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1

The Impact of Human and Socio-cultural behavior on Outdoor malaria transmission in a rural community of Nigeria:

The Nyumagbagh Experience

Ezihe K. Ebuka¹*; Egbuche M. Chukwudi², Ukonze B. Chikaodili³, Nwangwu C. Udoka¹, Onwude O. Cosmas¹, Amakiri Paschal⁴, Atisele Z.U. Ejehu², Iangba-Terngu Kapu⁵, Obi O. Juliet², Ogudu O. Emmanuel¹

¹ National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre, Enugu

² Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

³ School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

⁴ Chester Medical School, University of Chester United Kingdom

⁵ Ikpoikpo Primary Health Centre Ichigh, Vandekya Benue State

Abstract: Malaria has remained a global puzzle particularly for sub-Saharan countries despite all effort to control the disease. Increase in outdoor feeding and resting of malaria vectors in most African settings where people spend significant time outside at night have allowed vectors to avoid interventions and consequently limit the effectiveness of those known control measures. A tripod design which includes a quantitative component (health facility and entomological surveillance), qualitative component (Household interviews) and non-peri-domestic (community interview) were carried out concurrently to identify the impact of human behaviours, socio-cultural practices and their significance to the exposure and existing outdoor malaria transmission in Nyumangbah. Data from the observations and entomological data were entered into MS Excel and analysized using SPSS version 21. Predominant outdoor activities in the community vary at the three selected spots but drinking of alcohol, meetings, charging of phones and sales of farm products frequently occurred. Of the Anopheles mosquitoes (n=33) collected, An. gambiae sl were more in number (n=15) followed by An funestus (n=11), An.coustani (n=6) and An. moucheti (n=1). More mosquitoes (n=51) were collected from the farm house and Hut house (n=39) than Block house (n=19). Members of the An. gambiae complex were identified as An.gambiae ss using PCR. Of the fifty-nine (100%) persons interviewed for the incidence of malaria, fourteen (24%) persons reported to have been diagnosed and treated malaria once while twenty-nine (49%) and Nine (15%) persons reported to have been diagnosed and treated of the illness twice and thrice respectively over the past 12 months. Of the three hundred and ninety-eight (398) persons that presented with fever and were tested for Plasmodium with RDT kit only two hundred and sixty-five (265) were positive for plasmodium falciparium of which 86 of them were under five while 179 were above five years. Of the fifty households observed, only 82% of them have at least one bed-net while 64% actually slept inside the treated net a day before with their nets still hanging. The socio-cultural activities of both individuals and the community at large has been seen encouraging the persistent risk exposure to infected malaria vectors. Improvement on housing pattern, literacy level, occupation, electricity, knowledge of malaria and proper diagnosis of malaria for the rural dwellers will be an emerging assistance to the existing malaria control measures.

[The Nyumagbagh Experience. The Impact of Human and Socio-cultural behavior on Outdoor malaria transmission in a rural community of Nigeria:. World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):1-14]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1. doi:10.7537/marswro120420.01.

Keywords: Socio-cultural, behaviour, malaria, bednet

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On new RURAL economic and administrative policies

S. Kalimuthu

2/394, Kanjampatti P.O, Pollachi Via, Tamil Nadu 642003, India

Emil tantrakalimuthu@gmail.com, owlskalimuthu@gmail.com

Mobile: +91 8220541577

Researcher ID: AAP-4476-2020

Scopus Author ID: 25723330600

ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7978-9013

MR ID 1048338

INSPIRE ID-00801168

Abstract: This paper is written mostly for developing countries like India. Even developed countries may also implement some of the reforms proposed by the author. By birth all are equal. Nature has provided all resources. In some nations like the USA, Canada, UK, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, many of the European Union, all the Gulf countries and maybe in some other nations people do live above the poverty line. These are all developed countries. In developing countries, still people are struggling to meet their needs. Also, these masses are facing social injustice, all kinds of suppressions, corruption, unemployment, etc. Keeping these problems in mind, the author introduces some economic and administrative reforms for immediate implementation.

[S. Kalimuthu. On new RURAL economic and administrative policies. World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):15-25]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro120420.02.

