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Effect of some nitrogen sources of growth medium on α-amylase production by Penicillium solitum and Aspergillus rubrum isolated from yam (Dioscorea alata)

Adekunle Odunayo Adejuwon¹⁺, Mary Ajibola Adejuwon², Adesola Adetutu Ajayi³, Bukola Ayodeji Bamkefa⁴, Joseph Omololu-Aso^5, Olajumoke Olufunlayo Alao⁶, Felicia Chinomonazu Adesina⁷

^{1,4, 7}Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Information Technology and Applied Sciences, Lead City

University, Ibadan, Nigeria.

²Department of Adult Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

³Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

⁵Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

⁶Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Information Technology and Applied Sciences, Lead City

University, Ibadan, Nigeria.

adejuwon_ao@yahoo.com

Abstract: Penicillium solitum and Aspergillus rubrum isolated from deteriorated yam (Dioscorea alata) using potato dextrose agar grew and sporulated at 25^oC. They expressed α-amylase activity in a growth medium with starch as carbon source and certain nitrogen sources. The nitrogen sources were varied and were ammonium sulphate, glycine, potassium nitrate, ammonium chloride, peptone, sodium nitrate, tryptone and urea. Aspergillus ribrum seemed a better inducer of α-amylase as expressed by the tenth day of inoculation of medium.

[Adejuwon AO, Adejuwon MA, Ajayi, AA, Bamkefa BA, Omololu-Aso J, Alao OO, Adesina FC. Effect of some nitrogen sources of growth medium on α-amylase production by Penicillium solitum and Aspergillus rubrum isolated from yam (Dioscorea alata). Researcher 2013;5(2):1-4]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 1

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.01

Keywords: Penicillium solitum, Aspergillus rubrum, α-amylase, growth medium.

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Studies on major bacterial diseases affecting fish ; Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, Catfish, Clarias gariepinus and mullets in Port Said, Egypt with special references to its pathological alterations

Ahmed. M.E., El-Refaey

Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research (CLAR),

Abbasa, Abou Hammad, Sharkia, Egypt

Ahmed_elrefaei1970@yahoo.com

Abstracts: A number of 775 apparently healthy and naturally infected fishes of different species; (Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, catfish, clarias gariepinus and mullets) collected from different areas in Port Said governorate. Collected fishes were subjected to full clinical, bacterial and histopathological examinations. The results revealed that the most common clinical signs of the naturally infected fish were darkening of the skin, hemorrhages in skin, fins, oral cavity and muscles (The most common finding), sloughing of scales with superficial and deep ulceration of the epidermis. The isolated bacteria were Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Flexibacter columnaris., Streptococcus faecalis., E. coli, Y. ruckeri, Citrobacter spp. and Edwardsiella tarda. The isolates were isolated in summer was highest than those of spring. The highest number of isolates were isolated from El-Genka farms (water from Bahr El-Bakar), followed by El-Bashteer farms (water from Lake Manzala), while isolates from farms inside the lake Manzala were the lowest the results of the histopathological examination of naturally bacterial infected fishes were also discussed.

[Ahmed. M.E., El-Refaey. Studies on major bacterial diseases affecting fish; Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, Catfish, Clarias gariepinus and mullets in Port Said, Egypt with special references to its pathological alterations. Researcher 2013;5(2):5-14]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 2

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.02

Key words: Port Said governorate; bacterial examinations; histopathological examinations; bacterial isolates ; Bahr El-Bakar ; Lake Manzala.

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Effect of certain carbon sources of growth medium on α-amylase production by Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus terreus

Adekunle Odunayo Adejuwon¹⁺, Bukola Ayodeji Bamikefa², Joseph Omololu-Aso³, Shadrack O. Agunbiade⁴

^{1, 2,4}Department of Microbiology Faculty of Information Technology and Applied

Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria.

³ Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

adejuwon_ao@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus terreus isolated from deteriorated rice using potato dextrose agar grew at 25^oC and expressed α-amylase activity in a growth medium with potassium nitrate as nitrogen source and various carbon sources. The carbon sources which were varied were lactose, maltose, starch, sucrose, galactose and glucose. Rice also supported growth and induced α-amylase production by these isolates. Aspergillus terreus seemed a better inducer.

[Adekunle Odunayo Adejuwon, Bukola Ayodeji Bamikefa, Joseph Omololu-Aso, Shadrack O. Agunbiade. Effect of certain carbon sources of growth medium on α-amylase production by Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus terreus. Researcher 2013;5(2):15-18]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 3

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.03

Keywords: Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus terreus, α-amylase, assay, purification.

