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The Economics Study of Certified Organic Agriculture of some vegetables crops role on achieving food security, A Case Study in Behera, Egypt

Dr. Ekram Ahmed El Sayed Abd El Rahman, Dr. Eman Salem El-Batran, Dr. Mohamed A Abd El Motalib

Agricultural Economic Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

Ekram_9375@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Egyptian agricultural and food policies focuses on achieving food security and improving its dimensions in terms of food availability, access to food, stability of food supplies and utilization of food, food quality and safety, the agricultural trade is an essential component in achieving food security, as has been approved Policies that make the Egyptian agricultural exports more competitive and the most important of which is to raise the levels of quality and safety of traded food commodities, hence The Government of Egypt realized that the necessary to promote organic farming, The Egyptian domestic market being quite large, there is ample opportunity for marketing organic produces in the country. Greater opportunities are also available for exporting certified organic products to countries like European Union; the research applies the SWOT methodology to analyze the policy and institutional options for better organic farming in Egypt's agricultural sector. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of factors that influence government and farmers’ adopting organic farming. This study was conducted 2019/2020, under conditions of both organic and conventional farming at Behera Governorate, to foster organic vegetable production in the preservation area of Behera Governorate and in Egypt, The research finding that: 1- Comparison among potato and tomato crops of both organic and conventional farming, carried out. It is found that cost of production of organic agriculture tomato and potato per Feddan were LE3072.35 and LE. 1920.34 which is more than conventional farming about, 31.79% and LE. 25.39% respectively. Despite higher cost of organic agriculture, it was more profitable than conventional agriculture due to higher market price and premiums, consumers usually agree to pay 20-25% premium for organic food (Engindeniz, 2002), caused higher relative profitability, The results revealed that about 47.2%% of total sampling farmers viewed their food security at an average level. 2-Farmer facing challenges such as, High production cost, low quantity of production, no adequate market, certification problems, lack in role of agricultural cooperatives…etc. without government support, the promotion and adoption of organic farming is a challenging task because majority of the farmers fall under the small and marginal categories. Recommendation: There was need of clear policy and program of Government to adopt the organic agriculture sustainable, and spread awareness about organic farming through proper policies, such as invest in research and development related to organic farming for understanding the economic and sustainable viability, and increase export of organic goods to the international markets, Egyptian government should make efficient law against the pesticide and chemical fertilizer users, Establish the organic fertilizer production factories, provide the seeds and loan facilities, Egyptian government and private sectors prepare the strategic plan of organic production, responsible to promote the organic agriculture, train the farmers for mobilize the technical manpower.

[Ekram Ahmed El Sayed Abd El Rahman, Eman Salem El-Batran, Mohamed A Abd El Motalib. The Economics Study of Certified Organic Agriculture of some vegetables crops role on achieving food security, A Case Study in Behera, Egypt. World Rural Observ 2020;12(2):1-14]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1. doi:10.7537/marswro120220.01.

Keywords: Sustainable development, food security; organic agriculture, conventional agriculture, agricultural and food policies, SWOT, Behera Governorate, Egypt

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Poverty Status Analysis of Irrigation Farming Households in Nigeria

A.O. Kolawole, F.M. Oluwatusin*, A. Ajiboye, O.A. Aturamu, K.A. Abdu-Raheem and F.E. Akokoh

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Services, Faculty of Agriculture, Ekiti State University, P.M.B 5363 Ado-Ekiti Nigeria.

femi.oluwatusin@eksu.edu.ng

Abstract: Poverty is a challenge facing the globe especially the developing nations. In fact, it appears to be inextricably linked to food insecurity, as such have been intertwined to form one of the specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that must be met by all nations. The study investigated whether irrigation farming households under River Basin Development Authority (RBDA) are better off when compared with their counterparts without access to RBDA facilities in Southwest Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select One-hundred and eighty-five (185) Beneficiaries’ farmers of the River Basin Development Authority (BRBDA) and fifty (50) Non-beneficiaries’ farmers of the River Basin Development Authority (NBRBDA). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. Also, the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke’s (FGT) formula was used to measure the poverty status of the households while Logit regression model was used to determine the factors influencing irrigation farming households’ poverty status. There was a high-income inequality between BRBDA (N38,650.27 per month) and NBRBDA (N85,737.5 per month). The poverty lines estimated for both the BRBDA and NBRBDA farmers were N 1,288.34 and N 1,737.5 respectively. There were poorer farmers (42.2%) among the BRBDA unlike their counterparts (34%). The corresponding poverty gaps were 0.18 and 0.024 for BRBDA and NBRBDA respectively, whereas the poverty severity indexes were 0.08 and 0.02 for BRBDA and NBRBDA respectively. The Logit regression estimates showed that all the socio-economic variables with exception of income and output significantly (P<0.001) influenced the poverty status of the NBRBDA. But gender was the only variable that significantly influenced the poverty status of BRBDA. Although irrigation is an important tool to alleviating farmers’ poverty status, there were poorer farmers among the BRBDA farmers unlike their counterparts despite government intervention and provision. A viable market linkage and credit provisioning system are a necessary step to improve irrigation performance towards alleviating the poverty status of irrigation farming households in Nigeria.