Keywords: Administrative Reforms, Economic Development, Social Justice

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Measurement of Forest Ecological Benefits of Liangshui National Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province

Liu Shuo^1,2; Ma Jiangzhang¹; Zong Cheng¹

¹ College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, P.R. China;

² Heilongjiang Institute of Construction Technology,150025, P.R. China.

Email: hccliushuo6616@163.com

Abstract: Along with the socioeconomic development as well as the development and utilization of forest resources, the forest ecological environment has become more and more valuable, and its impact on the national economy has also become increasingly wide. Forest has significant ecological service function. Because the forest has obvious diversion and blocking effect on the surface runoff, it can greatly delay the surface runoff duration, effectively reduce the runoff flood peak and adjust the flood to dry season, so it can better reduce the flood disaster and river runoff; because the canopy can intercept a considerable amount of precipitation, reduce the intensity of rainstorm, and reduce the mechanical damage of raindrops on the soil, the root system can fix the soil. The litter can protect the soil surface layer, so it can form a good forest microclimate and have a good impact on the surrounding farmland, grassland and other ecosystems. It protects the wild animals and plants in the system to grow well, absorbs a large amount of carbon dioxide in the air, produces oxygen, purifies the atmosphere, conserves water resources, reduces floods and droughts, suppresses wind and sand, and reduces noise. Firstly, based on the modern statistical model, the seemingly unrelated forest model was constructed, and the dependent variable and independent variable set of standardized forest ecological benefit were determined, and the seemingly unrelated forest ecological benefit model was established. Then, according to the alternative market method and market approximation theory, the first and second monetary models of forest ecological benefit value are constructed. After that, the whole diffusion model was established to estimate the physical amount of forest ecological benefits. The annual forest ecological benefits of Liangshui National Nature Reserve were calculated based on the monetary model of generalized forest ecological benefits by using the forest big data of the third forest management survey in Liangshui National Nature Reserve which spent a lot of manpower, material and financial resources in 2009. The economic value is 94.31 million RMB¥.

[Liu Shuo,; Ma Jiangzhang; Zong Cheng. Measurement of Forest Ecological Benefits of Liangshui National Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province. World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):26-32]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro120420.03.

Key words: National nature reserve; Forest ecological benefits; Measurement

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Review On Major Ectoparasites And Their Economic Impact On Farm Animals

*Bijiga Tsafiyo Kuchi and Asmamaw Aki

*Assosa University, college of agriculture & natural resource, Department of animal science

Asossa, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, monitoring, surveillance and study laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com

Abstract: In Ethiopia the livestock population is estimated to be about 60.39 million cattle, 31.30 million sheep, and 32.70 million of goats. In the country skins from small ruminants and hides from large animals are important an important agricultural products contributing for the largest share to export commodities. So, this article is engraved with the objectives to review the status and distribution of Ectoparasites in farm animals and to review the economic impact of Ectoparasites infestations in farm animals in Ethiopia. Even though Ethiopia has very good potential to produce substantial quantities of hide and skins, their quality is very low. In this regard about 35% of sheep and 56% of goat skins were rejected due to Ectoparasites damage and due to this effect about one quarter to one third of all the skins processed at tanneries are unsuitable for export. Trade in hides, skins, leather and leather manufactures have been in a great growth at an average of about 12% over the last 30 years, reaching to around USD 53.8 billion in early 2000. As a result of this, leather has been at the core of Ethiopia's economy since many years. In addition, it has a large contribution to the leather industry in the country. Now a day poor management and low productivity of animals due to parasitic infestation has considerably become the major stumbling block to the potential of livestock industry as well as causes serious economic loss to small holder farmers, the tanning industry and the country as a whole through mortality of animals, decreased production, down grading and rejection of skis and hides. Therefore, it is concluded that impact posed by external parasitic infestation such as (mites, lice, ticks) on farm animals during their life time is more serious and significant. So improved veterinary extension services, strategic and effective parasite control strategies, continuous awareness creation and training on management and husbandry practice are suggested to enhance the quality of skins and hides and to increase livestock product and productivity.