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Evaluation of Pressure Effects on Vacuum Cooling of Cabbage

Sahar Rahi ^{1, *}, Houshang Bahrami ², Mohammad javad Sheikhdavoudi ², Arash Davoudi ¹

1. Agricultural Mechanization Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran

2. Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran

Rahi.sahar1@gmail.com

Abstract: Pre-cooling is used to lower the temperature of the harvested agricultural products while vacuum cooling is known as a rapid evaporative cooling technique for any porous product which has free water. The aim of this research is to apply vacuum cooling technique for cooling of the cabbage and show the pressure effect on the cooling time and temperature decrease. The results showed pressure 0.7 Kpa reduce the cooling time of cabbage by 17% and 39% compared with 1 and 1.5 Kpa, Respectively and select pressure 0.7 KPa as the pressure in the final for chamber will lower mass loss. It has been also found that temperature distribution within the products during vacuum cooling despite the cabbage complex structure was homogeneous.

[Rahi S, Bahrami B, Sheikhdavoudi M, Davoudi A. Evaluation of Pressure Effects on Vacuum Cooling of Cabbage.. Researcher 2013;5(2):19-23]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 4

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.04

Key words: vacuum, cabbage, cooling, pressure, mass loss.

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A study of mental health and academic achievement of potential delinquents and non-delinquents

Dr. Nahid Ruhee¹, Showkat Rashid Wani²

1. Associate Professor, Directorate of Distance Education, University of Kashmir, Srinagar

2. Assistant Professor, Directorate of Distance Education, University of Kashmir, Srinagar

Email: drnahid_ruhee@yahoo.co.in showkatrashid@rediffmail.com

Abstract: The present paper examines the mental health and academic achievement of potential delinquents and non-delinquents of District Kulgam in Kashmir. The sample for this study was 50 delinquents and 50 non-delinquents, identified on the basis of 75^th percentile and 25^th percentile after the administration of delinquency proness scale. The results revealed that there is a significant mean difference between delinquents and non-delinquents on various dimensions of mental health and academic achievement.

[Nahid Ruhe, Showkat Rashid Wani. A study of mental health and academic achievement of potential delinquents and non-delinquents. Researcher 2013;5(2):24-27]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 5

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.05

Key words: Delinquents, non-delinquents, academic achievement, mental health.

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Production of Bioethanol from Spontaneous Fermentation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME).

*Wakil, Sherifah Monilola; Fasiku, Samuel Adedayo; Adelabu, Adebola Blessing and Onilude, Anthony Abiodun

Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Nigeria

shemowak@yahoo.com

Abstract: The feasibility of bioethanol production from spontaneous fermentation of palm oil mill effluent was carried out. Cooled POME (1.5L) was allowed to ferment spontaneously for 21 days for analysis of microbial quality, free fatty acid, lipase activity and ethanol contents. Effect of pH and supplementation on ethanol and other parameters were also determined every 3 days for 21 days. Ethanol content increased as the concentration of glucose increased and highest ethanol content (0.9%) was recorded at 25g/L and 30g/L of glucose in POME. Sugar cane bagasse supplementation had highest ethanol content (0.9%) at 20g/L and 30g/L thereafter decreased as its supplementation increased. Corn steep liquor supplementation did not have any effect on ethanol production from POME. Fermented POME supplemented with corn steep liquor had the highest lipase activity (0.00756μg/ml/day) and free fatty acid (2.561%) at 150ml/L. POME supplemented with 30g/L glucose and 30g/L sugar cane bagasse had the highest record of ethanol content (2.3%) at pH of 8.5 with highest free fatty acid (5.029%) at pH 6.5 on the 12th day of fermentation and highest lipase activity (0.03200μg/ml/day) was recorded at pH 6.5 on the 3rd day of fermentation. A relative high bioethanol can be produced by spontaneously fermenting POME with addition of 30g/L of glucose and 30g/L of sugar cane bagasse for 12 days at pH of 8.5.

[Wakil, Sherifah Monilola; Fasiku, Samuel Adedayo; Adelabu, Adebola Blessing and Onilude, Anthony Abiodun. Production of Bioethanol from Spontaneous Fermentation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Researcher 2013;5(2):28-35]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 6

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.06

Keywords: POME, Fermentation, Supplementation, Bioethanol production

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A study of b-vex function with convex optimization

Sachin Kumar Agrawal¹, Navneet Rohela², Mayank Pawar³

^1,2Moradabad Institute of Technology, Moradabad

³Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad

Abstract: In this paper we deal with different generalizations of b-vex functions. Some known properties of convex functions are studied for b-vex functions. Stress is given to establish certain interrelations among these functions. These results are also extended for vector valued functions on the lines of work done by [8].

