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Interlocation Comparison Physicochemical Properties Of Polluted And Unpolluted Soil, Water And Sediment Ecosystems Of The Niger Delta Region

¹Antai S.P., ¹Iwatt G.D and ²Agbor R.B

¹Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Calabar

²Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Calabar

Abstract: These present study is an evaluation of the physicochemical properties of polluted and unpolluted soil, water and sediment ecosystems. The results indicate variations in physicochemical parameters among studied area. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, phosphate and sulphate values were significantly lower in polluted sediment while the mean total organic carbon concentration was higher in polluted sediment. Comparison of the mean physicochemical parameters of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted and pristine soil samples showed significantly low mean pH, total nitrogen and available phosphorus values in polluted soils, whereas C:N ratio and calcium values were significantly (p<0.05) higher in polluted soil. It can be concluded that the polluted soil, water and sediment ecosystem should be subjected to a suitable remediation methods, to reduce the effect of the pollutant in the environment.

[Antai S.P., Iwatt G.D and Agbor R.B. Interlocation Comparison Physicochemical Properties Of Polluted And Unpolluted Soil, Water And Sediment Ecosystems Of The Niger Delta Region. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):1-9]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 1. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.01.

Key words: Physicochemical, Polluted, Soil, Water, Sediment, Ecosystem

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Study Two Important Indicators Influence of Mental Health and Self-esteem from Earning Life Skills in High School Students

Abolfazl Ehsani¹, Dr. Faramarz Sohrabi², Dr. Hasan Maleki³

^1. Lecturer in Farhangian University, MSc of Educational Planning, Educational Planning Department, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University (ATU), Tehran, Iran

^2. Associate Professor of of Psychology, University of Allameh Tabatabai (ATU), Tehran, Iran

^3. Associate Professor of Educational Planning, Educational Planning Department, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University (ATU), Tehran, Iran

a.ehsani84@yahoo.com

Abstract: The main purpose of this article is Studying the influence of two important indicators of mental health and self-esteem from earning life skills in high school students. School reform program and mental health education for school-based interventions - driven mainly by teaching life skills practice was done. A sample of 40 patients was randomized cluster sampling in two experimental groups and one control group. Goldberg mental health questionnaire to collect data and Self Esteem and to analyze the data from the implementation of a two-part questionnaire, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics were used (ANOVA test and multivariate analysis test and t ...). Identify students in need of psychological services and specialized treatment they can help teens to make life better and have more satisfaction.

[Abolfazl Ehsani, Faramarz Sohrabi, Hasan Maleki. Study Two Important Indicators Influence of Mental Health and Self-esteem from Earning Life Skills in High School Students. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):10-14]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 2. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.02.

Keywords: Life skills training, high school students, Razan City

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Green Credit Business of China Construction Bank

¹Chang Lu，²Dewei Wang

School of Marxism, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China

¹Email: luchang0809@163.com

²Correspondence author. Email: 2012kz@sina.cn

Abstract: Through studying the environmental policy and measures of green credit, green credit approval system and the development of green credit, an assessment of green credit business of CCB (China Construction Bank) was made; through comparisons between CCB and the CIB (China industrial Bank Co., Ltd.) which did very well in green credit, some problems in green credit business of CCB were revealed.

[Chang Lu, Dewei Wang. Green Credit Business of China Construction Bank. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):15-18]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 3. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.03.

Key words: China Construction Bank; Green credit; Social responsibility

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An optimized protocol for direct shoot regeneration from shoot tips cultures of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Hayani

Elghayaty¹, S.H.; Edriss¹, M.H.; Abdrabboh¹, G.A.; Elsharabasy², S.F. and G. E. Abd-El-kariem²

¹Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr city, Cairo, Egypt

²The Center Laboratory of date palm Researches and Development, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

Gabdrabboh65@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was an attempt to develop an in vitro protocol for propagation of date palm Hayani cv via direct shoot regeneration system without callus formation. Combinations between plant growth regulators were used in order to achieve organogenesis and multiplication of date palm Hayani cv. Shoot tips were cultured on MS media supplemented with cytokinins namely BA and 2iP at different concentrations either individually or in combinations in the presence of 1.0 mg/ L of both NAA and NOA auxins. Results revealed that MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/ L 2iP and 3.0 mg/ L BA was the best for bud formation from shoot tip after 8 weeks of culturing at initiation stage. Sub-culturing the formed buds on solid MS multiplication medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/ L 2iP and 0.5 mg/ L BA gave the maximum number of shoots with appropriate length at multiplication stage. MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/ L GA₃ and 1.0 mg/ L NAA caused maximum shoot length at elongation stage compared with control and other treatments. Moreover, maximum rooting percentage, root number and root length was obtained when MS medium was supplemented with1.o mg/L IBA and 0.5 mg/L NAA.

