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Avian Colibacillosis: A Review

Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh1, Nagwa S. Rabie1 and Mona S. Zaki2

1Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
2Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza Egypt
drmonazaki@yahoo.com

Abstract: Avian colibacillosis is considered to be the major bacterial diseases in the poultry industry world-wide. Colibacillosis is the most common avian diseases that are communicable to humans. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains cause severe respiratory and systemic diseases, threatening food security and avian welfare worldwide. A better understanding of the information addressed in this review article will assist the poultry researchers and the poultry industry in continuing to make progress in reducing and eliminating avian colibacillosis from the poultry flocks, thereby reducing potential hazards to the public health posed by these.
[Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh, Nagwa S. Rabie and Mona S. Zaki. Avian Colibacillosis: A Review. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):1-5]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural.1. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.01.

Keywords: Avian; Colibacillosis; Review

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Principles of Design and Planning of Residential Town in Reducing Crime

Shokoufeh Ghasemi¹, Ali Dashti Shafiei²

^1. MSc of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Mazandaran, Iran

^2. PhD in Architecture and Urbanism, Head of Department of Architecture in Shomal University, Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University of Shabetar Branch, East Azerbaijan, Iran

asalghasemi287@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this research, the design principles and features of urban architecture are investigated for planning residential settlements in reducing crime. Architecture is the dish of human life in all aspects of individual and social as well as in accordance with the biological and native conditions. With this view, the realization of architecture should not be taken into consideration only in its concrete and material terms, but it should also consider the human spheres. Specific changes in the design of the building of residential spaces, which increase the semi-private spaces for interaction with neighbors, increase natural monitoring, review and sense of ownership by residents, increase the attachment to the living environment, residents and neighbors, and reduce social anomalies. Therefore, due to the increase in mass in the physical structure of cities and the lack of attention of designers, architects and urban planners to the principles of environmental design to prevent crime, to create security and increase it by reducing the occurrence of crime as one of the important concerns of citizens, leaders and the political and social authorities of societies have become especially important in recent decades.

[Shokoufeh Ghasemi, Ali Dashti Shafiei. Principles of Design and Planning of Residential Town in Reducing Crime. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):6-11]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.02.

Keywords: Urban Architecture, Residential Town, Planning.

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Effect of using slow release N and humic substances as a partial replacement of inorganic N on flowering, fruit setting, yield and fruit quality of Bartemuda date palms

Moawad A. Mohamed¹; Abbas S.A. Saad ² and Ahmed Abd El- Aaty A. Badawi¹

¹Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric, Minia Univ. Egypt.

²Tropical Fruits Res. Dept. Hort. Res. Instit. ARC, Egypt.

Faissalfadel@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was undertaken during 2016 & 2017 seasons to examine the effect of reducing inorganic N partially by using some slow release and humic fertilizers on flowering, fruit setting, yield and fruit quality of Bartemuda date palms grown under Aswan region conditions. Using N as 60 to 80 inorganic N, 20- 40 % slow release N fertilizers or 20- 40 ml/ palm/ year humic or fulvic acids considerably was followed by enhancing girth and length of spathe and number of flowers and fruits / strand, initial fruit setting %, fruit retention %, yield and bunch weight relative to using N as 40% inorganic N or when N was added completely via inorganic N. There was a gradual promotion on weight, height and diameter of fruit, fruit flesh %, T.S.S. %, total and non reducing sugars % and reduction on seed weight %, total acidity %, total fibre % and total soluble tannins with reducing the percentages of inorganic N from 100 to 40% and increasing slow release fertilizers from 0.0 to 60% and levels of humic and fulvic acids from 0.0 to 60 ml/ palm/ year. The best results with regard to yield of Bartemuda date palms were obtained due to supplying the palms with N as 60% inorganic N + 40 ml humic acid/ palm/ year. However, for obtaining good quality parameters, it is recommended to supply the palm with N as 40 % inorganic N + 60 ml humic acids.

[Moawad A. Mohamed; Abbas S.A. Saad and Ahmed Abd El- Aaty A. Badawi. Effect of using slow release N and humic substances as a partial replacement of inorganic N on flowering, fruit setting, yield and fruit quality of Bartemuda date palms. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):12-18]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.03.

Keywords: Inorganic N; slow release fertilizers SCU, UF, PCU, humic substances, yield, fruit quality Bartemuda date palms.

