. Hassanein. FACTORS INFLUENCING SELF-HELP GROUP MEMBERS EMPOWERMENT IN NIGERIA. World Rural Observ 2022;14(3):28-38]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro140321.03.

Keywords: group factors, personal factors, self-help group, empowerment

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Ecological Response to Habitat Variation for Perennial Species in Saudi Arabia

Migahid, M. M.¹ and Aljeddani, G.S.^2,*

¹ Botany Department, Faculty of Science and Biological and Geological Department ,Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt . migahed.masarrat@gmail.com.

²Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia .Correspondence Email: drghalia2012@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: It is important to investigate the relationship between plant distribution and edaphic factors in coastal plains of Saudi Arabia showing remarkable changes in response to environmental alterations. The present study aims to assess the response of some perennial species to variations in soil characteristics and changes in water status from wet winter to dry summer season. Material and Methods: The study has assessed ecological responses in 7 different habitats in the western part of Saudi Arabia at Ras Sharah on the Red Sea coast. The habitats considered in this study included; salt marsh (I), coastal dune (II), sandstone and conglomerates (III), transitional area covered with loose sand (IV), rocky plain covered with loose sand deposits (V), compact transitional area (VI), and loose sand non-saline (VII). Results: The most suitable habitat for the growth of perennial species was habitat V for Panicum turgidum Forssk, habitat VII for Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb, habitat VI for Taverniera aegyptiaca Boiss, habitat III for Indigofera spinosa Forssk, habitat II for Zygophyllum album L. f., and habitat I for Halopeplis perfoliata (Forssk.) Bge ex Schweinf. The main reason for stress was identified as the salinity and drought stresses resulting from soil characteristics and changing climatic conditions from wet to dry season. It was shown that Panicum turgidum possess the most exceptional tolerance capacity.  Conclusion: The study has concluded that recorded perennial species tolerated the stress conditions by accumulating osmoregulation metabolites as soluble carbohydrates proline, protein, and amino acids.

[Migahid, M. M. and Aljeddani, G.S. Ecological Response to Habitat Variation for Perennial Species in Saudi Arabia.World Rural Observ2022;14(3):39-49]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 04. doi:10.7537/marswro140321.04.

Keywords: Coastal Plains, Ecological Responses, Edaphic Factors, Habitat, Perennial Species, Soil Characteristics.

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Factors Associated with the Choice of Pig Farming Enterprise among Smallholder Farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Adedapo Ayodeji O. and Adedapo Oluwadamilola A.

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Services, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

ayodeji.adedapo@eksu.edu.ng.

Abstract: Pig production has been advocated as a short term measure towards alleviating animal protein and calorie deficit, especially where there are no religious edicts preventing its production and consumption. The study examined the factors associated with the choice of pig farming enterprise among smallholder farmers in Ekiti State. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, perception of the respondents, cost and returns of pig farming, constraints to pig farming and the factors influencing the choice of pig farming among the respondents. A multi‑stage sampling procedure was employed to elicit information from 80 pig farmers with the use of a well-structured questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages and mean, a 3-point Likert scale, Gross Margin Analysis and linear regression analysis. Findings revealed that majority (82.5%) of the respondents were male with mean age 64 years and household size of 4 persons. Farming was the main source of livelihood of the respondents and they have about 25.3 years of farming experience. Most (68.8%) of the respondents were literate and 63.75 percent of them uses hired labour while the average farm size of the respondents was 93 pigs. Majority (92.2%) of the respondents have favourable perception on pig farming. The cost and return analysis shows that, the total cost incurred in one production year was ₦1,092,500.00 and the total revenue was ₦3,605,550.00. The Net profit was ₦2,513,050.00 and the Gross return was 0.30, while the rate of returns was 2.30. The Benefit Cost Ratio was 3.30 and this implies that pig farming is a profitable enterprise. The linear regression analysis shows that marital status (t=2.813), educational background (t=5.04), farm size (t=-1.81), revenue (t=4.83) and variable cost (t=-7.33) were the factors associated with the choice of pig farming enterprise in the study area. Difficulties in securing loan, lack of extension advisory services, high cost of feed and feed ingredients, unregulated market price and high cost of transportation were the constraints to pig farming in the study area. It is therefore recommended that policies should be made to encourage and educate female and youths on the enormous potentials of pig farming as well as subsidized feed ingredients to reduce the cost of feeds.

[Adedapo Ayodeji O. and Adedapo Oluwadamilola A. Factors Associated with the Choice of Pig Farming Enterprise among Smallholder Farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2022;14(3):50-57]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 05. doi:10.7537/marswro140321.05.

Keywords: Cost Benefit Ratio, enterprise, pig farming, profitability, smallholder farmers

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EBINAT WOREDA LIVESTOCK RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OFFICE

LABORATORY MANUAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY FOR ALL ANIMAL HEALTH PHYSICIANS

ABEBE MEQUANENT

EBINAT, ETHIOPIA

E-mail: abebemequanent@gmail.com

Abstract: In addition to best clinical diagnosis of patient animals for reaching tentative diagnosed disease of animal, it is better aided by best laboratory working procedure to confirm whether the tentative diagnosis of patient animals are real or not. So performing the whole clinical diagnosis procedures within laboratory working for best drug selection and recommendation for patient animal is very important. Therefore, doing laboratory work helps directly or indirectly reduces development of drug resistance in veterinary science. In this manual mostly focused in most important parasitology and microbiology laboratory tests like: direct fecal smear, sedimentation technique, flotation technique, baerman technique and gram stain, California mastitis test rose Bengal test etc.

