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Bone Status in Hyperthyroidism: Impact of Severity, Duration, and Etiology of Hyperthyroidism on Bone Turnover Markers and Bone Mineral Density

Soma Sherif Abd El Gawad¹, Mohamed Ghonaim², El Hadidy Mohamed El Hadidy², Mohamed Abou El Atta³

Departments of Clinical Pathology¹, Internal Medicine² and Diagnostic Radiology³, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

somaabdelgawad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Hyperthyroidism is accompanied by osteoporosis with higher incidence of fracture rates. The present work aimed to study bone status in hyperthyroidism and to elucidate the impact of severity, duration, and etiology of hyperthyroidism on biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD). Subjects& Methods: Fifty-two male patients with hyperthyroidism, 31 with Graves' disease (GD) and 21 with toxic multinodular goiter (TNG), with an age ranging from 23 to 65 years were included, together with 25 healthy euthyroid men with matched age as a control group. In addition to full clinical examination, patients and controls were subjected to measurement of BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometery scanning of the lower half of the left radius. Also, biochemical markers of bone turnover were done for all patients and controls. Results: Biochemical markers of bone turnover: included serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, carboxy terminal telopeptide of type l collagen also, urinary deoxypyridinoline cross-links (DXP), urinary DXP/urinary creatinine ratio and urinary calcium/urinary creatinine ratio were significantly higher in patients with GD and TNG compared to controls (P<0.01). However, there was non-significant difference in these parameters between GD and TNG patients (P>0.05). BMD was significantly lower in GD and TNG compared to controls, but the Z-score of BMD at the lower half of the left radius in patients with GD (-1.7±0.5 SD) was not significantly different from those with TNG (-1.6±0.6 SD) (>0.05). There was significant positive correlation between free T3 and free T4 with biochemical markers of bone turnover, but negative correlation between TSH and these biochemical markers of bone turnover. The duration of the thyrotoxic state positively correlated with the assessed bone turnover markers, but it is negatively correlated with the Z-score of BMD in the studied hyperthyroid patients (r=-0.68, P<0.0001). Conclusion: Men with hyperthyroidism have significant bone loss with higher biochemical markers of bone turnover. The severity and the duration of the thyrotoxic state are directly related to the derangement of biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone loss.

[Soma Sherif Abd El Gawad, Mohamed Ghonaim, El Hadidy Mohamed El Hadidy and Mohamed Abou El Atta: Bone Status in Hyperthyroidism. Researcher. 2011;3(5):1-8]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.01

Key words: Bone mineral density, Bone formation markers, Bon resorption markers, Hyperthyroidism, Osteoporosis.

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A Comparative Study of Performance of Male and Female Students in Engineering Drawing at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso

*Oladeji¹, J.T., Sangotayo², E.O., and Adebiyi³, K.A.

¹Mechanical Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

oladeji2004@yahoo.com/jtoladeji@gmail.com

²Mechanical Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

olemsangotayo@yahoo.com

³Mechanical Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

engrkaadebiyi@yahoo.com

*Correspondence Author

Abstract: The importance of engineering drawing cannot be overemphasized, as it is one of core courses in engineering curriculum. Hence, adequate and in-depth knowledge of the subject is required to become a successful engineer. This study was carried out to determine, if there were significant differences in the performance of male and female students in engineering drawing at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso. Secondary data in form of the results or scores for the past five years were collected from the examination officers of various departments, through the permission of their heads of departments. Essentially, cumulative grade point average (CGPA) of the students was used. Data were analysed using means and standard deviations at 95 % confidence level. Data were further subjected to t-test analyses through the employment of Chi-square tests. The trends performance of students based on gender, courses, and as well as years of study were also investigated. The mean scores of 2.725 and 2.6 were obtained for female students for the period of five years in MEE 201 (Engineering Drawing I) and MEE 202 (Engineering Drawing II) respectively, while the corresponding mean scores for male students were 3.0 and 2.925. Statistics revealed that, there was no significant difference in the overall performance between the male and female students in engineering drawing. The results of ANOVA test further showed that, whether based on gender, courses and years, there were no significant differences in the trend of performance of both female and male students. The study concluded that, the males are not academically superiors to females and that gender analysis of performance is not on biological differences.