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Avian Salmonellosis: A review

Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh¹, Nagwa S. Rabie¹ and Mona S. Zaki²

^1-Poulatry Diseases Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

^2-Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

Dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Salmonellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella and is a worldwide-considered major zoonosis with a risk for the public health due to the capacity of dissemination between animals and nature. Salmonellosis is the most common avian diseases that is communicable to humans. This article provides the vital information on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control and public health concerns of avian salmonellosis. Several measures have been used to prevent and control Salmonella infections in poultry and vaccination is the most practical measure and effective method to control and prevent Salmonellosis. Salmonella vaccines can decrease public health risk by reducing colonization and organ invasion, including reproductive tissues, and by diminishing fecal shedding and environmental contamination. This review article will make progress in reducing and eliminating avian salmonellosis from the poultry flocks, thereby reducing potential hazards to the public health posed by these bacterial diseases.

[Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh, Nagwa S. Rabie and Mona S. Zaki. Avian Salmonellosis: A review. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):19-24]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.04.

Keywords: Avian Salmonellosis, Salmonella spp

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The impossibility of implementing the contract and modifying the contract

Samiyeh Sardarkelari

Master Student of Private Law, Department of Private Law, College of Laws and Politics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
samiye.kelari@yahoo.com

Abstract: In spite of the acceptance of the principle of the necessity of contracts in all legal systems and the necessity of respecting the mutual interests of the parties, the impact of social and economic events is indisputable between the time of conclusion of the contract and the conclusion of the contract. In fact, the parties to the contract are contracting in accordance with the foreseeable situation. This statement is reasonable and reasonable for normal circumstances, but the occurrence of events that make it impossible to enforce the contract, according to the laws of the other countries, including Iran, exempts the pledged person from fulfilling the obligation. But if, due to the occurrence of events and changes in the circumstances of the time of the conclusion of the contract, the implementation of the contract for the obligated causes excessive or unusual losses and, at the same time, the implementation of the obligation is impossible, the law of our country does not provide a clear solution in this case. It can be arranged according to the jurisprudential principle "denial of hardship" or "principle of no Harm", it is possible to modify and revise the contract to the parties or the judge or grant the right to terminate the contract to the contractor.
[Samiyeh Sardarkelari. The impossibility of implementing the contract and modifying the contract. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):25-30]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.05.

Keywords: Necessity of Contract, Implementation, Obligations of Parties, Force majeure, Adjustment

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Pre-emption in the laws of Iran and England

Samiyeh Sardarkelari

Master Student of Private Law, Department of Private Law, College of Laws and Politics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
samiye.kelari@yahoo.com

Abstract: If we put the principle on freedom of will, when a right arises, no one can hinder the exercise of that right, and consequently it cannot be denied any human being. By this explanation, what is recognized in Iranian civil law as pre-emption is an exception to the principle of free will, because Shafi pays the time of the transaction without the will of the buyer and acquires the character of a mob. This right in England is not in violation of the principle of free will, contrary to the law of Iran and its items are not limited, but they are preemption as a priority and if this is not the priority, it seems to be unconventional. In this paper, the intention is to compare these two legal systems in the context of preemption.
[Samiyeh Sardarkelari. Pre-emption in the laws of Iran and England. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):31-36]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.06.

Keywords: Preemption, Creation of Right, Right of Withhold, Priority

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Designing Residential Town with Social Satisfaction Promotion Approach

Shokoufeh Ghasemi¹, Ali Dashti Shafiei²

^1. MSc of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Mazandaran, Iran

^2. PhD in Architecture and Urbanism, Head of Department of Architecture in Shomal University, Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University of Shabetar Branch, East Azerbaijan, Iran

asalghasemi287@yahoo.com

Abstract: Modernization and migration and urbanization provides numerous problems for residential environments, turning urban texture into dry, loose, and unoccupied environments. In these spaces, humans do not know each other, and they do not essentially understand this familiarity. The privacy and spheres of humanity and space have disappeared in today's housing. Even families are dissatisfied with various issues such as the playground of children, privacy, shadowing and visual aristocracy. New texture with the population composition of most immigrants from surrounding villages with different and sometimes conflicting subcultures has been severely subjected to physical and spatial changes due to the ignorance of people and authorities over the past half century, in order to improve and improve the quality and quantity of spaces Particularly residential and changing people's attitudes to housing, one of the main strategies for tackling this issue is design based on social and cultural principles such as neighborhood. In this research, we try to identify with the pathology of existing tissue, through library and field studies, the factors that affect the design and satisfaction of inhabitants of residential complexes (with special attention to the public and semi-public areas of residential complexes), and as a strategy for Design of residential spaces.

