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Mapping QoS Classes in Loose Coupling Heterogeneous Networks

Firas Ousta¹, Nidal Kamel¹, Mohd Zuki Yusoff¹, Sadek Ali²

^1. Center of Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750Tronoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia

^2. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

fousta@ieee.org

Abstract: One of the main objectives of Heterogeneous Wireless Access Networks (HWAN) is to integrate the different wireless access technologies, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), with a common IP-based network in order to offer mobile users continuous and unified service in a transparent way. However, one of the major issues is to support End-to-End Quality of Service (QoS) across all these technologies at all stages of the service from set-up to handoff. We present, in this paper, a novel method of mapping QoS of UMTS and WiMAX over a loose coupling environment across Internet Protocol/Differentiated Service (IP/DiffServ) network.

[Ousta F, Kamel N, Yusoff M, Ali S. Mapping QoS Classes in Loose Coupling Heterogeneous Networks. World Rural Observ 2022;14(2):1-6]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1. doi:10.7537/marswro140222.01.

Keywords: QoS; HWAN; 4G; NGWN; UMTS; WiMAX; IP; DiffServ

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Growth response of three sweet potato varieties to different quantities of cow dung manure

*Umaru Mohamed Gassama¹, Rose S. Bangura², Mary S. Konneh³

¹Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Njala University, Sierra Leone

²Institute of Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Studies, Njala University, Sierra Leone

³School of Agriculture and Food Science, Njala University, Sierra Leone

Corresponding Author: umaru.gassama@njala.edu.sl

Abstract: Organic manures as a source of plant nutrients for cultivation of field crops have received worldwide attention due to the rising costs, rapid nutrient loss and adverse environmental impacts from inorganic fertilizers. A field trial was conducted during the raining season at Njala University experimental site in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to determine growth response of three varieties of sweet potato (82/188, Pa Kabbia and Kapurila) to different quantities 0kg (control), 30kg, 40kg, and 50kg) of cow dung manure. Application of different quantities of cow dung manure positively influenced (P<0.05) number of branches, leaf length, leaf breath and vine length compared to control. The result showed that high quantities of cow dung manure (30kg, 40kg and 50kg) improved the vegetative growth of the three varieties of sweet potato compared to control while 50kg of cow dung manure gave the best growth performance of three varieties of sweet potato compared to control, 30kg, and 40kg. Among the three varieties used in this study, variety 82/188 had better response to cow dung manure with the better vegetative growth followed by Pa Kabbia and Kapurila. Thus, from the findings of the present research work, it can be concluded that Cow dung manure contains essential nutrients for plant growth. This can be due to the high amount of nutrients that prompts the physiological process of sweet potatoes that leads to increase in vegetative growth.

[Umaru Mohamed Gassama, Rose S. Bangura, Mary S. Konneh. Growth response of three sweet potato varieties to different quantities of cow dung manure. World Rural Observ 2022;14(2):7-12]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro140221.02.

Keywords: Cow dung, leaf length, leaf breath, sweet potato

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Evaluation of Department Head Person Based on Gender, Gender Role Orientation, and Attachment of Labels in Dire Dawa University

Mustefa JIBRIL

School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dire Dawa Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

mustefa.jibril@ddu.edu.et

Abstract: The study, designed to find out the gender outcome, gender roles, and labeling of labels in the department's head examination, was conducted using 194 study participants recruited from lecturers at Dire Dawa University in Ethiopia 116 women and 78 were males aged 29.23. The following five labels are used: Department head in general, efficient male Department head, efficient female Department head, inefficient male Department head, and inefficient female Department head) were responded to by the research participants.  Seven different hypotheses were tested using ANOVA. Findings revealed that gender role orientation had a significant effect on the evaluation of the Department head. Furthermore, there were no significant effects of gender, and attachment of labels on the evaluation of Department head and no interaction effects of gender and gender role orientation, gender and attachment of labels and gender, gender role orientation, and attachment of labels on the evaluation of Department head.

[Mustefa JIBRIL. Evaluation of Department Head Person Based on Gender, Gender Role Orientation, and Attachment of Labels in Dire Dawa University. World Rural Observ 2022;14(2):13-16]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro140221.03.