[Edriss, M.H; Elghayaty, S.H.; Abdrabboh, G.A.; Elsharabasy, S.F. and G. E. Abd-kareiam. An optimized protocol for direct shoot regeneration from shoot tips cultures of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Hayani. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):19-24]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 4. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.04.

Keywords: Micropropagation, Date palm, Growth regulators, Organogenesis, Hayani cv

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Microbial Quality of Water supplies in Maiduguri Metropolis, North Eastern Nigeria

B. AZA¹, M. Y Sugun², J. A Musa² and A.U. Turaki³

¹Department of Veterinary Pubic Health, University of Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria

²Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria

³Department of Animal Science, Federal University Kashere Gombe, Gombe State Nigeria

Corresponding author², email: sugunm@gmail.com

Abstract: The bacteriological quality of water supplies from different sites and sources in some parts of Maiduguri Metropolis was carried out. To examine the sanitary indicator bacteria for the different sites of water sources and water storage reservoirs,  eight water samples were collected from different sources during the period September, 2012 – September, 2013 in a sequence of two samples per month for each source. Samples were transported to Microbiology Laboratory within six hours of collection and then processed accordingly. Most probable number of coliform technique was used to determine the total coliform. The results showed that extremely high levels of total coliform were detected at each sample location. Consequently, the total bacterial counts for all samples gave positive results in the eight    examined sources. The results suggest faecal pollution of the water sources, and imply that these water sources pose a serious health risk to consumers. The physico-chemical properties of drinking water from eight different sources revealed that all the water was colourless, odourless, tasteless and free of particles. The pH values from 6.6-6.9 were slightly acidic and 7.0-7.1 was neutral to slightly alkaline. The lowest value was obtained from Mosque Tap (pH = 6.6), while the highest was linked to NEW GRA and Ramat Polytechnic (pH = 7.1). The deterioration of water may be due either to regrowth of bacteria in the water supply systems or during storage in reservoirs, where water is often handled hygienically.

[B. AZA, M. Y Sugun, J. A Musa and A.U. Turaki. Microbial Quality of Water supplies in Maiduguri Metropolis, North Eastern Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):25-29]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 5. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.05.

Key words: Microbiological quality, pathogens, Maiduguri water sources

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Elite capture in Fadama Project activities: the case of poor selection of Fadama III poultry actors in Imo state, Nigeria

P. N. Anyanwu¹, J. U. Chikaire², F. C. Anaeto², F. N. Nnadi², M. C. Uchegbu¹ and I. C. Okoli¹

¹Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology PMB 1526 Owerri, Nigeria

²Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology PMB 1526 Owerri, Nigeria