[Shokoufeh Ghasemi, Ali Dashti Shafiei. Designing Residential Town with Social Satisfaction Promotion Approach. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):37-41]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.07.

Keywords: Residential Town, Social Satisfaction, Neighborhood, Urban Design

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Effect of different levels of irrigation on some components of maize

Mina Berenji ¹, AbedAli Naseri ², Abdol Rahim Hooshmand ¹

^1.M. Sc student of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Minaberenji71@gmail.com

^2.Professor of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

^3.Associate Professor of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract: Due to lack of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation on some components of maize under drip irrigation at Research farm, Faculty of Water Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, in a complete block design Random was executed. Treatments included irrigation based on 100%, 75% and 50% of aquatic plant requirement. Analysis of variance showed that water stress had a significant effect on yield and yield components at 1% probability level. The highest grain yield and biomass in irrigation treatments were 100% and 8.30 and 20.28 ton / ha, respectively, and the lowest values were observed in treatments 50%, 4.38 and 16.47 t ha-1, respectively. Also, the highest plant height, ear length and harvest index were 173.22 cm, 23.83 cm and 41.01 respectively in irrigation treatments of 100% water requirement and the least values of these parameters were 135.27 cm, 20.73% Cm and 26.63 in 50% water requirement.

[Mina Berenji, AbedAli Naseri, Abdol Rahim Hooshmand. Effect of different levels of irrigation on some components of maize. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):42-47]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.08.

Keywords: Water stress; drip irrigation; maize

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The Forecast of Drought Condition During the Period 2020-2030 Based on Statistical Downscaling of Output of the Model LARS-WG5 (Case Study: Eqlid City Station)

Alireza Karimi 1, Reza Asadi 2, Ebrahim Mohammadi kish 3, Alireza Masoudi 4

1.Expert in Rural Water and Wastewater Utilization in Fars Province, Iran
2.Assistant Supervisor of Water Utilization and Rural District of Fars Province, Iran
3.Head of the Maintenance and Utilization Office of Rural Water and Wastewater Facilities in Fars Province, Iran
4.Expert of Water Resources Administration of Eghlid County, Fars, Iran
alireza.karimi84@gmail.com

Abstract: Precipitation is one of the most important meteorology parameters that has considerable time and place changes particularly in the dry and semiarid regions. Because drought is one of consequences of these changes and it also influences on different sectors of the society such as water resources, drinking, industry, economy and etc., therefore, it is very necessary to monitor and to analyze it in future to offer proper planning. To this aim, in this study, the effects of climate change on drought conditions of Eqlid station during the period of 2020-2030 have been investigated. At first, daily data of output of atmosphere general circulation model of HadCM3 under two emission scenarios of A2 and B1 through statistical model of LARS-WG5 has been downscaled and the ability of the model in simulation of previous climate (1992-2008) for studied station has been simulated. The results showed that temperature degree of the region increases in most of the months and this increase rate differs in different months of the year. On average, yearly temperature degree increases. /62 °C and. /7 °C respectively in the period of 2020-2030 under emission scenario A2 and B1 than the period 1992-2008. Monthly rainfall changes do not represent up or down trend. However, the average of rainfall rate will increase 4 % under emission scenario A2 and it will decrease 4.8% under scenario B1. Afterwards, it has been investigated in yearly scale by using precipitation data of drought condition with the help of stated index, which based on the results, the most severe drought will happen in 2025 under scenario B1 and 2021 under scenario A2. In 11 years period, simulation of scenario B1 will experience 4 periods of consecutive drought and scenario A2 will experience 6 periods of consecutive drought.
[Alireza Karimi, Reza Asadi, Ebrahim Mohammadi kish, Alireza Masoudi. The Forecast of Drought Condition During the Period 2020-2030 Based on Statistical Downscaling of Output of the Model LARS-WG5 (Case Study: Eqlid City Station). World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):47-53]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.09.

