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Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl acetate Using Developed Redox Initiation Systems

E. Al- sayah ¹, A. B. Moustafa² I. A. Sabah³ and A. I. Amr⁴

¹Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bani Souwaif University, Egypt

²Dept. of Polymers& Pigments, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

³Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, El-Azhar University, Egypt

⁴Chemist in umiversal for building materials and chemicals

Hanaa_nasr@hotmail.com

Abstract: The kinetics of emulsion Polymerization of vinyl acetate in presence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as non ionic surfactants using potassium persulphate in coupling with acetone sodium bisulphite (AcSBS) adduct as aliphatic reducing agent and benzaldehyde sodium bisulphite (BSBS)adduct as aromatic reducing one was studied. The results show that the rate of polymerization (Rp) was found to be dependent on the initiator concentration to the powers 1.08 and 0.57 in presence of potassium persulphate/ acetone sodium bisulphite (KPS/AcSBS) and potassium persulphate/ benzaldehyde sodium bisulphite (KPS/BSBS) . While it was dependent on emulsifier concentration to the powers 1.0 and 0.7 for KPS/ACSBS and KPS/BSBS. As well as, the monomer was found to be dependent to the power 0.0.36 and 0.39. The activation energies for the emulsion polymerization of VAc using two reducing agent are as follows 2.48 x10 ⁴, 5.19 x 10 ⁴ J / mol, The morphological studies of some prepared polyvinyl acetate latex particles reveal that decreasing the concentration of non ionic surfactant the volume average diameter decrease (v).

 [E. Al- sayah, A.B.Moustafa I.A. Sabah, and A. I. Amr, Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl acetate Using Developed Redox Initiation Systems] Researcher. 2011;3(11):1-6]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net

doi:10.7537/marsrsj031111.01

Key words: emulsion polymerization, kinetics, morphology, vinyl acetate, poly vinyl alchohol, redox initiation systems

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Effect of Filler Carbonizing Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites

Ayo M.D^*, Madufor I.C^a, Ekebafe L.O, Chukwu M.N.

Department of Polymer Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria

^aDepartnment of Polymer/Textile Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

Abstract: The effect of carbonization temperature on the mechanical properties of groundnut shell filled natural rubber composite was studied. Samples of groundnut shell were carbonized at varying temperature (100,200,300,400,500,600,700 ^oC) for three hours each and they were ground and passed through 150µm sieve. Another sample was ground without carbonization and filtered as well. The compound mixes were cured using efficient vulcanization system. Mechanical properties of the composites were measured as a function of filler type and loading in comparison with N330 carbon black filled natural rubber composite. It was found that some mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus, hardness and abrasion resistance increase with filler carbonization temperatures and loading while other properties such as compression set, Flex fatigue and elongation decreases with filler carbonization temperature and loading. The percentage swelling in Benzene, Toluene and Xylene also decreases with carbonization.

[Ayo M.D^*, Madufor I.C^a, Ekebafe L.O, Chukwu M.N. Effect of Filler Carbonizing Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites. Researcher. 2011;3(11):7-10]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net

doi:10.7537/marsrsj031111.02

KEYWORDS: Carbonization, Filler, composite, vulcanizate and Reinforcing.

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 Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among Palm Wine Drinkers in Ibadan Metropolis

Alli JA¹, Okonko IO², Oyewo AJ¹, Kolade AF¹, Nwanze JC³, Ogunjobi PN¹, Tonade OO¹, Dada VK¹

¹Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria ; ²Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, P.M.B, 5323, Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria

³Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria.

mac2finney@yahoo.com; iheanyi.okonko@yahoo.com; Tel.: +234 803 538 0891

ABSTRACT:A parasitological study was conducted among 203 apparently healthy looking palm wine drinkers within Ibadan metropolis to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites. Stool and palm wine samples were collected and analyzed using wet microscopy together with formol-ether concentration method. Analysis of palm wine samples from 10 different palm wine joints sampled were negative for all forms of intestinal parasites. Of the 203 stool samples examined, only 12(5.9%) were positive to four parasites. The frequency of occurrences of intestinal parasites encountered were as follow: Ascaris lumbricoides (50.0%), Hookworm (33.4%), Entamoeba histolytica (8.3%), and Strongyloides stercoralis (8.3%). The highest prevalence of infection was recorded among the male palm wine drinkers [12(6.4%)]; no intestinal parasite was detected among their female counterparts. Age specific prevalence showed that infection was higher among age group 61-70 years of age (30.0%). Occupation specific prevalence showed that prevalence was higher among traders, military and civil servants with prevalence of 11.1, 10.0 and 8.3% respectively. It also showed that the prevalence of intestinal parasites was higher among the married subjects [10(6.8%)] than the singles [2(3.6%)]. In conclusion, there was no statistically significant difference between ages (p=0.700) and sex (p=1.048) of the subjects and the acquisition of intestinal parasitic infections. However, there was statistically significant difference between occupations (p=-0.222) and marital status (p=-0.178) of the subjects and the acquisition of intestinal parasitic infections. This study shows that a good percentage of palm wine drinkers were infested by intestinal parasites and reinforces the need for adequate health education is essential for the people in these communities to enlighten them on good sanitary practices in order to prevent infection.