E-mail: dr_charleso@yahoo.com

Abstract: A major constraint to many participatory development projects (PDP) designed to empower local actors is that local elites may capture such participatory interventions and convert resources intended for communal development or set aside for disenfranchised social groups into gains for themselves and their associates. Forty (40) Fadama Farmers (FFs) and 24 non Fadama Farmers (NFFs) in 13 out of the 20 Local Government Areas (LGAs) participating in Fadama III project in Imo state, southeast Nigeria were randomly selected across three the agricultural zones of the state to determine the socio-cultural characteristics, professional experience and organizational structures of these poultry farmers based on their willingness to participate in the study. Primary data were obtained by the use of structured questionnaires administered to the respondents. Data generated and published information on poultry actors in the state and environ were used to determine the appropriateness of poultry participants’ selection during the intervention stage of the project. The result revealed that 75.00 and 25.00% of the FFs were males and females, while 83.30 and 16.70% the NFFs were males and females respectively. Most of FFs were within the age bracket of 36 - 55 years (72.00%) while majority of NFFs fell within the 25 - 55 years age bracket (83.30%), with 92.50% of the FFs, and 75.00% of the NFFs being married and formally educated, indicating that the selection of FFs was skewed in favor of late youth to adult married educated males at the expense of women, widows and youths participants. Again, 75% of the FFs were engaged in poultry production as primary occupation, while all the NFFs (100.00%) were part-time poultry farmers, who had farming experience ranging from the 16.70% recorded for the 1 – 5 years experience group to the 25.00% recorded for the 21 - 25 years group as against the 72.50% of the FFs that had 1 - 10 years experience, indicating that the FFs may have entered the occupation during the Fadama III project life in the state. Village age grade association membership accounted for 77.50% of organizational grouping of the FFs, contrary to the regulation that participants in the Fadama III project must be members of registered farmer’s multipurpose cooperative associations recognized by Imo state government. Again, 66.67% of the NFFs, however belonged to multi-purpose co-operative associations, indicating that the FFs were unduly selected emergency farmers and is supported by the 75.00% FFs who agreed that most people that were supposed to participate in the Fadama III project activities were not captured due to poor sensitization during the intervention stage. It is therefore concluded that Imo state Fadama III project selected mostly non-poultry farming actors into its poultry production intervention at the expense of actual poultry farmers in the state.

[P. N. Anyanwu, J. U. Chikaire, F. C. Anaeto, F. N. Nnadi, M. C. Uchegbu and I. C. Okoli. Elite capture in Fadama Project activities: the case of poor selection of Fadama III poultry actors in Imo state, Nigeria. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):30-39]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 6. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.06.

Keywords: Elite capture, Fadama, poultry farmers, chicken, cooperative association

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Effect of sewage effluent disposal on soil characteristics at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India

Vinod Kumar, Roushan K. Thakur, Jogendra Singh and Rajneesh Singh

Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Gurukula Kangri University,

Haridwar - 249404 (Uttarakhand), India

E-mail: drvksorwal@gkv.ac.in

Abstract: The present investigation was conducted to study the effects of sewage effluent disposal on soil characteristics in the district Haridwar (Uttarakhand). The result showed that the sewage effluent loaded with higher value of TDS (696.67 mg L^-1), EC (0.78 dS/m^-1), pH (7.53), BOD (66.7 mg L^-1), COD (125.33 mg L^-1), TKN (6.38 mg L^-1), Na⁺ (56.53 mg L^-1), K⁺ (6.63 mg L^-1), Ca²⁺ (105.64 mg L^-1), Mg²⁺ (54.67 mg L^-1), PO₄^3- (2.30 mg L^-1), Fe (1.72 mg L^-1), and Zn (0.38 mg L^-1) in comparison to control (bore well water). The sewage effluents disposal on soil increased the soil characteristics viz., EC (+59.92%), pH (+0.51%), organic carbon (+50%) and fertility status in terms of TKN (+70.74%), PO₄^-3(+19.04%) Na⁺ (+39.01%), K (+39.06%), Ca⁺⁺ (+32.97%) and Mg⁺⁺ (+25.08%) which are essential for the soil fertility and growth of agricultural crops. It was also observed that the sewage irrigation also increased the contents of heavy metals such as Zn (+39.27%), and Fe (+40.00%) in the soil.  Thus, sewage effluent disposal significantly affected the soil characteristics in the vicinity of sewage treatment plant.

[Vinod Kumar, Roushan K. Thakur, Jogendra Singh and Rajneesh Singh. Effect of sewage effluent disposal on soil characteristics at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):40-45]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 7. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.07.

Keywords: Agricultural soil, Fertility, Irrigation, Heavy metals, Soil, Sewage effluent

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Necessity of credits program for rural women

Khatereh siyar, Zahra Geraeli Afra

Department of Agricultural Economic, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

*Corresponding author: khaterehsiyar@yahoo.com

Abstract: Most women, especially in developing countries are working three shifts in a day indeed, but, instead for their exhausting activities, they receive: less health care, less literacy and fewer wages. Compensation for them is vast sex discrimination that exists all over the worlds in various forms. For example in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, about 1million girls die, due to lack of proper health care. World Health Organization estimated that women work 2times more than men averagely. In United Nation researches, except Australia, Canada and US, women in all countries work more hours than men. But major problem here is that, work means everything that leading to financial income. So, in government statistics, women are considered as unemployed and few of female employees are counted as productive and employed forces.

