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Study on the Financing Problem Improvement of Economically Affordable Housing

Gao Min¹, Wu Nanlin²

¹School of Humanities and Social Sciences and Law, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, China

²School of Humanities and Social Sciences and Law, Institute of Northeast Asian Economics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, China,

Email: qiqihaergaomin@163.com, nlwu@hit.edu.cn

Abstract: As an important part of China's housing supply system, economically affordable housing undertakes the task of solving the housing problems of most low-and middle-income families in China, and plays an important role in the housing supply market. However, at present, economically affordable housing's construction funds in China mainly come from bank loans, government budget, and value-added income from housing provident funds. On the way of financing, there are some problems, such as the lack of targeted support from banks to buy houses to buyers and sellers, the small amount of funds invested by local governments, the unobvious role of housing provident funds, and the single source of funds, which leads to the predicament of economically affordable housing's construction in our country. In order to solve the problem of insufficient funds faced by economically affordable housing's construction, we need to encourage commercial banks to actively participate in economically affordable housing's construction financing, give certain preferential policies to real estate developers and property buyers, and encourage local governments from various angles to actively raise funds needed for economically affordable housing's construction, improve the housing provident fund system, and innovate financing channels at the same time. The introduction of public-private partnership (PPP) model, real estate investment trust (REITs) model, and the issuance of housing lottery and other ways are needed, by the government to take the lead in the reasonable introduction of social capital, so that economically affordable housing's capital sources are diversified. Through this series of measures, we can improve the supply of economically affordable housing, further improve the housing supply system of our country, and enhance the well-being of the people.

[Gao Min, Wu Nanlin. Study on the Financing Problem Improvement of Economically Affordable Housing. World Rural Observ 2020;12(1):1-7]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1. doi:10.7537/marswro120120.01.

Key words: Economically affordable housing, Financing method, Housing supply system, PPP model, REITs model

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Application of Marginal Contribution Analysis Based on Operation Costing Method in Pricing Decision-Making of Tourism Products

Zhang Yiliang

Heilongjiang Huaxin Accounting Firm Co., Ltd., Harbin, 150030, China

E-mail: 13946001935@163.com

Abstract: In 2017, Harbin Railway International Travel Agency Co., Ltd. had 8,103 outbound tourists and 22,676 inbound tourists, with annual operating income of 140 millions Yuan and net profit of 5.6 millions Yua, when 91 Russian oriental express products were sold, 256 Outbound Taiwan aircraft group products were sold, and 529 Xinjiang’s special train products were sold, the profit and loss of enterprises were just insured. At this time, the insured sales amount was 5.06 millions Yuan. The average unit price of each product can be adjusted appropriately to meet the condition that the total sales amount is more than the comprehensive guaranteed sales amount, thus improving the market competitiveness of enterprises through differential pricing strategy.

[Zhang Yiliang. Application of Marginal Contribution Analysis Based on Operation Costing Method in Pricing Decision-Making of Tourism Products. World Rural Observ 2020;12(1):8-15]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro120120.02.

Key words: Marginal contribution analysis; Operation costing method; Tourism products

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Assessment of Water Quality and Benthic Macroinvertebrates Assemblage of Etim Ekpo River, Niger Delta, Nigeria.

¹George, U. U., ²Jonah, U. E., ²Nkpondion, N. N., ³Akpan, M. M.

¹Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

²Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.

³Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

talk2georgeubong@gmail.com

Abstract: Assessment of Water Quality and Benthic Macroinvertebrates Assemblage of Etim Ekpo River, Niger Delta, Nigeria were investigated from November, 2018 to August, 2019. Samples were collected from three sampling stations along the river course. Benthic macro-invertebrates were collected using Van-Veen Grab sampler. Three to four hauls were made per sampling station for collection of benthic sediments for isolation of macro-benthic invertebrates. Three phyla of macro-benthic invertebrates were encountered during the study period. They were Arthropoda, represented by five species, chironomus larvae (diptera), Macromia magnifica, Progomphus larvae (odonata), Callibaetis pictus (ephemeroptera), Isoperla ornate (plecoptera); Annelida were represented by two species, Turbifex larvae (oligochaeta), Glycera (polychaeta) and Mollusca were represented by two species of gastropoda, Pila ovata and Physa species. The phylum Arthropoda had the highest percentage composition (73.7%) followed by Annelids (21.9%), while Mollusca was the least (4.4%) in terms of numerical abundance. Macromia magnifica dominated the macro-benthic invertebrates with a total relative abundance of 27.97%, while Pila ovata were the least abundance recording 1.63% by number. Surface water temperature, Dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and Total dissolve solids were determined in situ using standard laboratory procedures. The mean value of surface water temperature ranges from 26.3- 26.5ºC, DO 3.18­-4.94 mg/L, EC 11.34 – 17.14 us/cm, pH 6.2 – 6.8, TDS 96.19 – 126.40 mg/L, TSS 29.5 – 37.3 mg/L, BOD 3.95 – 4.52 mg/L, Alkalinity 6.62 – 6.90 mg/L, Phosphate 5.7 – 8.7 mg/L and Nitrate 11.32 – 18.19 mg/L. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant difference (P<0.05) in the mean values of DO, TDS, Phosphate and Nitrate. The results showed that the river is moderately polluted based on the benthic macro-invertebrates encountered during the study, which were dominated with pollution tolerant species.

[George, U. U., Jonah, U. E., Nkpondion, N. N., Akpan, M. M. Assessment of Water Quality and Benthic Macroinvertebrates Assemblage of Etim Ekpo River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2020;12(1):16-24]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro120120.03.

Keywords: Benthic, Macro‑invertebrates, Pollution Assessment, Physico‑chemical Parameters Etim Ekpo River, Nigeria.

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Object Oriented Approach of Tree Estimation Using Remote Sensing Imagery in Nanded City

Waghmare U.E.¹, Fadewar H.S.²

¹Research Scholar, ²Assistant Professor

School of Computational Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded 431606 (MH) India.

E-mail: umeshwaghmare11@gmail.com

Abstract: I conducted a case study to measure tree from urban greenery using Google Earth images for urban greenery visualization assessment in Nanded City [MH] India. The final and identical trees was observed in the whole study area of Sneh nagar, Nanded. The total mature trees was detected is about 161. So this final tree count was noticed in the agriculture collage at Sneh nagar, Nanded during the investigation period at 2018 to 2019. The total detected plants are observed out of previously perceived from 713. So the final output is based on tree counting as per the GIS image analyzer by using this diameter. As per this average we are analyzed total no of objects as plants about 713 individually from 181 plants are the herbs (one to two in feet’s). Next the Shrubs are 371 (three to four in feet’s) and recognized as final third output of the tree are about 161 (six and above feet’s) current research respectively.

[Waghmare U.E., Fadewar H.S. Object Oriented Approach of Tree Estimation Using Remote Sensing Imagery in Nanded City. World Rural Observ 2020;12(1):25-32]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro120120.04.

Keywords: Tree crown delineation, Image analysis, High-resolution, Tree counting, Tree density, Maxima, Minima

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Factors Associated With Water Treatment And Sanitation Practices Among Rural Households In Osun State, Nigeria

Adekunmi A.O.¹, Adebo G.M.¹, Toluwase S.O.W.¹, Obe B.² and Atere O.B.³

^1.Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Services, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, P.M.B 5363

^2.Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Management, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, P.M.B 5363

^3.Department of Agricultural Technology, The Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, P.M.B 5351