Key words: Gender, gender role, Dire Dawa, evaluation, Department head.

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The Correlation Of Islamic Law Basics And Linguistics

Kairat Kurmanbayev¹, Shamshadin. Karim², Absattar Derbisali ³

^1. PhD student of Egypt University of Islamic Culture Nur Mubarak, faculty of Islamic Studies. (050040, Kazakhstan (Phone: +7 (777) 1547878 e-mail: akperl@mail.ru)

^2. Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of Egypt University of Islamic Culture. 050040, Kazakhstan (Phone: +7 (777)2025962, e-mail: nurmubarak2013@mail.ru)

^3. The Institute of Oriental Studies of the Ministry of Education and Science of RK, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor. 050040, Kazakhstan 

Abstract: Any domain of science in Islam derives its basic concepts, theories, methodology, and terminology within an Arabic language context. The language certainly benefited from Islamic science, particularly with respect to methodology. However, Arabic linguistics added more than it took from “Islamic law basics”. This article considers the correlation of Islamic law basics and Arabic language linguistics, alongside similarities in the study of the two fields. This analysis compares the scientific-methodological basics resulting from applying linguistic-semantic principles in Arabic language with shariat norms given by Muslim legal experts to resolve different real-world cases. Chief among the comparisons made are the differences noted between the Hanafi school of law, a very early understanding of Islamic law basics (usul al-fiqh), and principles of the majority of modern legal experts.

[Kairat Kurmanbayev, Shamshadin. Karim, Absattar Derbisali. The Correlation Of Islamic Law Basics And Linguistics. World Rural Observ 2022;14(2):17-22]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro140221.04.

Keywords: linguistics, Arabic language, tafsir (interpretation), hadith, fiqh.

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MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ON THE RESPONSE OF CROP TO FERTILIZER AND SOIL TYPE USING SPLIT PLOT DESIGN

Lasisi T. A.⁽¹⁾, Oladimeji O. A.^(2)*, Longe I. O. ⁽²⁾, Oyeniyi R. O.⁽³⁾, and Ogunbanwo T. A. ⁽⁴⁾

¹Department of Statistics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho Oyo State, Nigeria

²Department of Statistics, Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Ondo State, Nigeria

⁴Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Osun State, Nigeria

³Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Osun State, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: adedipupo.oladimeji@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: This research work is primarily aimed at determining the significance effect of factors and other consideration on yield of plant. The method of data collection is transcription from record from the department of Agricultural Technology of the Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti. Analysis of variance using split plot design to eliminate the effect of those factors accordingly after the data analysis are concluded from the analysis of variance on yiled that replicates ( soil types) and fertilizer effect are individually (main effect ) statistically not significance at 5% significance level since P-value > 0.05. Also, interaction effect of fertilizer and replicates is statistically not significance since P-value > 0.05 accordingly.

[Lasisi T. A., Oladimeji O. A., Longe I. O., Oyeniyi R. O., and Ogunbanwo T. A. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ON THE RESPONSE OF CROP TO FERTILIZER AND SOIL TYPE USING SPLIT PLOT DESIGN. World Rural Observ 2022;14(2):23-33]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro140221.05.

Keywords: Factorial Treatment, Experimental Units, Fertilizer, Crops Yield, Synthetic, Split-Plot Design, Blocking, Experimental Error, Dependant Variable

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Factorial Analysis on Factors That Affect Plant Growth (Maize)

Oladimeji O. A.^(1)*, Lasisi T. A.⁽²⁾, Ogunbanwo T. A.⁽³⁾, Oyeniyi R. O.⁽⁴⁾, and Ishaku A.⁽⁵⁾

¹Department of Statistics, Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Ondo State, Nigeria

²Department of Statistics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho Oyo State, Nigeria

³Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Osun State, Nigeria

⁴Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Osun State, Nigeria

 ⁵Directorate of Academic Planning, Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Ondo State, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: adedipupo.oladimeji@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Maize crop is a key source of food and livelihood for millions of people in many countries of the world. It is produced extensively in Nigeria, where it is consumed roasted, baked, fried, pounded or fermented. This study focuses on effect of factors on yield of maize from the results of the experiment carried out at Federal college of agriculture, Akure, Ondo state. A 3³ factorial design is employed since three factors each occurring at three levels replicated eight times per cell. From the Analysis of variance on yield, It id found out that there is significant difference in the fertilizers effect on the yield of maize, there is significant interaction effect between fertilizers and herbicides on the yield of maize and also there is significant interaction effect between herbicides and water volumes on the yield of maize since their respective P-values is less than probability of error margin at 5%.