[Sachin Kumar Agrawal, Navneet Rohel, Mayank Pawar. A study of b-vex function with convex optimization

Researcher 2013;5(2):36-38]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 7

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.07

Keywords: b-vex functions, convex optimization, Concave Optimization, non linear programming.

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Khap Panchayat & Personal Laws in India

Dr Ashish Kumar Singhal,Ikramuddin Malik, Abroo Khan Malik

Invertis University, Bareilly & Subharti University,Meerut, India

E-Mail: drashishsinghal08@gmail.com, ashish_kumar112000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Khap Panchayats are taking law in their hands and pronouncing on the invalidity and impropriety of Sagorta and inter caste marriages and handing over punishment to the couple and pressurizing the family members to execute their verdict by any means amount to flagrant violation of rule of law and invasion of personal liberty of the person affected. While in Indian law Sagotra marriages are not prohibited by law, but not in the view of olden times. After independence to dispel any doubts the Hindu Marriage disabilities removal Act 1946 was enacted. This act expressily declared the validity of marriages between Hindus to belonging to the same gotra or different sub division of same caste whereas in present time Hindu Marriage Act does not prohibit sagotra on inter caste marriage. Evil practice of Khap Panchayats as based on our culture and tradition must be ended. The killings of people for marrying their choice of partner is not a way to deliver any short of justice. The aim of the research is to find out the cases of the evolment of Khap Panchayats. Although our judiciary undoubtedly can play an important role for the banishment of such practice but has its own limitations. The researchers aim to highlight the facts specially in northern India that no one stands a chance to be above constitution and this cannot defeat the purpose of laws of land.

[Ashish Kumar Singhal,Ikramuddin Malik, Abroo Khan Malik. Khap Panchayat & Personal Laws in India

Researcher 2013;5(2):39-43]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 8

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.08

Key Words:Khap Panchayat,Marriage,Caste,Culture,Cases,Democracy.

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Solution Route Synthesis of Strontium Ruthenate (SrRuO₃) with Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) as a Surfactant and Study its Characterization through TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM-EDXA

S Pradhan¹, M Sakil², G S Roy^3*

1. Kishore Nagar College, Cuttack, Odisha, India

2. S.M College, Asureswar, Cuttack, Odisha, India

3. Bhadrak Autonomous College, Bhadrak, Odisha, India

gsroy2004@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: We have under taken the synthesis and characterization of a novel nanomaterial Strontium Ruthenate and explored the possibility of its role in design of a supercapacitor. Strontium Ruthenate is synthesized by solution route method and it is characterized by TGA, XRD and SEM-EDXA.

[S Pradhan, M Sakil, G S Roy. Solution Route Synthesis of Strontium Ruthenate (SrRuO3) with Cetyl Trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a Surfactant and Study its Characterization through TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM-EDXA. Researcher 2013;5(2):44-46]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 9

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.09

Keywords: Nanomaterials; Thermal analysis; X-ray diffraction; Scanning electron microscopy with Energy dispersive X-ray analysis.

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Law as a means of Social Control & Change in India

A Research Paper Presented by Dr. Ashish Kumar Singhal

Assistant Professor & HOD in Law,Invertis University,Bareilly, India

Corresponding E-Mail Address of the Author-drashishsinghal08@gmail.com

Abstract: Marxism is a vadical philosophy that advocated revolutionary social change as a method of reversing the exploitations and trfranny of the strong over the weak. Karl Marx and Frederic Engels believed that law was a superstructure built on the economic foundations and essentially reflected the implications of class struggle. Democratic socialist- the second group of Marxists is formed by liberal socialist thinkers like Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia and M.N. Roy. Jayaprakash Narayan Considered socialism as a new civilisation rather than mere school of thought. Another Indian socialist who gathered great inspiration from Marx, was Ram Manohar Lohia. He developed a social transformation through socialist ideologies by protecting women and workers. The third group of Marxist in India comprises of violent groups like CPI (Marxist- Leninist), People's War Group (PWG), Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) and People's Unity (PU). Naxalism is a set of vevolutionary thoughts and strategies developed by leaders under the influence of Marxism Originally to resolve the problems of exploited peasants.Jayaprakash Narayan's Solution to Naxalism problem in 1970. According to him Naxalism is primarily a social, economic, political and administrative problem and only secondarily a law and order question. Naxalism continues to pose a serious challenge to internal security in the counting. Marxism is a humanist reaction to economic and social exploitations.