Keywords: Precipitation; drought; LARS-WG5

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Factors Influencing Adoption of Agricultural Innovations in Oyigbo Local Government Area of Rivers State

Judith Obianujunwa Edward and Nina Maranma Amugo

Department of Agricultural Technology, School of Science and Technology, Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Rumuola, P.M.B. 5936, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
pookonta@yahoo.com; Tel. +2348032744784

Abstract: The study determined the factors influencing adoption of agricultural innovations in Oyigbo Local Government Areas of Rivers State. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the adoption of the identified agricultural innovations by the farmers. Evaluate the various sources of information to respondents, and constraints to adoption of agricultural innovations by farmers in the study area. The sample size of the study area was 120 respondents. Questionnaire was used for data collections. The data collected were analyzed with frequency and percentage. The hypothesis of the study was tested with the multiple regression analysis. Results shows that crop technologies were more adopted than all others. The extension agent was the major sources of information to farmers with 25.00%. Result shows that the highest constraint of respondents was insufficient extension contact with 28.33%. This was followed by insufficient agricultural information in the media with 12.33%. Poor public relation of extension workers was third constraints with 9.16%. The study recommends increase in the number of extension agents in the study area, improved relationship between extension workers and respondents, improved media programme on agriculture.
[Edward, J.O. and Amugo, N.M. Factors Influencing Adoption of Agricultural Innovations in Oyigbo Local Government Area of Rivers State. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):54-65]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.10.

Keywords: Adoption, Agricultural Innovations, Technology.

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Source Evaluation and Trace Metal Contamination in Benthic Sediments from Imo River, South-East, Nigeria Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques

1Efiom Edak, 2George, Ubong

1IFaculty of Oceanography, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
2Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Telephone: 08032625310; E-mail: talk2georgeubong@gmail.com

Abstract: Studies on Source Evaluation and Trace Metal Contamination in Benthic Sediments from Imo River, South-East, Nigeria using multivariate statistical techniques was conducted between May 2016 and April 2017 with the aim of understanding the current sources of trace metal concentrations in the system. Sediment samples were collected monthly in four stations along the river and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Mean values of trace metals in sediment for wet and dry seasons were as follows: 0.32 ± 0.05 and 0.37 ± 0.06 for cadmium, 3.33± 0.28 and 3.69 ± 0.38 for copper, 6.43 ± 0.36 and 6.72 ± 0.36 for iron, 1.00 ± 0.09 and 1.25 ± 0.11 for lead, 1.08 ± 0.18 and 2.2 ± 0.31 for zinc, 0.45 ± 0.03 and 0.40 ± 0.03 for manganese and 0.08 ± 0.03 and 0.13 ± 0.03 for chromium respectively. Trace metals concentrations in sediments were below the DPR target / intervention limit with the exception of iron. Analysis of variance and paired sample t-test revealed significant (p = 0.05) seasonal variations respectively. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships amongst metal pairs which portends that an increase in one metal pair mandates a corresponding increase in another metal pair. Multivariate analytical technique (HCA) imprinted that the river is swayed by multiple contamination sources. However, the series of anthropogenic activities evident, coupled with the findings of this study further vindicate the need for constant monitoring of our indigenous water bodies.
[Efiom Edak, George, Ubong. Source Evaluation and Trace Metal Contamination in Benthic Sediments from Imo River, South-East, Nigeria Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):66-72]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.11.

Keywords: Source Evaluation, Trace Metal, Contamination, Benthic Sediments, Multivariate Statistical Techniques, Imo River

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The impact of mistake in target and mistake in identity in intentional murder, in Iranian criminal law

Mohammad Hadi Keshavarz ^1*, Isa Bani Naeime²

^1.Department of Laws, Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad Univercity, khorramshahr, Iran

^2.Department of Laws, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad Univercity, Abadan, Iran

Corresponding Author: Mohammad Hadi Keshavarz^1*

hhosseini581@yahoo.com

Abstract: “Mistake” literally means error, ignorance and unawareness, and legally means that the murderer targets the considered person, but due to some causes such as lack of skill or involuntary causes, his shot goes wrong and hits another one and kills him. Murder crime has various states of action that one of these states is “murder due to mistake” which is itself divided into two parts: “murder due to mistake in target”, and “murder due to mistake in identity”. Mistake in target and mistake in identity are the same in terms of ruling, but are slightly different in terms of subject. But generally, there are similarities between these two types of murder. The author aims to examine the dimensions and also analyze the new Islamic Penal Code and to use the viewpoints of jurists and jurisprudents regarding these two types of murder.

[Mohammad Hadi Keshavarz, Isa Bani Naeime. The impact of mistake in target and mistake in identity in intentional murder, in Iranian criminal law. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):73-75]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 12. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.12.