[Oladimeji O. A., Lasisi T. A., Ogunbanwo T. A., Oyeniyi R. O., and Ishaku A. Factorial Analysis on Factors That Affect Plant Growth (Maize). World Rural Observ 2022;14(2):34-42]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6. doi:10.7537/marswro140221.06.

Keywords: Environmental Factor, Fertilizers, Growth, Herbicides, Yield, Investigators, Maize, Reliability, Significant, Variation.

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Evaluation on Inbreeding Effect on Production Traits in Azarbaijan Native Fowls

L. Shahri1, S. alijani2*, H. Janmohhamadi3, A. hosseinkhani2, H. dagigkia2

1 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University of Tabriz

2 Assistant professor of Animal Science Department, Agricultural College, Tabriz University of Tabriz

3 Academic members of Animal Science Department, Agricultural College, Tabriz University of Tabriz

Laya shahri Email: laya_shahri@yahoo.com Tel: 09365968652 Sadegh Alijani Email: saeidsabery@yahoo.com Tel: 09194637184 Hussein Janmohammadi Email: mehrzad.hossein@gmail.com Tel:09144161322 Ali Hosseinkhani Email: Ali.hosseinkhani@gmail.com Tel:

Hussein dagigkia Email: : hsz69ss@yahoo.com Tel:09144089431

Corresponding author Email:   sad-ali@tabrizu.ac.ir

Abstract: Inbreeding rate and effect on production (body weight at age of sexual maturity (BWSM), body weight at 12 weeks (BW12), average egg weight (AEW) and age of sex maturity (ASM)) traits were evaluated in 43180 Azerbaijan native fowls. The individual inbreeding coefficients were calculated using Pedigree soft ware from available performance records across 14 generations. The mean inbreeding coefficients total of birds, female birds, male birds and inbred birds were 4.411, 3.361, 3.612 and 5.246, respectively. The number effects were calculated by Wright̓ s and Gowe ̓s formula that were ranged 411.180 to 6840.662 and 593.263 to 12973.880, respectively. Rate of inbreeding’s Wright (∆F) varied between 0 to 6.82% and for rate of inbreeding using calculation Gowe of number effect 0.004 to 084/0 %. Linear regression coefficient between inbreeding level (%) with body weight at age of sexual maturity (BWSM), body weight at 12 weeks (BW12), average egg weight (AEW) and age of sex maturity (ASM) were estimates 3.444 g, 15.255gr, 0.217 g and -0.001 day, respectively. Our results show that the inbreeding coefficient increased every generation lead to low number effect and population size. It is strongly emphasize that control of inbreeding should be given high priority in animal breeding.

[Shahri1, S. alijani, H. Janmohhamadi, A. hosseinkhani, H. dagigkia. Evaluation on Inbreeding Effect on Production Traits in Azarbaijan Native Fowls. World Rural Observ 2022;14(2):43-48]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7. doi:10.7537/marswro140221.07.

Key words: number effect, inbreeding coefficient, Azerbaijan native fowls

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EFFECTS OF REDUCED RATES OF FERTILIZER ON BRRI DHAN28

M. Rahman¹, M. A. Hashem¹, M. A Hoque¹,  A. B. Siddique¹, M. M. Hasan², S. M. Shamsuzzaman³ and  A. W. Samsuri⁴

¹Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.

²Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,

³Soil Resource Development Institute, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh.