[Ashish Kumar Singhal. Law as a means of Social Control &Change in India. Researcher 2013;5(2):47-51]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 10

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.10

Key Words-Social Change,Revolution,Secularism,Religion,Enactment.

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Synthesis & Characterization of Calcium Ruthenate (CRO) – Design of a Supercapacitor

S Pradhan¹, G S Roy^2*

1. Kishore Nagar College, Cuttack, Odisha, India

2. Chairman CHSE, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

gsroy2004@gmail.com

Abstract: Calcium Ruthenate (CaRuO₃) has been synthesized by solution route method and characterized by analysis of TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM-EDX. Finally the V-I characteristic have been drawn from which the specific capacitance have been calculated the value indicate that this material (CaRuO₃) when used as an oxide electrode will act as a supercapacitor.

[S Pradhan, G S Roy. Synthesis & Characterization of Calcium Ruthenate (CRO) –Design of a Supercapacitor. Researcher 2013; 5(2):52-55]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 11

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.11

Keywords: Nanomaterial; Thermal analysis; X-ray diffraction; Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis

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The Comparison between the Results of Students’ Self-report and Teachers’ Rating of their Students’ Multiple Intelligences

Al-sabbah Saher

King Saud University, College of Education

Saher_usm@yahoo.com, salsabbah@ksu.edu.sa

Abstract: The main purpose of conducting this study was to make a comparison between the results of two modes of Multiple Intelligence Development Assessment Scale (MIDAS); the students’ self-report and teachers’ rating of their students’ Multiple Intelligence (MI). The MIDAS has being adapted and validated in this used. Two groups of sample were formed in this study; the first group consisted of 1,404 students for the purpose of validating the Arabic version of MIDAS. In addition, the second group involved of 32 teachers and their 96 students for the purpose of compare the results of the both modes of MIDAS. The research design of the current study involved three main phases: the first phase is the adaptation and validation of the Arabic MIDAS. The second phase is the comparison between the results of MIDAS’s subscales. The third phase involved the determination of Spearman's rho correlation between the results of the two modes for overall MIDAS. The results showed that the comparison between the Interpersonal subscales was negative and the correlation for Natural subscales was not significant, whereas the correlations for the rest of MIDAS’s subscales were significant. Beside that, the results of the Kappa Index between the teachers and students on the MI rating indicated that there is a good value of the indices, which mean that there is a moderate of correspondence between the students’ self-report and teachers’ rating.

[Al-sabbah Saher. The Comparison between the Results of Students’ Self-report and Teachers’ Rating of their Students’ Multiple Intelligences Researcher 2013; 5(2):56-64]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 12

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.12

Key words: assessment comparison, validation, multiple intelligence, and MIDAS.

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The Effects of Explicit and Implicit Recast on the Acquisition of English Grammatical Agreement System by EFL Students

Farshad Mahnegar^1, Gholam Ali Kalanzadeh², Farhad Kianfar¹, Morteza Bakhtiarvand ^3*

1. Educational Management, Payame Noor University(PNU), Iran

2. English Language Department, Payame Noor University(PNU), Iran

3. English Language Department, Ministry of Education, Iran

m_bakhtiarvand@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of implicit and explicit recasts as two kinds of feedback on the acquisition of English grammatical agreement system by Iranian intermediate EFL learners. Two intact groups (Group A 27 students and group B 34 students) of university students were selected as the participants of the study. To see if there was any significant difference between the performances of the students on the target structure, a pre-test was given on the focused structure. The results obtained indicated no significant difference. A six session duration period of class time was devoted to teach the two groups using the two kinds of recasts. Group A was the explicit group and group B was the implicit group. After the treatment, a post-test was given on the target structure. A t-test was run on the results obtained from the post-test. The results indicated that the group received explicit recasts on their errors on the target structures outperformed the group receiving implicit recast on the same structures. The superiority of the explicit recast implied a beneficial role for negative evidence in SLA.

[Mahnegar F, Kalanzadeh GH, Kianfar F, Bakhtiarvand M. The Effects of Explicit and Implicit Recast on the Acquisition of English Grammatical Agreement System by EFL Students. Researcher 2013;5(2):65-69]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 13

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.13

Key words: Explicit recast, Implicit recast, Agreement.