Correspondence: adesoji.adekunmi@eksu.edu.ng

Abstract: The study examined factors associated with water treatment and sanitation practices among rural households in Osun state, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select one hundred and twenty respondents for the study. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentage and mean were used to summarize data collected. Regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with water treatment and sanitation practices employed by the rural households. Results show that rural households’ heads were in their middle ages with the mean age of 41.0. majority (86.7%) could read and write. The major occupations of the respondents were farming and livestock rearing. The major sources of water supply were rainfall (81.7%), well (77.5%). Personal ownership through digging of wells was claimed by 39.2 percent. The various treatments given to water being utilized were chlorination (36.7%), addition of alums (33.3%). Results of the regression analysis show that educational status (ᵦ=0.287 p=≤0.01), household size (ᵦ=0.142, ≤ 0.01) and membership of social organization (ᵦ=0.133, p=≤0.01) were factors associated with water treatment and sanitation practices of the respondents. The study recommended that government and non-government agencies should sensitize rural dwellers through public campaign on various techniques of treating water and sanitation practices. These agencies should also endeavor to provide and have access to portable water for the rural dwellers to prevent water-borne diseases among them.

[Adekunmi A.O., Adebo G.M., Toluwase S.O.W., Obe B. and Atere O.B. Factors Associated With Water Treatment And Sanitation Practices Among Rural Households In Osun State, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2020;12(1):33-38]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro120120.05.

Key Words: Water Treatment, Sanitation Practices, Rural household heads.

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Cause Analysis of Water Quality Variability of Drinking Water Reservoirs by Parameter Optimization and Pattern Recognition

Qing Gu, Guang-Zhe Cai, Chao-Fan Wu, Jin-Song Deng, Ke Wang

Institution of Remote Sensing and Information System Application, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

funny@zju.edu.cn

Abstract: The increasingly serious river water pollution poses great threat to the drinking water security in Zhejiang Province, China. Reservoirs therefore played an increasingly important role as the drinking water source in recent years. An investigation on the drinking water reservoirs in Zhejiang Province was conducted to better understand the causes for variability of water quality. 73 drinking water reservoirs were selected as the subject investigated, and 20 environmental parameters possibly affecting water quality were extracted both at 1000m buffer and watershed scale for cause analysis. Integrated CfsSubsetEval and Scatter search method (Cfs-Ss) were employed for parameter reduction and optimization followed by support vector machine (SVM) to simulate reservoir water quality using the optimal subsets of parameters. According to the parameter optimization result, industrial emission is the most important factor influencing the water quality of reservoirs. Land use and human habitation also impact water quality level. The water quality classes predicted by SVM models constructed by optimal subsets of parameters from buffer, watershed and both of them had accuracy of 71.43%, 66.67% and 80.95% respectively in attribution to the right classes. The results in this study offers insight into the factors impacting water quality of reservoirs and can help planners and managers to better regulate and protect the reservoir water resources.

[Gu Q, Cai GZ, Wu CF, Deng JS, Wang K. Cause Analysis of Water Quality Variability of Drinking Water Reservoirs by Parameter Optimization and Pattern Recognition. World Rural Observ 2020;12(1):39-47]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6. doi:10.7537/marswro120120.06.

Keywords: Drinking water; Reservoir; Water quality; Parameter optimization; Pattern recognition

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Culture as a Construct: Implications of Culture Change at the Individual Level

Sajjad Haider, Francesca Mariotti

Department of Business Administration, FEA, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

ehaider3@kau.edu.sa; fmariotti@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: This paper provides a conceptual framework to study implications of cultural change at the individual level in an ever-changing global business world using a constructivist approach. A review of advances in the context of culture, individual behaviour and international business leads to the identification of research gaps, which are used to develop a conceptual framework. The proposed theoretical framework enhances our understanding of the dynamics of cultural change and its impact on individuals. The paper shows how the personal culture of an individual is characterised and where effects of cultural change are evident. By introducing four categories of sub-communities in different cultural contexts; territorial sites, institutionalised sites, personal nature and lifestyle affiliations, the paper extends the work on traditional communities. The proposed conceptual framework can also be used as an analytical tool to study individual cultures and have the potential for further development.

[Haider S, Mariotti F. Culture as a Construct: Implications of Culture Change at the Individual Level. World Rural Observ 2020;12(1):47-56]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7. doi:10.7537/marswro120120.07.