[A.O. Kolawole, F.M. Oluwatusin, A. Ajiboye, O.A. Aturamu, K.A. Abdu-Raheem and F.E. Akokoh. Poverty Status Analysis of Irrigation Farming Households in Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2020;12(2):15-26]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro120220.02.

Keywords: Irrigation, Poverty status, Farming, households

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The possibilities and determinants of Egyptian foreign trade for the countries of the Nile Basin: Facts and Hopes

Dr. Mona Fakhry Gorgy ¹ and Dr. Ehab Moreed Sharabin²

¹Head Researcher, Agricultural Research Center- Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Egypt

²Senior Researcher, Agricultural Research Center- Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Egypt

Email: Dr.ehab19712012@yahoo.com

Abstract: This research aims at studying the possibilities and determinants of Egyptian foreign trade for Nile Basin countries, Facts and Hopes, through the recognition of Egypt's foreign trade with Nile Basin countries and the spread of the total and agricultural foreign trade between Egypt and Nile Basin countries and the effect of the basin countries on it, and to know the situation facts and hopes for the exports and agricultural imports of the Nile Basin countries. To achieve the objectives of the study, the Gravity Model was used to check the flow of overall foreign trade and agricultural trade between Egypt and the Nile Basin countries and the impact of the basin countries on them in the Ordinary Least Squares, OLS through two models: the first, Basic Gravity Model and, the second, Augmented Gravity Model. The Augmented Gravity Model includes three attempts. To study the flow of agricultural trade and the situation Facts and Hopes of the Nile Basin, statistical analyze, Panel Least Squares and Pooled Least Squares were used only through the Augmented Gravity Model of the second and third attempts. The variables used are the GDP of each country, the population of each country, the geographical distance between them, the average per capita income of each country, the squared difference of the GDP of the exporting and importing country, the exchange rate of the exporting country against one unit of the imported country currency and the mock variable of time. The study indicates that Egyptian exports and imports to Sudan, Kenya and Ethiopia were concentrated during the four-year period of study. The ratio of Egyptian exports and imports to total exports and imports of Nile Basin countries increased during the first average period, from 18.86%, 29.27%, to about 25.88%, 49.34%, respectively, during the fourth period. The trade balance was in Egypt's interest for the second, third and fourth periods. The most important countries affecting the increasing of the Egyptian total exports are Sudan and Eritrea in all the attempts models, in addition to Ethiopia and Kenya in the Basic Gravity Model and Augmented Gravity Model of the first attempt. The increase Egyptian agricultural imports are mainly from Kenya in the Basic and Augmented Model of the first attempt.

[Mona Fakhry Gorgy and. Ehab Moreed Sharabin. The possibilities and determinants of Egyptian foreign trade for the countries of the Nile Basin: Facts and Hopes. World Rural Observ 2020;12(2):27-51]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro120220.03.

Keywords: Basic Gravity Model (BGM), Augmented Gravity Model (AGM), Panel Data, Fixed Effects Model (FEM), Panel Least Squares, Pooled Least Squares, Dummy Variables, Random Error limit.