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Toxicity of Zinc to Tropical Freshwater Snail (Pila ovata)

Caroline Nchedo Ariole¹ and Chiamaka Ukeje²

¹Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

cnariole@yahoo.com

² School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Abstract: The potential toxicity of zinc to freshwater snail (Pila ovata) was evaluated by static renewal bioassay for 96 hours. There was an initial range finding test to determine the concentration of zinc to be administered on the test organisms in the definitive test. Five concentrations of zinc were prepared in the definitive test as 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40mg/l and a control experiment (0.0mg/l). The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) at 24hr, 48hr, 72hr and 96hr were 138.48, 61.33, 27.57 and 21.20mg/l respectively. The median lethal time (LT₅₀) of zinc concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40mg/l were 111.66hrs, 100.49hrs, 86.45hrs, 77.78hrs and 67.17hrs respectively. Mortality increased with increase in zinc concentration and the number of survivors in each concentration differ significantly (p<0.05) from others. No death was recorded in the controls. The results indicate that zinc has mortality effect on Pila ovata and could pose serious threat to their survival in natural environment.

[Caroline Nchedo Ariole and Chiamaka Ukeje. Caroline Nchedo Ariole and Chiamaka Ukeje. Toxicity of Zinc to Tropical Freshwater Snail (Pila ovata). Researcher 2013;5(2):70-74]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 14

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.14

Keywords: zinc toxicity; freshwater snail; median lethal concentration; median lethal time.

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Principles of Gas Sensing Application of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices

J K Rath¹, S K Agarawalla², G S Roy^3*

1. Godavari’s Mahavidyalaya, Banapur, Khordha, Odisha, India

2. FM University, Balasore, Odisha, India

3. Chairman CHSE, Odisha, India

Abstract: This Paper gives the briefly idea about the basic type of chemical gas sensor and the gas sensing principles. It describes regarding surface chemistry of Diffusion of reactants to the active region, Adsorption of reactants onto the active region, Surface reaction, Desorption of products from the active region, Diffusion of products away from the active region and the application of this surface chemistry over the gas sensing principles of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices.

[J K Rath, S K Agarawalla, G S Roy. Principles of Gas Sensing Application of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices. Researcher 2013; 5(2):75-79]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 15

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.15

Keywords: Chemical gas Sensors, Adsorption, Desorption, Metal Oxide Semiconductor.

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Monitoring Physical Growth Of Nanded City By Using Geoinformatics Techniques

Yannawar V.B¹. Bhosle A.B.², Khadke P.A.³, Waghmare P.B⁴

1,4 Research Scholar, 2,3 Assistant Professor

School of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University,

Vishnupuri, Nanded 431606, (Maharashtra) India.

E-mail: vbyannawar@gmail.com, abbkandlikar@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper highlights the importance of remote sensing and GIS techniques in apprehending the situation in Nanded, (MH) India. Objectives: To study different applications of GIS techniques in urban planning. To prepare base layers maps for observed topographical features. Optimal path generation for tourist places. Generation of facility zone for police stations, land use/ land cover, change detection, Digital Elevation model (DEM) and Triangular Irregular Network (TIN). Analysis of database in GIS for delineation of drainage density and generation of digital cartographic database. Methods: To achieve plan metric accuracy, the remote sensing scene was rectified with respect to SOI maps on 1:50,000 scale. Then the subset of image has been taken according to the boundary of the study area. The digital classification technique has been used for the extraction of the land use and land cover information from the imagery. Results: Use of GIS in a research program for environmental management of the Godavari River in Nanded, and in support of participatory processes for managing environment and health in slums are used to demonstrate appropriate applications of GIS in India. Conclusions: The paper analyses the expansion of urbanized areas of Nanded between 1990 and 2012, based on comparison of old topographic sheets, recent satellite images and other similar information of the intervening years. A digital and visual-based classification method is applied to find out the areal extent of the city. It is found that main conversion has taken place from agriculture land to built-up land and road networks. This growth is subsequently discussed with levels of development, with focus on unplanned nature of growth.

[Yannawar V.B., Bhosle A.B., Khadke P.A., Waghmare P.B. Monitoring physical growth of Nanded city by using geoinformatics techniques. Researcher 2013;5(2):80-85]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher. 16

doi:10.7537/marsrsj050213.16

Key words: Geographic information systems; GIS, Digital Elevation model; DEM, Triangular Irregular Network; TIN.

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