[Oladeji, J.T., Sangotayo, E.O., and Adebiyi, K.A. A Comparative Study of Performance of Male and Female Students in Engineering Drawing at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso. Researcher. 2011;3(5):9-12]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.02

Key words: Engineering drawing, female students, gender, male students, performance

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Volvariella of West Bengal, India I.

Arun Kumar Dutta¹, Prakash Pradhan¹, Anirban Roy² ­­­, Krishnendu Acharya ¹*

^1*Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, - 700019, India.

²West Bengal Biodiversity Board, Paribesh Bhawan, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, - 700098, India.

Email: krish_paper@yahoo.com

Abstract: Different species of Volvariella, under the family Pluteaceae was collected from different places of West Bengal and was found to be predominant in this state. A detailed macro and microscopic features of those species were presented in this paper.

[Dutta AK, Pradhan P, Roy A, Acharya K. Volvariella of West Bengal, India I. Researcher. 2011;3(5):13-17]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.03

Key words: India, Macrofungi, Volvariella gloiocephala, Volvariella pusilla, Volvariella volvacea, West Bengal

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Diabetes Self-Management Education to Empower Adolescents with Diabetes

Iman I. Abd Al Moniem; Madiha A. Morsi* and Salma El-Sayd

Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing-Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

*madihaaboughala@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of diabetes self-management education (DSME) on empowering adolescents towards seven diabetic self-care management. A purposive sample of 52 adolescents’ aged from twelve to eighteen years, who have type I diabetes as a chronic illness, were taken from Diabetic Pediatric Out-Patient Clinic at Children Hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University. The tools were used in the study included demographic data sheet, questionnaire sheet act as a baseline assessment for knowledge and observation checklist to assess practice regarding to seven items of DSME and the data collection tools were used twice pre/post. The study revealed that, there was a statistically significant difference between pre/post, pre/follow-up and post/follow-up implementation of DSME sessions and after six months follow-up. The study concluded that DSME had empowered adolescents toward achieve self-care. It could be recommended that DSME could be applied to all age of children especially adolescents to guide the intervention and improve the care.

 [Iman I. Abd Al Moniem; Madiha A. Morsi and Salma El-Sayd. Diabetes Self-Management Education to Empower Adolescents with Diabetes. Researcher. 2011;3(5):18-26]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.04

Keywords: Diabetes care. Self management, Education, Empowerment

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The Effect of Storage Condition on the Rheological/Functional Properties of Soup Thickener Mucuna sloanei (Ukpo)

Nwosu, Justina

Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526 Owerri

Ifytina19972003@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of storage conditions on the rheological/functional properties of ‘Ukpo’ (Mucuna sloanei), was studied for 12 weeks and analysed at 4 week intervals. The seeds were subjected to five different storage conditions namely refrigeration, ambient, fire place (Ngiga), plastic, and mud pot. Rheological analysis showed that the values of the legumes significantly decreased (p≤0.05) for viscosity, water absorption, oil absorption, foaming capacity, Emulsifying capacity, swelling index, wetability and solubility as the storage time increased from I week to 12 weeks; while there was no significant increase (p≥0.05) in gelation, and bulk density as time of storage from I week to 12 weeks. The values of gelation of “Ukpo” stored under refrigeration increased from (24.00% - 32.00%) as the storage time increased from 1 week to 12 weeks. The protein content of “Ukpo” also decreased in fire place (Ngiga) after 12 weeks of storage from (19.80%) to (17.80%).

[Nwosu, Justina. The Effect of Storage Condition on the Rheological/Functional Properties of Soup Thickener Mucuna Sloanei (Ukpo). Researcher. 2011;3(6):27-32]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.05

Key words: Storage Condition; Rheological/Functional Property; Soup Thickener Mucuna sloanei

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Pollution survey of Ikpoba River, Benin City, Nigeria.

IGBOANUGO Anthony Clement¹, CHIEJINE Chinedu Michael².

1 & 2 Department of Production Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.

e-mail: dracigboanugo@yahoo.com; pstchiejine@yahoo.com

Abstract: There have been some growing apprehensions about the level of effluent loading in Ikpoba River and the concomitant implications to human health and safety of aquatic communities. This paper is on the analysis of samples of river water and canalized effluent stream carried out in order to ascertain if the fears are mere obsession. The research results confirm overloading and suggest that the fears are real.