[Abebe, M.A. Laboratory manual of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology for all Animal Health Physicians. World Rural Observ 2022;14(3):58-77]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 06. doi:10.7537/marswro140321.06.

Key words:- laboratory, manual, microbiology, parasitology and veterinary

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Review on Pseudomoniasis in Laboratory Animals like Mice

Abebe Mequanent

University of Gondar College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.o. Box: 196

E-mail:  abebemequanent@gmail.com

Summary: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a dangerous, devastating disease which is difficult to treat by antibiotics easily. As the World Health Organization considers infections caused by Multiple Drug Resistant bacteria is a major public health problem. One of the organisms contributing to this problem is Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is an opportunistic gram-negative pathogen. It is a non-fermentative, aerobic, Gram-negative rod, motile with single terminal flagellum that normally lives in moist environments and it is the most common pathogen responsible for nosocomical and community-acquired infections at various body sites including the lower respi­ratory tract, urinary tract, cornea, and surgical or burn wounds. It results in hematogenous spread of the bacteria to multiple organs. Entry into the vascular system may be facilitated by pseudomonal proteases and bradykinin generated in infectious foci. P. aeruginosa grows well in most culture media and colonies are often a distinctive blue green.

[Abebe, M.A. Review on Pseudomoniasis in Laboratory Animals like Mice . World Rural Observ 2022;14(3):78-82]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 07. doi:10.7537/marswro140321.07.

Key Words: Animal, laboratory, mice and Pseudomonas

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Perception and Practices of Rural Community towards COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Biplob Kanti Mondal

Manager – Resilience and WASH, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Bangladesh.

biplobplanner@gmail.com

Abstract: COVID-19 pandemic pervaded Bangladesh with additional climate-induced disasters i.e. flood and cyclone in 2020, which proliferated the multidimensional vulnerabilities of poor people living in complex settings. The study explored the community’s knowledge, attitudes, & practices to fight against COVID-19 disease. The results were derived from primary & secondary data through questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions. Study revealed that over 63% of people used the mask to protect themselves from COVID-19, while 37% did not use masks while going out of the home. Remarkably, over 90% of people think that masks cannot protect people from COVID-19. Hand washing, sanitization, and social distancing were prioritized as protective measures by community people. However, over one-fifth of the people visited public places during lockdown due to buying daily necessities including food, medicines, visiting doctors, earning money etc. People in the study area also adopted traditional practices (taking hot water, tea, leaves of trees etc.) to protect them from COVID-19.

[Biplob Kanti Mondal. Perception and Practices of Rural Community towards COVID-19 in Bangladesh. World Rural Observ 2021;13(3):83-88]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 08.  doi:10.7537/marswro140321.08.

Keywords: COVID-19, perceptions, practices, disaster response

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Assessment Of Zooplankton Abundance And Water Quality Of Kitoro Reservoir, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria

Abdulazeez Musa, Mubarak Usman Jikantoro, Ajayi  Lanre, Umar Mohammed Tanko, Woru Hamza Abubakar, Ibrahim Yahaya.

National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, New Bussa, Niger State, P.M.B 6006, Nigeria

                                                                       abdulazeezmusa199@yahoo.com

Abstract: Surface water reservoirs are considered as one of the planet’s most important freshwater resources and provide a lot of benefits. Reservoirs are stagnant surface water bodies, receive and stores rain fall water through flooding. The aim of this research was to assess the water quality and zooplankton abundance of kisra reservoir in both wet and dry season. The water samples were collected once in a month at three (3) different locations using the water sampling bottle for water quality analysis and the zooplankton samples were collected using the zooplankton net with mesh size of 50µm. The samples were analyzed using standard analytical techniques as recommended by APHA for water quality parameters and was subjected to statistical analysis using independent T-Test. The zooplankton was analyzed using zooplankton Microscope. The result showed a significant difference (P in pH, water temperature, dissolve oxygen (D.O), turbidity, alkalinity and depth while there was no significant difference (P in biological oxygen demand (B.O.D) and water conductivity. The rain water in wet season, high temperature in dry season, settling effect of the suspended particles could all be factors responsible for that significant difference. Copepoda (56%) dominant the group in wet season, cladocera (29%) was next and lastly rotifera (15%) while in dry season, rotifera (64%) dominanted the group, then cladocera (23%) and copepoda (13%) was the least at the time of the study. Although in terms of species diversity, rotifer has more species than any other group in both wet and dry season and there were more zooplankton in wet season than in dry season. The study shows that, seasons affect both the water quality parameters and zooplankton composition in the reservoir.

[Abdulazeez Musa, Mubarak Usman Jikantoro, Ajayi Lanre, Umar Mohammed Tanko, Woru Hamza Abubakar, Ibrahim Yahaya. Assessment Of Zooplankton Abundance And Water Quality Of Kitoro Reservoir, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2021;13(3):89-93]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 09. doi:10.7537/marswro140321.09.

Keywords: water quality, reservoir, zooplankton, season

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