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Utilization of Repellant Crops by Smallholder Farmers to Mitigate Farmers-Herdsmen Conflicts in Oyo State, Nigeria

Adedapo, Ayodeji Oluwamuyiwa

Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Services, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

ayodeji.adedapo@eksu.edu.ng

Abstract: Nigeria has witnessed series of communal clashes arising from the activities of the herdsmen who move about on a daily basis with their cattle in search of water and green pastures. This study examined the utilization of repellant crops by smallholder farmers to mitigate farmers-herdsmen conflicts in Oyo State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study ascertained the demographic characteristics of the respondents; identified the various causes of conflicts in the area; identified the repellant crops and sources of information as well as the constraints to planting of such crops. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to elicit information from 80 farmers in the study area using a well-structured interview schedule. The data collected were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. The study reveals that most of the farmers were male (82.22%), aging with mean age of 52.7 years, married (83.75%) with relatively large households size of 7 persons and practice all kinds of religious practiced in Nigeria. A majority of them had one or more forms of education, 53.75 percent of them have access to extension service delivery, 76.25 percent of them belong to one or more social association and they were experienced farmers with average annual income was ₦301,567.75.00. Crop damage, encroachment of farmland, stealing of crops, slow respond of law enforcement officers to reported crisis, deliberate hostility by other parties, injustice and political favouritism, competition for land and water, cattle rustling, indiscriminate bush burning, free access to illegal arms by the herdsmen, declining influence of traditional rulers, depleting of soil fertility and ethnic rivalry were the main causes of farmers-herdsmen conflicts in the area. Jatropha multifidi (lapa lapa); Senna alata (Asunrun oyinbo); Citrullus colocynthis (Egunsi bara) and Castor plant (Ricinuc communis) were the prevalent repellant crops planted by the farmers either round the farmland in form of fence, intercrop or separately to repel the cattle from feeding on their crops. They got to know about this plant through friends, family, farmers’ cooperative societies, contact with extension personnel, ministry of agriculture, social media, radio programmes and NGOs. The constraints encountered were labour intensive, requires high soil nutrients than other plants, inadequate advisory services for such plants, scarcity of viable seeds, capital intensive, lack of local market and inadequate farmland. Hence, the utilization of repellant crops by the farmers has significant effect on the demographic characteristics of the farmers. It was recommended that, farmers should be encourage and educated on the potentials of planting some repellant crops on their farmland especially where farmers-herdsmen conflicts is rampant.

[Adedapo, A. O. Utilization of Repellant Crops by Smallholder Farmers to Mitigate Farmers-Herdsmen Conflicts in Oyo State, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2020;12(2):52-58]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro120220.04.

Keywords: Farmers-herdsmen conflicts, mitigation, repellant crops, smallholder farmer, utilization

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Bovine mastitis “Article Review”

Endeshaw Demil

Bahir Dar Animal Health Investigation and Diagnostic Laboratory

enddemil@gmail.com

Abstract: Mastitis is the most complex and costly disease of dairy cows occurring throughout the world. It is a management related disease whose prevention and control depends among other factors on good management practices. Bovine mastitis can be caused by physical or chemical agents but the majority of cases are infectious and usually caused by bacteria. Financial loss involved as a result of permanent loss of production in individual cows, discarded milk following antibiotic therapy, early culling of cows, veterinary costs, drug costs, increased labor, death of per acute cases and replacement costs. In Ethiopia, the disease has been studied sufficiently, and information relating to its prevalence and risk factors are limited to some areas with a variable results. For this reason, more and exact knowledge from expanded epidemiological analysis of mastitis is needed for creating better control program. Regular and systematic studies of Mastitis should be carried out in order to make information on the prevalence of the disease available and put forward an appropriate disease control strategies for this economically important disease.

[Endeshaw Demil. Bovine mastitis “Article Review”. World Rural Observ 2020;12(2):59-63]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro120220.05.

Key Words: Mastitis; Economic Impact, Ethiopia

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Assessment of Live-Stock Mortality Rate in Selected Villages of Assosa Zone and Ma’o-Komo District

Abebe Bulcha ^(*), Mokonnen Golessa, Bayisa Kenaw, Aster Alemayewu, Gutamma Gudata

Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Development and Regional Veterinary diagnostic, surveillance, monitoring and study laboratory, Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia, P.O. BOX 30