[Khatereh siyar, Zahra Geraeli Afra. Necessity of credits program for rural women. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):46-50]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 8. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.08.

Keywords: women, rural, credit, empowerment

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Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)

Mohammad Abedi, Ali Badragheh

Department of Agriculture, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: PRA has many sources. The most direct is rapid rural appraisal (RRA) from which it has evolved. RRA itself began as a response in the late 1970s and early 1980s to the biased perceptions derived from rural development tourism (the brief rural visit by the urban-based professional) and the many defects and high costs of large-scale questionnaire surveys. PRA has much in common with RRA but differs basically in the ownership of information, and the nature of the process: in RRA information is more elicited and extracted by outsiders as part of a process of data gathering; in PRA it is more generated, analyzed, owned and shared by local people as part of a process of their empowerment. The term Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is being used to describe a growing family of approaches and methods to enable local people to share, enhance and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and to act. Promising potentials include farmers’ own farming systems research, alternatives to questionnaire surveys, monitoring, evaluation and lateral spread by local people, empowerment of the poorer and weaker, and policy review. Changes in personal behavior and attitudes, and in organizational cultures, are implied. PRA parallels and resonates with paradigm shifts in the social and natural sciences, business management, and development thinking, supporting decentralization, local diversity, and personal responsibility. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) as a method falls under the qualitative and participatory group of research methods. PRA evolved from Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA).

[Mohammad Abedi, Ali Badragheh. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA). World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):51-54]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 9. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.09.

Keywords: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), rural research

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Importance of Rural women in rural development

Mohammad Abedi, Ali Badragheh

Department of Agriculture, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Importance of women issue at Iran especially rural area, at one side face with fast population growth and mass of unemployed at process of access to rural growth and development, and at other side with limitation of facilities and productive resources. Rural women at all production level of agriculture products and livestock productions work alongside men and generally, development is multidimensional process and contains different economic, social, cultural and political dimensions. Women’s participation at this process is active and affective participation, and main aspect of this participation was its economic dimension for rural women. Rural women have key role as a producer at agriculture activities, rural sources and services at rural area. rural women most efficient women of society and among people who are active at productive occupations , so it is obvious that attention to rural women as a strong arm at rural development can follow positive and undeniable affects , in this purpose.

[Mohammad Abedi, Ali Badragheh. Importance of Rural women in rural development. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):55-59]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 10. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.10.

Keywords: rural women, rural development

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Impact of extension service to rice farmers

Maryam Saeedi¹, Abed Vahedi ² and Esmaeil Yasari³

¹Corresponding author: Wood and Paper Industries, Mazandaran, Iran. av1790@hotmail.com

²Assistant Prof, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran.

³Agriculture Department, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract: The purpose of this study has been to investigate the effectiveness of the education received by the rice growers of the city of Babol from the extension service in raising rice yield. The population studied contained 179 farmers who had taken part in educational programs organized by the extension service regarding the operations of planting, maintaining, and harvesting rice. This research was of the applied, retroactive, and semi – empirical type; and it was carried out in a descriptive – correlative way employing the field study method and using questionnaires. The SPSS software was used to analyze the gathered data. Results obtained from the correlation coefficient among variants suggest that there is a positive and significant relationship between the independent variables (level of education, income, the acreage of paddy field owned, participation in educational classes organized by the extension service, the use of the method of delivering talks, the use of practical training, organizing work labs, making use of educational media, and the compatibility of the main points presented to the farmers with the dependent variable of the effectiveness of the educational courses, but that the independent variables of age, the number of contacts with extension agents, the number of visits to the model fields, the screening of video films, the use of group discussions, and the extent of experience and knowledge of extension agents do not have a significant relationship with the effectiveness of the educational courses. Results obtained from the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney tests on the effects of individual dependent variables suggest that the main occupation, the use of bank facilities, and the use of support facilities offered after the educational courses influence their effectiveness, but that the type of the place the education is offered and whether the instructor is native or non-native do not affect the effectiveness of the educational courses. Results obtained from the step-by-step regression concerning the combined effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables indicate that the variables of the acreage of paddy field owned by the farmer, participation in educational classes organized by the extension service, and the use of work labs have positive effects on the effectiveness of the educational courses.