[ Bijiga Tsafiyo Kuchi and Asmamaw Aki. Review On Major Ectoparasites And Their Economic Impact On Farm Animals. World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):33-40]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro120420.04.

Keywords: Economic Impacts, Ectoparasites, Farm Animals

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Innovation and Creativity in Agriculture for sustainable Development

Olowa Olatomide Waheed, Olowa Omowumi Ayodele, Umoru John Issah

Department of Agricultural Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka, P.O. Box 269, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria

 owolowa@gmail.com

Abstract: To cope with today’s markets and economy pressure, innovations and creativity becomes very important in agriculture. The fact that agriculture is a major source of employment and backbone to many industries in terms of raw materials supply, heightens the critical role of innovation, creativity and resourcefulness. More critical is the present state of food supply in which Nigeria has transited from food exporter to net food importer. No thanks to the prevailing political economy and non–supportive policies. Farmers would languish in poverty, rural development would suffer set back and the resultant effect on the economy and citizenry is better imagined without innovation and creativity. Thus, the chapter elucidated the need for innovation and creativity, trending innovation and creativity among practicing farmers in Nigeria and other burning issues of agricultural innovation system.

[Olowa, O.W, Olowa, O.A & Umoru, J.I.U Innovation and Creativity in Agriculture for sustainable Development. World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):41-46]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro120420.05.

Keywords: Innovation and creativity; Nigeria; urban agriculture; Aquaponics

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Economic and Environmental Implications of Charcoal Production in Kogi State, Nigeria

Agunloye O.O.M.¹, Kolawole A.O.², Ogunsakin M.O.³ and Arowolaju O.O.³

¹Department of Environmental Management Technology, Federal College of Land Resources Technology, Owerri, Imo State

²Department of Environmental Quality Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel

³Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti

Ayotunde.kolawole@mail.huji.ac.il

+2348034965672

Abstract: Nigeria’s economic trees are declining in availability due to the continuous competition by charcoal producers and other productive users of hardwoods. Therefore, this work estimated the technical efficiency, economic, and environmental implications of charcoal production in Kogi State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample forty-five (45) charcoal producers from Kogi West Senatorial Districts. Data were elicited through a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis, and stochastic frontier were used to describe the socio-economic variables and identify the sources of wood for charcoal production; estimate the profitability of charcoal production and its technical efficiency. The result of descriptive statistics shows that male respondents dominated the business of charcoal production and about half of the distribution was legally carrying out the business. Open forest and farmland areas were the major sources of wood used. The net income realized from charcoal production per cycle was N 4,084.35. The mean technical efficiency was 0.5256. This implies that if the efficiency of resource use is increased by 47.44 percent, the charcoal producer would operate on the production frontier given the existing technology. Serious environment threats like deforestation, GHG emission, and bush burning are all adduced to charcoal production. It is therefore important for legal charcoal producers to form a viable cooperative in other to harness their resources, to make them more efficient, and expose illegal operators in the business of charcoal production. Our trees must also be saved by setting up an afforestation plan by the government at all levels.

[Agunloye O.O.M., Kolawole A.O., Ogunsakin M.O. and Arowolaju O.O. Economic and Environmental Implications of Charcoal Production in Kogi State, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):47-55]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6. doi:10.7537/marswro120420.06.

Keywords: Charcoal Production, Cost and Return, Technical Efficiency and Environment

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The Impact of Human and Socio-cultural behavior on Outdoor malaria transmission in a rural community of Nigeria: The Nyumagbagh Experience

Ezihe K. Ebuka¹*; Egbuche M. Chukwudi², Ukonze B. Chikaodili³, Nwangwu C. Udoka¹, Onwude O. Cosmas¹, Amakiri Paschal⁴, Atisele Z.U. Ejehu², Iangba-Terngu Kapu⁵, Obi O. Juliet², Ogudu O. Emmanuel¹