Key words: murder, mistake, jurisprudence law, mistake in target, mistake in identity

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Educational Approaches to Preventing Sexual Abnormalities

Farouq Touli¹, Mostafa Ameri Siyahouei²

^1. Instructor of Islamic Education Group, Medical School, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

^2. Ph.D. student of theology, Lecturer of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

orazanbox@gmail.com

Abstract: Sexual instinct as a factor in the survival and renewal of a generation is a divine blessing given to man. The lack of education and proper education will eliminate the calmness and health of the individual and the family and society. From the point of view of Islam, the education of the right sex is a moral necessity for the survival and continuity of life, and faith and religion are the guarantors of the exercise of morality. In religious texts, training has been given to parents as the closest to preventing sexual deviations and developing healthy sexual behaviors among children and adolescents. In these tutorials, special attention has been paid to family and environmental factors (social and cultural). On the first hand, family coverage behaviors, verbal chastity, and the avoidance of expressions of sexual sentiment when anger and discomfort towards children and parents and the bedroom and special care about the curiosity of children and adolescents in sexual matters, the degeneration of the living environment from sexual stimulation, the avoidance of parents from verbal and nonverbal behaviors of sexual abnormalities against children, including training in this field. In the second case, the healthy environment of the school, the healthy keeping of the communication of all from the breaking of norms, social and cultural care about the study of journals, the satellite, the Internet, the purging of the society from unhealthy social patterns that can harm the unhealthy sexual development of children, teens and youth.

[Farouq Touli, Mostafa Ameri Siyahouei. Educational Approaches to Preventing Sexual Abnormalities. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):76-81]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 13. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.13.

Key words: sexual education, sexual anomalies, instinct, environmental factors, family factors

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Violation of dignity in human simulation

Farouq Touli1, Mostafa Ameri Siyahouei2

1. Instructor of Islamic Education Group, Medical School, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
2. Ph.D. student of theology, Lecturer of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

Abstract: One of the ethical challenges in biology is simulation technology. Some simulation phenomena, in which laboratory experiments have a similar version of a living person, are believed to be disgusting, and others believe that this phenomenon has many therapeutic benefits and social benefits, and that the survival of patients. The critical point of moral criticism in rejecting human simulation is the reason for the violation of human dignity. Islamic thinkers have argued for several reasons such as violation of dignity in non-sexual reproduction, lack of consistency in individuality in simulation, the virtue of dignity in instrumentalism, and violation of dignity to explain the incompatibility of simulation with human dignity.
[Farouq Touli, Mostafa Ameri Siyahouei. Violation of dignity in human simulation. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):82-88]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 14. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.14.

Key words: human simulation, violation of dignity, ethics, gene pool, reproduction

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Prevalence and Identification of Bovine Ixided Ticks in Doba district of Western Hararghe, Eastern Ethiopia

Birhanu Bahiru2, Geremew Haile1*, Biniam Tsegaye2

2Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
1*Corresponding Author, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte Ethiopia, email: geremewlov@gmail.com

Abstract: The cross sectional study was conducted from October, 2014 to April, 2015 in Doba district, Western Hararghe with the objective of prevalence study and identifying bovine Ixodid tick species. About 966 adult ticks were collected from eight main body regions of cattle and identified to species level. Out of the total of 384 cattle examined, 113 (29.43%) were found to be infested by one or more tick species. Five tick species of four genera; Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus (formerly Boophilus), Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma were identified. The relative abundance of each species was Amblyomma variegatum (49.06%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decolaratus (23.20%), Rhipicephalus pulchellus (15.53%), Amblyommacohaerence (7.87%) and Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (4.34%). The prevalence of tick infestation in local breed was 38.06% and 9.48% in cross breed was found to be statistically significant (p= 0.000). and it was also found to be statistically significant (p= 0.001) among the three localities, with highest prevalence in lowland (39.52%) than both highland (21.74%) and midland (21.57%). Similarly it was also statistically significant among three age groups (p=0.000), with highest prevalence in age 1-3(37.42%) followed by >3(32.31%) and <1(13.13%), but there was no statistically significant association with sex of the cattle (p=0.301). The favorable predilection sites of Amblyomma species and H.marginatum rufipes are more on ventral body parts, perinium and undertail. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decolaratus preferred dewlap, neck and perineum. R. pulchellus had a strong predilection sites for perineum, ears, and undertail. The sex ratio of ticks identified that the number of male outnumbered the female in all species. Tick and TBDs cause considerable losses to the live stock economy at large. Studies directed toward determining tick burden and tick species will play significant role in designing tick control and prevention programs.
[Birhanu Bahiru, Geremew Haile, Biniam Tsegaye. Prevalence and Identification of Bovine Ixided Ticks in Doba district of Western Hararghe, Eastern Ethiopia. World Rural Observ 2018;10(2):89-97]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 15. doi:10.7537/marswro100218.15.

Key words: Bovine, Doba district, Identification, Ixoded ticks, Prevalence

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