Keywords: Culture; Mediation Ability; Individual Behaviour; Dynamic Communities

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Effect of Virtual Water Trade of Agricultural Crops on the Water Situation in Egypt

Abdul Azim Mohamed Mustafa¹, Enas Al-Sayed Sadiq¹, Waheed Mohamed Al-Bulouni² and Nermeen Mohamed Nasr³

¹ Professor of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt.

² Head of Research at the Agricultural Economics Research Institute, ARC, Egypt

³ Assistant Researcher at the Agricultural Economics Research Institute, ARC, Egypt

elzabalawim@gmail.com

Abstract: The research aimed at analyzing the effect of virtual water trade in agricultural crops on the Egyptian water situation, by calculating the volume of virtual water trade for the most important exported and imported agricultural crops in the Egyptian agricultural trade balance, and studying the apparent and real status quo of water resources and their uses in Egypt, in addition to the average per capita share The apparent and true of water and water density index. As it became clear that the increase in water needs significantly, with the stability of the quantity of the main water resource in Egypt at 55.5 billion m3, which is represented in the Nile River, has led to an increase in the water deficit in 2017 to about 20.75 billion m3, an increase of about 13.70% for a year 2010, amounting to about 18.25 billion m 3. It turns out that the average water footprint resulted from the addition of the net virtual water imported of the various agricultural crops during the period (2010-2017) has reached 77.80 billion m 3, and for the water scarcity index it has reached about 84.19% of the average period, with an annual shortage rate of about 0.7% proven statistically significant At 0.01. The average of the indicators of water dependency and self-sufficiency in water during the average of the same period was about 18.34%, 81.66% for each, respectively. The study dealt with measuring the average per capita share of the virtual and real water, and it was found that for the apparent per capita share of water, it reached about 889.09 m 3 per capita for the average period, with an annual deficiency rate of about 1.8%, its significance proved statistically at 0.01%. It turned out that the real per capita share of water exceeds the virtual per capita share of water by about 19.20% for the average period, reaching about 1058.69 m 3 per capita. The virtual and real water density index was calculated, and the results indicated that the agricultural sector is responsible for 81.51% of the total water use, while its output contributes only 11.69% to the GDP. After adding net virtual water flows as one of the water consuming sectors, the agriculture sector became responsible for 62.94% of the total water use. Therefore, the water intensity index in Egypt for the year 2017 before and after adding the net default water flows becomes 22.36 million m3 / million pounds, 28.96 million m3 / million pounds each, respectively.

[Abdul Azim Mohamed Mustafa, Enas Al-Sayed Sadiq, Waheed Mohamed Al-Bulouni and Nermeen Mohamed Nasr. Effect of Virtual Water Trade of Agricultural Crops on the Water Situation in Egypt. World Rural Observ 2020;12(1):58-65]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8. doi:10.7537/marswro120120.08.

Keywords: Effect; Virtual; Water; Trade; Agricultural; Crop; Situation; Egypt

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Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Inbreeding effects of Economic Traits in native chicken under Short Term Selection

Ardeshir Bahmanimehr*¹, Ghafar Eskandari², Mohammad Pakizeh³

¹ Biotechnology-Molecular Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran; ² Young Researchers Club, Izeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Izeh, Iran; ³ Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. bahmanimehr_ardeshir2@yahoo.com

Abstract: Iranian native hens are a valuable genetic resource, due to their adaptability to harsh conditions of husbandry and environment in rural area. The genetic parameters for various traits of economic importance were studied in an Iranian Native chicken population under short term selection for egg production and body weight for over 2 years. The parameters studied were body weight at day old (BW1), 8 weeks (BW8) and 12 weeks (BW12), the weight of first egg (EGGW1) and egg weight at 30 weeks of age (EGGW30), the average number of stock eggs per day (EGG/DAY). They showed mostly moderate to high heritability estimates. Higher heritability estimates were obtained for body weight traits. Therefore, selection for body weight traits before mature age will result in gain in egg weight traits and it will be useful for breeding plans. The average inbreeding coefficients for all birds were and ranged from zero to 0.15. In this population, 34.5% of birds were inbred, with a mean inbreeding coefficient of 0.28. Inbreeding as variable has no significant effect on EGGW1; however, age of sex maturity as variable has significant effect (p<0.001) on EGGW1.

[Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Ghafar Eskandari, Mohammad Pakizeh. Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Inbreeding effects of Economic Traits in native chicken under Short Term Selection. World Rural Observ 2020;12(1):66-70]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9. doi:10.7537/marswro120120.09.

Keywords: Genetic parameters, Inbreeding, selection, Native chicken. breeding program

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Land Use Changes in Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia

Tuan Pah Rokiah Syed Hussain, Hamidi Ismail

Development Management Program, School of Government, College of Law, Government and International Studies, Northern University of Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia

sh.rokiah@uum.edu.my

Abstract: The massive development creates changes to the environment and becoming a root to make increase in disaster exposure to human being. The changes of land use function which is forest area previously shift to multiple land use such as urban, settlement and industry and all those are related to environmental quality indices. The changes in environmental quality are able to transform the natural system and finally turn out the risk. The modification and disruption to the natural ecosystem by development activities may change in balanced environmental dynamic system within four main components namely atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. All components are basis for development that is important to environmental concerns all the time.

[Tuan Pah Rokiah Syed Hussain, Hamidi Ismail. Land Use Changes in Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia. World Rural Observ 2020;12(1):71-74]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10. doi:10.7537/marswro120120.10.

Keywords: land use changes; river basin; floods; property damages

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Analytical study for the role of Agricultural policies on achieving the Sustainability of Cotton Production and industry in Egypt

Dr. Ekram Ahmed El Sayed Abd El Rahman¹, Dr. Sanaa Hassan Mohamed Sadek²

^{1. 2}Agricultural Economic Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

Ekram_9375@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cotton is an agro-industrial crop, It serves as both, a cash crop as well as supplies raw materials to the Textile Industries more than half of fibers used in textile and clothing industries, and provides employment in rural and urban, The main objective of this research is to analyze the impact of the Egyptian agricultural policies on cotton and textile production, in terms of efficiency and comparative advantages, there for this research examines tow components of Egyptian Cotton sector, cotton production and textiles sector,. Egypt's government wants to diversify exports from agricultural product to strategic sectors like textile and garment manufacturing. Studying Possible causes for differences between strategic objective goals estimates of cotton and textiles sector, and reported, can be represented by The relationship between area under cotton crop " cotton lint yield" and textiles sector yield, The policy analysis matrix (PAM) was adopted as an analytical model to achieve research objectives, The finding showed that cotton crop doesn't enjoys there areal support by The country, Egypt has a comparative advantage in cotton production and efficiency in using local resources and its stores, and this production is socially profitable. The Egypt is receiving marginally benefits from its cotton and textile products export due to reduction in cotton cultivated area and cotton production, level growth and development of textile industry is directly depend the investment, and the quality and effectiveness of government policies. Sustainable agricultural development strategy 2030and industrial development strategy, planning incentives and policies to attract investment As indicated the textile industry in Egypt appeals to foreign investors mainly due to Low manpower cost, Raw materials and Low energy costs. It is recommended that increase area under cotton cultivation, Strengthening and facilitation the existing credit institutions such as Egyptian Agricultural Bank and facilitation of others, finally policy interventions required to increase the supply of cotton and increase cotton industries.

[Ekram Ahmed El Sayed Abd El Rahman, Sanaa Hassan Mohamed Sadek. Analytical study for the role of Agricultural policies on achieving the Sustainability of Cotton Production and industry in Egypt. World Rural Observ 2020;12(1):75-92]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11. doi:10.7537/marswro120120.11.

Keywords: Egypt, Policy Analysis Matrix, cotton, Textiles and clothing, agricultural policies.

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