 [Alli JA¹, Okonko IO², Oyewo AJ¹, Kolade AF¹, Nwanze JC³, Ogunjobi PN¹, Tonade OO¹, Dada VK.. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among Palm Wine Drinkers in Ibadan Metropolis. Researcher. 2011;3(11):11-16]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net

doi:10.7537/marsrsj031111.03

Key words: Intestinal parasites, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Entamoeba histolytica, Strongyloides stercoralis

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Dynamic Simulation for Domestic Solid Waste Composting Processes

Beidou Xi ^{1, *}, Zimin Wei ^{1, 2}, Hongliang Liu ¹

1. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China

2. Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China

xibeidou@263.net, weizm691120@163.com

Abstract: Modeling composting processes is the prerequisite to realize the process control of composting. In this paper, a simulation model for domestic solid waste composting processes was developed based on microbial process kinetics, mass conservation equation, energy conservation equation and water balance. Differential equations describing microbial, substrate, oxygen concentrations, moisture content and temperature profiles were derived. Considering that several factors (temperature, oxygen, moisture and FAS) in the process interacted to composting processes, microbial biomass growth kinetics was described. In order to verify the model, a series of aerobic composting experiments on domestic solid wastes were conducted. Temperature, moisture, microbial biomass growth, oxygen consumption rate and the concentrations of organic components were monitored in the composting processes and also simulated with the developed model. The simulation results were well consistent with the experimental results. It also could be seen from the model that the efficiency of composting processes could be raised and aeration requirements could be reduced by controlling the oxygen concentration in the exhaust air within a proper range. When the range is 8% to 12%, the aeration requirements reduced 79.61%. This result was verified by the composting experiment. When initial moisture content was higher than 66% or lower than 33%, it would significantly reduce the rate of substrate degradation. It indicated the effect of initial moisture content on the composting processes was significant. A simple sensitivity analysis demonstrated that two key parameters in composting modeling to determine were maximum specific growth rate () and yield coefficient (Y_Y/S). Therefore, the composting processes could be optimized by the application of the developed simulation model.

[Beidou Xi, Zimin Wei, Hongliang Liu. Dynamic Simulation for Domestic Solid Waste Composting Processes. Researcher. 2011;3(11):17-28]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). . http://www.sciencepub.net

doi:10.7537/marsrsj031111.04

Key words: dynamic simulation; model; composting; domestic solid waste

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Sentence Ordering Techniques in Multi Document Summarization

Hari Om Sharan¹, Garima¹, Md. Haroon¹, and Rajeev Kumar²

¹Deptt. of Computer Science, COE, Teerthankar Mahaveer University, Moradabad, (India).

²Department of Computer Application

Teerthanker Mahaveer University Moradabad(U.P.) India

Email ID: rajeev2009mca@gmail.com,

Abstract: Extracting salient information to include in a summary has been researched extensively in the field of automatic text summarization. However, coherent arrangement of the extracted information has not received much attention. Specially, in the case of extractive multi-document text summarization, sentences that convey important information are selected from a set of documents. There is no guarantee that this set of extracted sentences will form a coherent summary by itself. The order of presentation of information extracted is an important factor and affects the coherence of a summary. This paper focuses on the various techniques for generating a coherent summary from a given set of documents by ordering the extracted sentences. In our previous paper “Approaches to Summarize Multi Documents Using Information Extraction” we discussed the approaches for information extraction, in this paper we are introducing various approaches for sentence ordering of extracted information in multi document summarization.

[Hari Om Sharan, Garima, Md. Haroon, and Rajeev Kumar. Sentence Ordering Techniques in Multi Document Summarization. Researcher. 2011;3(11):29-35]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net

doi:10.7537/marsrsj031111.05

Key words: Multi-document summarization; sentence ordering; information extraction.

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In vitro Shoot initiation from Apical shoot buds & Meristems of Gloriosa superba L. – An endangered medicinal herb of high commercial value

Ashok Kumar Khandel¹*, Shagufta Khan², Sujata Ganguly¹ and Amarjeet Bajaj¹

1. Department of Botany, Govt. Motilal Vigyan Mahavidyalaya, Nr. Old Vidhansabha Bhopal- 462008 (M.P.), India

2. Grow Tips Biotech, 35/A, Hazrat Nizamuddin Colony, Bhopal-462010, (M.P.), India.

*Email: khandel.ak@gmail.com

Abstract: This research work has given a method for in vitro propagation by shoot induction in Gloriosa superba L., which is a medicinal plant of high commercial value. For shoot formation both apical shoot buds & meristems were used. This was achieved on MS medium containing BAP in combination with NAA & Kinetin alone or in combination with BAP was tested. Best shoot initiation response was achieved on MS Medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA on both apical shoot bud & meristem explants. The maximum percentage of explants (meristems & apical shoot bud) forming shoots are 90 ± 7.0 and 88 ± 6.2 respectively. Increase or decrease in concentration of BAP 2.0 mg/l + NAA 0.5 mg/l, increases, no. of days required for shoot initiation. Meristems showed more pronounced effect of shoot formation than apical shoot bud explants. These induced shoots were increase in their number & in size when were given subsequent incubation period. Addition of BAP in combination of Kn or Kn alone failed to show good shoot initiation response. The shoot induction protocol developed in this study provides a basis for germplasm conservation and for further investigation of medicinally active constituents of the elite medicinal plant. Further work for standardization of efficient in vitro protocol for best shoot multiplication & in vitro rooting is under progress in our laboratory.

[Ashok Kumar Khandel, Shagufta Khan, Sujata Ganguly and Amarjeet Bajaj. In vitro Shoot initiation from Apical shoot buds & Meristems of Gloriosa superba L. – An endangered medicinal herb of high commercial value. Researcher. 2011;3(11):36-45]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net

doi:10.7537/marsrsj031111.06

Key words: Gloriosa superba, in vitro, micropropagation, medicinal plant

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