⁴Department of Land Management, University Putra Malaysia, 43400UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Corresponding author’s email: samsuri@agri.upm.edu.my

Abstract: The experiment was conducted at the Soil Science farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during boro season to study the effects of reduced rates of fertilizer on performance of BRRI dhan28. There were eight treatments such as T₁: control, T₂: Recommended Fertilizer Dose (RFD), T₃:50% RFD, T₄:60% RFD, T₅:70% RFD, T₆:80% RFD, T₇: 90% RFD, and T₈:120% RFD. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The recommended fertilizer doses were100 kg N ha^-1, 15 kg P ha^-1, 50 kg K ha^-1, 15 kg S ha^-1 and 1.5 kg Zn ha^-1. Nitrogen, P, K, S and Zn were supplied through urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum and zinc sulphate, respectively. The grain and straw yield as well as biological yield of BRRI dhan28 were significantly affected due to different treatments. The highest grain yield of 6.35 t ha^-1 and straw yield of 7.81 t ha^-1were observed in the treatment T₈ containing 120% RFD which was statistically identical to those recorded in the treatments T₂ (RFD), T₅ (70% RFD), T₆ (80% RFD) and T₇ (90% RFD). Grain yield was positively correlated with plant height, tillers hill^-1, panicle length, filled grains panicle^-1 and 1000-grain weight whereas negatively correlated with unfilled grain panicle^-1. Application of at best 30% reduction of all the fertilizers from recommended fertilizer dose affect non-significantly both in nutrient content and nutrient uptake by grain and straw of BRRI dhan28 compared to the treatment T₂ (RFD). In the experiment 120% of recommended fertilizer dose performed better than other treatments and 30% reduction of all the fertilizers from recommended fertilizer dose did not differ significantly compared to the treatment T₂ (RFD). The obtained result clearly indicated that if anyone wants to increase the crop yield then he may practice 120% RFD but this variety may be cultivated by 30% reduction of all the fertilizers from recommended fertilizer dose without affecting yield.

[Nusrat Jahan, Md. Rafiqul Islam, A. B. Siddique1, M. Rafiqul Islam1, M. M. Hasan2, S. M. Shamsuzzaman and  A. W. Samsuri. EFFECTS OF REDUCED RATES OF FERTILIZER ON BRRI DHAN28. World Rural Observ 2022;14(2):49-57]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8. doi:10.7537/marswro140221.08.

.

Key words: Fertilizer rate, Rice, Yield

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Study of rutting behavior of Flexible Pavement under Varying Temperatures and Bitumen Contents

Muhammad Hussain ¹, Attaullah Shah ², M. Zafar Ali Shah³, Rashid Mehmood³, Rana Faisal Tufail ^1, Waqas Haroon¹

^1. Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department, Swedish College of Engineering & Technology, Wah Cantt, Pakistan.

^2. Project Director, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

^3. Student, Civil Engineering Department, Swedish College of Engineering & Technology, Wah Cantt, Pakistan.

hussainmuhammad42@yahoo.com

Abstract: The gradual increase in traffic volume, poor design and construction practice during the last few decades in combination with an inappropriate maintenance due to Government policy has caused an accelerated and continuous deterioration of the road network in Pakistan. The increasing traffic load and compromise on quality of construction are the main causes of pavement failures, especially rutting. Maximum failure occurs due to the pavement surface exhibits wheel path depressions as a result of compaction/mix design problems. In this situation, the problem should be investigated and its proper solution should be proposed. The purpose of this research is to compare unmodified bitumen and modified bitumen (polythene modified and crumbed rubber modified).In this study, Low Density Polythene (LDP) and crumbed rubber were used as modifiers, and these modifiers were used to examine the potential prospects for improving asphalt binder properties. The proportion of bitumen content was kept as 4.5% & 5.5% by the weight of the aggregate content and in modification of polythene and crumbed rubber was kept as 0.2% by weight of bitumen content. In this study the compacted asphalt mixes were tested for resistance to rutting by subjecting all the specimens to 10,000 repetitions of a loaded wheel and the rut depth for each specimen was determined using wheel tracking machine. For the testing of these sample different temperature (25°C& 55°C) were used. A total of 12 samples have been prepared to investigate the rut depth. The result of these samples varies according to the temperature and bitumen content. This research concludes that unmodified bitumen gives less rut depth at 25°C temperature but when temperature increased up to 55°C, the crumbed rubber give better result in 4.5% bitumen content. By increasing bitumen content from 4.5 to 5.5%, polythene modified bitumen give better result in both temperature (25°C& 55°C).