¹ National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre, Enugu

² Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

³ School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

⁴ Chester Medical School, University of Chester United Kingdom

⁵ Ikpoikpo Primary Health Centre Ichigh, Vandekya Benue State

Abstract: Malaria has remained a global puzzle particularly for sub-Saharan countries despite all effort to control the disease. Increase in outdoor feeding and resting of malaria vectors in most African settings where people spend significant time outside at night have allowed vectors to avoid interventions and consequently limit the effectiveness of those known control measures. A tripod design which includes a quantitative component (health facility and entomological surveillance), qualitative component (Household interviews) and non-peri-domestic (community interview) were carried out concurrently to identify the impact of human behaviours, socio-cultural practices and their significance to the exposure and existing outdoor malaria transmission in Nyumangbah. Data from the observations and entomological data were entered into MS Excel and analysized using SPSS version 21. Predominant outdoor activities in the community vary at the three selected spots but drinking of alcohol, meetings, charging of phones and sales of farm products frequently occurred. Of the Anopheles mosquitoes (n=33) collected, An. gambiae sl were more in number (n=15) followed by An funestus (n=11), An.coustani (n=6) and An. moucheti (n=1). More mosquitoes (n=51) were collected from the farm house and Hut house (n=39) than Block house (n=19). Members of the An. gambiae complex were identified as An.gambiae ss using PCR. Of the fifty-nine (100%) persons interviewed for the incidence of malaria, fourteen (24%) persons reported to have been diagnosed and treated malaria once while twenty-nine (49%) and Nine (15%) persons reported to have been diagnosed and treated of the illness twice and thrice respectively over the past 12 months. Of the three hundred and ninety-eight (398) persons that presented with fever and were tested for Plasmodium with RDT kit only two hundred and sixty-five (265) were positive for plasmodium falciparium of which 86 of them were under five while 179 were above five years. Of the fifty households observed, only 82% of them have at least one bed-net while 64% actually slept inside the treated net a day before with their nets still hanging. The socio-cultural activities of both individuals and the community at large has been seen encouraging the persistent risk exposure to infected malaria vectors. Improvement on housing pattern, literacy level, occupation, electricity, knowledge of malaria and proper diagnosis of malaria for the rural dwellers will be an emerging assistance to the existing malaria control measures.

[Ezihe K. Ebuka; Egbuche M. Chukwudi, Ukonze B. Chikaodili, Nwangwu C. Udoka, Onwude O. Cosmas, Amakiri Paschal, Atisele Z.U. Ejehu, Iangba-Terngu Kapu, Obi O. Juliet, Ogudu O. Emmanuel. The Impact of Human and Socio-cultural behavior on Outdoor malaria transmission in a rural community of Nigeria: The Nyumagbagh Experience. World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):56-69]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7. doi:10.7537/marswro120420.07.

Keywords: Socio-cultural, behaviour, malaria, bednet

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[World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):70-74]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8.

withdrawn 

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Responsible Planning and Communities Aspiration towards Rural Tourism Development

May-Chiun Lo ¹, T. Ramayah ², Alvin W. Yeo ³

^1. Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Sarawak, Malaysia

mclo@rimc.unimas.my

^2. School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900 Penang, Malaysia

ramayah@usm.my

^3. Institute of Social Informatics and Technological Innovations, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Sarawak, Malaysia

alvin@isiti.unimas.my

Abstract: The importance of researching the environmental impacts of tourism cannot be underestimated given the fact that the potential hostile responses of the local communities would negatively affect rural tourism development. The purpose of this study is to assess the perceptions of rural tourism communities and their aspiration towards tourism development from five main environmental perspectives, namely destination environment, communities’ satisfaction, environmental management practices, influence of environmental resources, and communities’ attitudes at rural destinations in Malaysia. One hundred and eighty-two respondents comprising of residents of rural tourism in Malaysia took part voluntarily in this study. To assess the developed model, SmartPLS 2.0 (M3) was applied. Interestingly, the findings revealed that local communities’ satisfactions and influence of resources at the rural destinations were of the most concerned to the local communities with regards to their future aspirations towards tourism development.

[Lo MC, Ramayah T, Yeo AW. Responsible Planning and Communities Aspiration towards Rural Tourism Development. World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):75-87]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9. doi:10.7537/marswro120420.09.