Email address: abenetsanet@gmail.com, Cell Phone: +251-967394953

Abstract: Aim: The present study was carried out to analyses morbidity and mortality rate in livestock in selected village areas Assosa zone and Ma’o - Komo district of the Region. Materials and Methods: A single visit survey conducted and totally 130 voluntary animal owners interviewed and necessary data regarding to livestock were collected from each animal owners. The collected data were analyzed statistically by Chi-square in excel for evaluation of Chi-square analysis. Result: Overall morbidity and mortality rates in cattle were 40.9% & 4.9%, in sheep 43.8% and 22.4%, and in goat 37.3%, 14.9% and in equine 11.7% and 7.0 % respectively. Depend on age category high proportion morbidity rate (94.16%) was scored by cattle age of 1-3 years and high proportion mortality rate scored by cattle age of >3 years this may be due to reproductive problems and use of drought power which are major challenges under village conditions in study area. In sheep high proportion of morbidity recorded in sheep age of > 1 year and high proportion of mortality were recorded at age of 6 months – 1year and in goat proportion of morbidity and mortality recorded in age of > 1 year and 6 months – 1 year which is 76.11%, 44.59% respectively. Chi-square analysis during goat data analysis revealed that the morbidity and mortality were statistically significantly (p< 0.0175). Conclusion: There was high /statistically significant livestock morbidity and mortality in the study area and causes livestock loss or reduction of livestock production and productivity. So, mortality and morbidity studies provide important information to determine the health status and guidelines for control and prevention practices, which will ultimately help in increasing the production and productivity and then improve the economic status of livestock owners.

[Abebe B, Mokonnen G, Bayisa K, Aster A, Gutamma G. Assessment of Live-Stock Mortality Rate in Selected Villages of Assosa Zone and Ma’o-Komo District. World Rural Observ 2020;12(2):64-74]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6. doi:10.7537/marswro120220.06.

Keywords: cattle, goat, morbidity, mortality, sheep

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Food Potential In Dry Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Crop To Handle Food Security Menace

Ch. Muhammad Rafiq^, Muhammad Amin^, Amer Hussain and Sadia Kaukab

Pulses Department, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute Faisalabad Pakistan.

Corresponding author: Muhammad Amin Email: aminpbg@yahoo.com

Abstract: The experiment was conducted on twelve (12) dry peas advanced lines during 2017-2019. The results of analysis of variance show significant differences among all the advanced lines for all parameters. The phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were more as compare to their corresponding genotypic coefficients variation (GCV). Phenotypic coefficient of variation increased owing to environment contribution. High heritability observed except total seed yield per plant and pod per plant. This range of inheritance has key role in selection. The path coefficient vitalizes that seed per pod, 100–grain weight and pod length had maximum direct effects on dependent variable, grain yield per plant.

[Ch. Muhammad Rafiq, Muhammad Amin, Amer Hussainand Sadia Kaukab. Food Potential In Dry Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Crop To Handle Food Security Menace. World Rural Observ 2020;12(2):75-78]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7. doi:10.7537/marswro120220.07.

Keyword: correlation; dry peas; genotypes; heritability; path analysis; Pisum sativum; yield

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Review On: Digestive System And Feeding Physiology Of Fish Presented To Instractor Of The Course: Advanced Animal Physiology (521)

An Assignment Submitted To The Course Instructor: Dr. Natnael T.

^1. Bizuwork Bantayehu ID GRS/1340/12

^2. Derebew Aynewa ID GRS/1341/12

^3. Rushidan Worku ID GRS/1342/12

^4. Tizebt Babolet ID GRS/1343/12

^5. Tena Chaklu ID GRS/1344/12

^6. Tsigie Ambaw ID GRS/1345/12

Department Of Animal Science Stream Animal Production, College Of Agriculture And Natural Resource Management, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia

Abstract: Fish eat a wide variety of natural food, including plants and other organisms and commercially prepared diet. Fish ingest food through the mouth and break it down in the esophagus. In the stomach, food is further digested and, in many fish, processed in finger-shaped pouches called pyloric caeca, which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients. Organs such as the liver and pancreas add enzymes and various chemicals as the food moves through the digestive tract. The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption. The small intestine is the part of the digestive tract following the stomach and followed by the large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not clear, and the terms anterior or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. The small intestine is found in all teleosts, although its form and length vary enormously between species. In teleosts, it is relatively short, typically around one and a half times the length of the fish's body. It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca, small pouch-like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food. There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts, with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epithelium. In fish, there is no true large intestine, but simply a short rectum connecting the end of the digestive part of the gut to the cloaca. In sharks, this includes a rectal gland that secretes salt to help the animal maintain osmotic balance with the seawater. The gland somewhat resembles a caecum in structure, but is not a homologous structure.

[Natnael T. An Assignment Submitted To The Course Instructor: Review On: Digestive System And Feeding Physiology Of Fish Presented To Instractor Of The Course: Advanced Animal Physiology (521). World Rural Observ 2020;12(2):79-88]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8. doi:10.7537/marswro120220.08.