[Hussain M, Shah.A, Shah.M Z A, Mehmood R, Tufail R F, Haroon W, Study of rutting behavior of Flexible Pavement under Varying Temperatures and Bitumen Contents. World Rural Observ 2022;14(2):58-62]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9. doi:10.7537/marswro140221.09.

Key words: Asphalt, HMA, Flexible Pavement, Rutting

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Assessment of Crowd farming Diversity in Lagos State Using Shannon’s Entropy Index

Olowa Olatomide Waheed, Olowa Omowumi Ayodele

Department of Agricultural Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka

owolowa@gmail.com

Abstract: The global growth rate of equity crowd funding of which Crowd farming is a brand has surpassed the projected limits. Crowd farming serves as alternative finance and platform for interested small scale investors in farming in many countries.  This Paper investigates the diversity of crowd farming platforms among investors in all the five administrative divisions of Lagos state. Three hundred participants were selected using purposive sampling techniques, and used for the study. The data were summarized using frequencies and percentages, while Shannon Entropy Index was applied to analyse the diversity of crowd farming among participants in the administrative divisions. The results showed majority of the participants were male (59%) with average family size of all crowd farming participants being 5.83. Average household size was highest in Lagos Island (Eko) (7) and Epe (7) and lowest in Ikeja (4). Younger respondents (22-55 years) constitute the majority of crowd farming participants (72%). Average total amount invested was #566,634; highest in Ikeja (#230,000) and lowest in Epe (#95,155). Thus showing high rate of investment flow to crowd farming. The Shannon diversity index was 1.16 depicting crowd farming platforms were evenly distributed across the state. Ikeja and Badagry have uniform diversity of Crowd farming participants (H=1.07), followed by Ikorodu (H=0.89). Lagos Island has the lowest diversity (H0.80). Even distribution of crowd farming platforms investment should signal improved monitoring for financial security of Lagosians; and eye-opener to step up measures to stem or prevent market failures.

[Olowa, OW, Olowa, OA Assessment of Crowd farming Diversity in Lagos State Using Shannon’s Entropy Index. World Rural Observ 2022;14(2):63-69]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10. doi:10.7537/marswro140221.10.

Keywords: Crowd funding, Crowd farming, Alternative Finance, Farmers, Shannon’s Entropy Index, Lagos state

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Maximizing the Egyptian Exports from Strawberry Crop

Dr. Ghada Shalaby Ali Shalaby and Dr. Shahira Mohamed Reda Ebrahim

Senior Researcher at Agricultural Economy Research Institute, Agricultural Research center, Giza, Egypt.

Email: Shahira_mrd14@yahoo.com

Abstract: The research aims to maximize the Egyptian exports of the strawberry crop to maximize the net return from exporting this crop. The study depended on the simple linear regression and the use of the linear programming method. The most important results: The crop Strawberry exports from Egypt in 2020 amounted to about 17.6 thousand tons, distributed to Belgium, Germany, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United Arab Emirates, Syria, the Netherlands and other countries, with quantities amounting to about 4350, 2253, 2040, 1954, 1495, 1332, 786, 713, 2659 tons, with a value of about 78.5 million pounds. By conducting linear programming after determining the highest price countries, and the target function of this model was estimated at 166.6 million dollars, an increase over the actual value of the function by 88.1 million dollars, with an estimated increase of 112.2%. The locator of the geographically closest markets that imports this crop from Egypt has been established. the target function of this model was estimated at 82.8 million dollars, an increase over the value of the function of the actual model by about 4.3 million dollars, an increase rate of about 5.4%, which shows a net achievement The value of this model is the net value of the actual model. The Search recommended to Increasing exports by opening new export markets, especially in Arab and African countries.

[Ghada Shalaby Ali Shalaby and Shahira Mohamed Reda Ebrahim. Maximizing the Egyptian Exports from Strawberry Crop. World Rural Observ 2022;14(2):70-85]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11. doi:10.7537/marswro140221.11.

Key Words: Maximizing, linear programming, Strawberry.

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