Keywords: Responsible; communities; tourism development

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The Impact of R & D Intensity on Innovation Performance under Financing Constraints

Song Qiuhua

School of Management, Heilongjiang College of Business and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150025, China

Email: 295127135@qq.com

Abstract: Manufacturing industry often directly reflects a country's productivity level, and occupies an important proportion in the national economy, which is an important feature distinguishing developing countries from developed countries. With the advent of the information age, scientific and technological innovation has become the key point of economic growth, and the important means to improve the innovation ability of enterprises is research and development activities, and financing constraints are undoubtedly the main problems that many enterprises will face when carrying out innovation and research. Therefore, this paper takes 2013-2017 Shenzhen Stock A-share manufacturing listed companies as the sample data to conduct empirical research. Through the research, it is concluded that R & D intensity can promote innovation performance; financing constraints can inhibit the R & D investment intensity of enterprises; Under high financing constraints, R & D intensity has an inhibitory effect on innovation performance, while in low financing constraints, R & D investment intensity has a positive effect on innovation performance.

[Song Qiuhua. The Impact of R & D Intensity on Innovation Performance under Financing Constraints. World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):88-96]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10. doi:10.7537/marswro120420.10.

Key words: Financing constraints; R & D intensity; Innovation performance

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Response of Aralia Plants to Foliar Spray with Green Tea Extract

Hamdy E.B. Moustafa

Botanic Gardes Res. Dept. Hort. Res. Instit., ARC, Giza, Egypt.

Abstract: During 2017 and 2018 seasons, Polyscias balfouriana plants treated three times with green tea extract at 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 %. This study focused on examining the effect of green tea extract at various concentrations on vegetative growth characters and chemical constituents of Aralia plants. Results showed that foliar application of green tea extract at 0.1 to 0.8% caused a material promotion on all growth characters namely plants height, number of leaves/ plant, stem diameter, leaf area, number of branches/ plant, main root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves / plant, fresh and dry weight of stem/ pland and fresh and dry weight of root per plant, nutrients % (N, P, and K) and plant pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophylls and total carotenoids) in relative to the check treatment. Negligible promotion was observed on all parameters with increasing concentration from 0.4 to 0.8 %. The promotion was associated with increasing concentrations of green tea extract. For promoting growth and chemical composition of Polyscias balfouriana plants, it advised to treating the plants thrice with green tea extract at 0.4%.

[Hamdy E.B. Moustafa. Response of Aralia Plants to Foliar Spray with Green Tea Extract. World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):97-103]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11. doi:10.7537/marswro120420.11.

Keywords: Response; Aralia; Plant; Foliar; Spray; Green Tea; Extract

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Response Keitte Mango Trees Grown Under Aswan Region to Spraying Fish Oil and Glutathione

Alhossiun S.A. Hamad

Tropical Fruits Res. Dept. Hort. Res. Intit. ARC. Giza, Egypt

Abstract: During 2019 and 2020 seasons Keitte mango trees grown under Aswan climatic conditions were treated with glutathione and / or fish oil each at 0.5 to 2.0 %. The merit was examining the effective of these treatments on growth, nutritional status, yield and quality of the fruits. The trees received three sprays during season on (first week of March, last week of April and last week of May). Treating the trees three times with glutathione and/ or fish oil each at 0.5 to 2.0 % materially was accompanied with stimulating the spring shoot length, number of leaves/ shoot, shoot thickness, leaf area, chlorophylls a, b, total chlorophylls, total carotenoids, N, P, K and Mg in the leaves, percentages of initial fruit setting and fruit retention, yield as well as physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits relative to the control treatment. The promotion was related to the increase in concentrations. Combined applications were superior than using each material alone. Using glutathione was superior than fish oil in this respect. Treating Keitte mango trees three times with a mixture of glutathione and fish oil each at 1.0% was necessary for producing higher yield and better fruit quality.

[Alhossiun S.A. Hamad. Response Keitte Mango Trees Grown Under Aswan Region to Spraying Fish Oil and Glutathione. World Rural Observ 2020;12(4):104-109]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 12. doi:10.7537/marswro120420.12.

Keywords: Keitte mango, glutathione, fish oil, yield, fruit quality

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