Y =1.27+0.209×5+0.153×7+0.307×27

[Maryam Saeedi, AbedVahedi, Esmaeil Yasari. Impact of extension service to rice farmers. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):60-66]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 11. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.11.

Key words: Effectiveness, educational programs organized by the extension service, rice farmers, the extension service and the education of farmers.

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 Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in rural research

Mohammad Abedi, Ali Badragheh

Department of Agriculture, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) as a method falls under the qualitative and participatory group of research methods. PRA evolved from Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA). In recognition of the fact that the community to which development projects are supposed to serve is not involved in the process and the subsequent flaws implicit in designing and implementing such projects, development practitioners and thinkers started to investigate ways for effective community participation in the overall process. This led to a series of information collection techniques used to collect and analyze data in rural areas,  known as Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), which was developed in the 1970s and 1980s. RRA is a social science approach that emerged in the late 1970s. The basic idea of RRA is to rather quickly collect, analyse and evaluate information on rural conditions and local knowledge. This information is generated in close co-operation with the local population in rural areas. Therefore, the research methods had to be adjusted to local conditions, i.e. they had to meet the communication needs of illiterate people or people who are not used to communicating in scientific terms.

[Mohammad Abedi, Ali Badragheh. Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in rural research. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):67-71]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 12. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.12.

Keywords: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), rural research

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The role of Indigenous agriculture in rural development

Mojtaba Sadighi

Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

E-mail: abbasrezazadeh80@yahoo.com

Abstract: Different definitions were presented about indigenous knowledge by experts that each of them present their idea about this knowledge from their viewpoint. Each of them emphasis on a special aspect of indigenous knowledge according to their viewpoint. Oxford vocabulary define the word indigenous knowledge such this" it is created naturally in a region which is related to the people of that region. Indigenous knowledge is a knowledge that has been grown in a long time and has transferred from one generation to other generation in hereditary form. Williams and Molina have defined indigenous knowledge such this: indigenous knowledge is the learning methods, understanding and attitude to the world which is the result of experience and solving problems according to test and error by the people who are active and have used their available resources on its suitable time. Chambers with emphasizing on people's role in development process, believed that the phrase rural people's knowledge is more sensible than the other phrase such ethnic ecology, ethnographic knowledge, ethnic classification. He also believed that indigenous knowledge is a knowledge that is created naturally and is emanated from geographical circle.

[Mojtaba Sadighi. The role of Indigenous agriculture in rural development. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):72-75]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 13. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.13.

Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, agriculture

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The importance of Decentralization in agricultural extension

Fatemeh Vahidi

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

Email: hossein11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: Pubic extension services are being forced to change. In the 1990s agricultural extension services were attacked for being inefficient, irrelevant, ineffective, and poorly targeted. The need for reform was obvious and national systems responded with three major strategies— privatization, decentralization, and program revitalization. Although cost reduction has been the force behind many changes, the principal objective of reforms should be an attempt to improve quality of services to clients Decentralizing extension services, when implemented effectively, can transform exten- sion and address a range of generic problems. Decentralized extension brings decisionmaking processes closer to clients and makes programs more responsive to user needs. Service providers become more accountable to clients and better oversight increases efficiency of operations. Decentralization itself can introduce a new dynamism in programs and can promote diversity in service providers and program approaches, thus serving as a first step toward privatization. In addition, reforms to revitalize and privatize programs can accompany.

[Fatemeh Vahidi. The importance of Decentralization in agricultural extension. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):76-80]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 14. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.14.

Keywords: Decentralization, Agricultural management

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Improving the Performance of Handoff Calls using Frequency Sharing

Vikas Solanki¹, Rajeev Kumar²_, Hari Om Sharan²

¹Department of Computer Science Engineering & IT, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh (India).