Keywords: Digestive; System; Feeding; Physiology; Fish

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Effects Of Tillage Methods On Soil Physical Properties Of Sandy Loam Soil Of Wukari-Nigeria

Ezekiel Ambo Mamai ¹, Audu Jibaniya ¹, Tanko Bako ²

¹ Department of Soil Science and Land Resource Management, Federal University, Wukari, Nigeria

² Department of Agricultural and Bio-resources Engineering, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria

E-mail: mamaiezekiel@yahoo.com, Phone: +234 7034890134

Abstract: A field study was conducted on sandy loam soil to compare the effect of different tillage practices on some selected soil physical properties. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of no-tillage, disc ploughing only, disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing and disc ploughing followed by twice disc harrowing. Compared with the other treatments, the disc ploughing followed by twice disc harrowing treatment gave the most favourable soil conditions (i.e. lowest soil penetration resistance, lowest dry bulk density, highest soil moisture content, highest total porosity and highest saturated hydraulic conductivity). The no tillage plots produced the most unfavourable soil conditions (i.e. highest soil penetration resistance, highest dry bulk density, lowest soil moisture content, lowest total porosity and lowest saturated hydraulic conductivity). Therefore, under the soil and weather conditions of the experiment, the best tillage practice identified for crop production is disc ploughing followed by twice disc harrowing.

[Ezekiel Ambo Mamai, Audu Jibaniya, Tanko Bako. Effects Of Tillage Methods On Soil Physical Properties Of Sandy Loam Soil Of Wukari-Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2020;12(2):89-97]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9. doi:10.7537/marswro120220.09.

Keywords: No-tillage, Disc, Plough, Harrow, Treatments

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An Economic Study of the Impact of the Agricultural Price Policy on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Egypt

Dr. Doaa Samir Mohamed Morsy Ahmed and Dr. Amal Abd El Menam Abd El Hamed Mohamed

Senior Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

Email: dr_amal.mohammed@yahoo.com

Abstract: The research problem is that despite the economic importance of medicinal and aromatic plants in Egypt and the increase in global demand for them, but they did not get enough attention as it is noticed that the cultivated areas of the crops under study are still limited and not commensurate with the economic importance of these crops. The research aims to shed light on the efficiency of the productive and economic performance of the crops under study, and this is done by identifying the productive and economic indicators of the study crops, studying the policy analysis matrix for the crops. The indicators of production and economic efficiency of the crops in the sample of study. Identifying the most important production and marketing problems that farmers face and proposals to overcome them. A multi-stage cluster sample was selected from the study population, where the first stage included dividing the governorate into centers and selecting the two largest centers for the crops according to the relative importance of the cultivated area during the average period (2017-2019). The Bella and Al. hamul center in Kafr El-sheikh governorate were selected for Caraway Crop. And the centers of Etsa and Yusef Al-Siddiq in Fayoum governorate fennel. And the centers of Abnoub, and Al-Fath in Assiut governorate for basil. And the centers of Yusef Al-Siddiq, Eshway in Fayoum governorate for of wormwood. While in the second stage, the two largest villages were selected from each of the sample centers, and in the third stage, the sample items were randomly selected, and the size of the selected sample reached 160 farmers with 20 individuals from each center. The production problems that facing farmers in the study sample are Confined to the high costs of production inputs, the high costs of performing agricultural operations, the small size of agricultural holdings and their dispersion, so the service operations are difficult, the absence of the agricultural extension role of awareness and guiding farmers, the spread of diseases as a result of repeated the cultivation in The land, So that the return decreases. the lack of crop rotation, and the farmer’s Un familiarity that with the crop export importance. The marketing problems facing the farmers of the sample are Confined to the merchants’ monopoly on the exploitation farmers by purchasing the crop at the lowest prices, the high marketing costs of the crop, the shortage of data and marketing information for farmers. and the lack of factories for the manufacture of medicinal and aromatic plants, which contributes to the high added value of the crop. Then the increase in its export value, and the absence of marketing cooperatives.

[Doaa Samir Mohamed Morsy Ahmed and Amal Abd El Menam Abd El Hamed Mohamed. An Economic Study of the Impact of the Agricultural Price Policy on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Egypt. World Rural Observ 2020;12(2):98-110]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10. doi:10.7537/marswro120220.10.

Keyword: Production efficiency, Economic efficiency, Policy analysis matrix, production costs, vested pound profitability, Marginal surplus.

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