²Department of Computer Science & IT, College of Engineering, Teerthanker Mahaveer University Moradabad. (India)

E-mail ID: rajeevphd@hotmail.com, solanki.vikas1@gmail.com, sharan.hariom@gmail.com

Abstract: In this paper, a two-tier cellular wireless network is characterized by overlapping the service area for managing the new calls users having different mobility speed. The overlapping property of the two-tier system provides the advantages that share the traffic load to improve the efficiency of new calls subscriber with guard channels in cell to handle the handoff calls. Using Guard channels, our strategy have the prioritization to the handoff calls. Micro cells are used to provide the services to slow-speed, high-intensity traffic area users and macro cells are overlaid over more than one micro cell cater mainly to lower density, high-speed users. The two-tier of micro cells and macro cells provide the secondary resource to provide the service for new calls as well as handoff calls with guard channels as overflow the slow speed users in macro cell by sharing the frequency in vertical direction as well as sharing the frequency in horizontal direction in the upper layer. The call lose probability of aggregate calls are developed through numerical analysis. The results justify the advantages of proposed strategy.

[Vikas Solanki, Rajeev Kumar, Hari Om Sharan. Improving the Performance of Handoff Calls using Frequency Sharing. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):81-100]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 15. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.15.

Key words: cellular network, two tier communication system, load redirection, guard channel, Micro cell, Macro cell.

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Prevalence, impact and risk factors associated with nocturnal enuresis among children in some rural areas of Assiut Governorate: A cross sectional study

Etemad A A El- Shereef, Medhat A K Saleh and Ghada Salah- El- deen T. Al- Attar

Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University

Abstract: Background: Nocturnal enuresis is an important developmental problem for school age children and it can cause emotional and social problems for the child as well as family. Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in children aged 6-13 years of age in the study area, to investigate the risk factors associated with nocturnal enuresis and to identify the different treatment methods for those children. We also investigated the impact of enuresis on the parents’ and the child's life. Subjects and methods: This was a cross-sectional survey. The survey was conducted during a three months period (1st of August 2009- 30th of October 2009) by interviewing randomly selected parents of children aged from sixth to thirteen years at their homes in three villages of Abnoub district of Assiut Governorate. A total of 1050 questionnaires were filled. To describe enuresis the ICD-10 definition of at least one wet night per month for three consecutive months was used. Chi-square test and a logistic regression model were used to identify significant predictive factors for enuresis. Results: A total of 1050 children aged between 6 and 13 years were investigated. 154 (14.7%) children with nocturnal enuresis were identified. Several parental factors that are related to enuresis were low educational level of the parents and mothers’ working status were insignificantly higher among parents’ of enuretic children. Also gender of child as being male and high birth order were insignificantly higher among enuretic children. On the other hand younger age, positive family history of enuresis, increased family size, divorced parents were significantly higher in children with enuresis when compared to non-enuretics. Recurrent UTI, chronic constipation and deeper sleep children were also significantly higher in enuretics when compared to non-enuretics. After multivariate analysis Enuresis was significantly associated with age (OR= 5.489), positive family history of enuresis (OR = 3.291), family size (OR= 1.784) and history of recurrent urinary tract infection (OR = 2.065). Nocturnal enuresis was primary in 76.0% and secondary in 24.0% of the cases. In most children (40.2%), episodes of enuresis occurred less than 2 nights per week in Less than half of children (40.2%). Of the enuretic children, 53.9% (83 children) had visited a physician. The majority of the respondents who visited the physician, 53 (63.9%) stated that the recommended plan was not helpful. As regards parents’ attitude, Seventy parents (45.5%) were reacted with understanding and support. On the other hand, 87 (56.5%) felt that their child was embarrassed, shy and hesitant to spend the night away from home. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that nocturnal enuresis is a common problem among school children, especially younger age, increased family size, positive family history and recurrent attacks of UTIs. Enuresis is a pediatric public health problem and efforts at all levels should be made such as preventive, etiological and curative.

[Etemad A A El- Shereef, Medhat A K Saleh and Ghada Salah- El- deen T. Al- Attar. Prevalence, impact and risk factors associated with nocturnal enuresis among children in some rural areas of Assiut Governorate: A cross sectional study. World Rural Observ 2016;8(2):101-109]. ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural. 16. doi:10.7537/marswro080216.16.

Keywords: Nocturnal enuresis, risk factors, impact, children, Egypt

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