[IGBOANUGO Anthony Clement, CHIEJINE Chinedu Michael. Pollution survey of Ikpoba River, Benin City, Nigeria. Researcher. 2011;3(6):33-39]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.06

Key words: Biodegradation, environmental order, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)

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Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in diabetic and non-diabetic coronary artery disease patients

Soma Sh Abd El Gawad, Mahmoud M Yossof*, Ahmad A Wafa Soliman*, Ayman A Abd El-Aziz*, Fagr B El-Shahat** and Amal K Selim**

Departments of Clinical Pathology, Cardiology* and Biochemistry** Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt. somaabdelgawad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Little is known about the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum level of iNOS and its mRNA expression in patients with CAD and diabetes mellitus. Patients and Methods: The study conducted on 42 CAD patients (28 with type II diabetes mellitus & 14 non-diabetics), mean age 58.35+5.38 years. Diagnosis of CAD was established by presence of characteristic chest pain, ECG changes, Exercise tread mill test or dobutamine stress test echocardiography. Twenty healthy subjects of matched age were included as a control group. All subjected to through history taking, clinical examination, E.C.G., echocardiography, laboratory investigations as blood sugar, lipid profiles, measurement of iNOS serum level by enzyme immunosorbent assay and detection of iNOS mRNA expression using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: The level of iNOS was significantly higher in patients group compared with control group (25.18±5.6 versus 7.61±1.55 IU/ml, P<0.0001) and in diabetics versus non diabetic patients (28.48±5.6 versus 16.45±5.62 IU/ml, P<0.0001). Also, iNOS mRNA expression was found to be positive in 54.8% of all patient group and 71.4% of diabetic patients compared to 21.4% of non diabetics. The activity of iNOS and its expression increase significantly within the patients group with increase age and presence of dyslipidemia, but ejection fraction was lower in patients with iNOS mRNA expression than patient without. Positive correlation was detected between serum iNOS and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure, but negative correlation with ejection fraction was detected. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that, stimulated expression of iNOS gene and higher serum levels of iNOS is associated with CAD and/or diabetes mellitus. The use of iNOS gene transfer or antisense technology aiming at inhibiting the expression of iNOS may be beneficial therapeutic value in these conditions.

[Soma Sh Abd El Gawad, Mahmoud M Yossof, Ahmad A Wafa Soliman, Ayman A Abd El-Aziz, Fagr B El-Shahat and Amal K Selim: Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in diabetic and non-diabetic coronary artery disease patients. Researcher. 2011;3(6):40-48]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.07

Key words: Inducible nitric oxide synthase – Coronary artery disease – Diabetes mellitus.

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An approach towards the solution of NP-Complete Problem

Hari Om Sharan¹, Rajeev Kumar¹ and Vikas Solanki²

¹Computer Science Department College of Engineering, Teerthanker Mhaveer University, Moradabad.(India)

²Computer Science Department, IET, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, (India).

E-Mail: sharan.hariom@gmail.com, rajeevphd@hotmail.com

Abstract: DNA Computing is an alternative method for computations. It is based on the observation that in general it is possible to design of series of biochemical experiments involving DNA molecules which is equivalent to processing information encoded in these molecules. Cook’s Theorem tells that if one algorithm for an NP-complete or an NP-hard problem will be developed, then other problems will be solved by means of reduction to that problem. The minimum vertex cover problem is a classic graph optimization problem and has been shown to be NP-Complete. In this paper, we propose a DNA algorithm for solving the minimum vertex-cover problem.

[Hari Om Sharan, Rajeev Kumar and Vikas Solanki. An approach towards the solution of NP-Complete Problem. Researcher. 2011;3(6):49-52]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.08

Keywords: DNA Computing; NP-complete problems; NP-hard problems; Minimum Vertex Cover Problem; Cook’s Theorem.

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Taxonomic studies on Fern and Fern-allies of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve in Meghalaya State, India

Bikarma Singh ^(1*), V.N. Singh ⁽¹⁾, S.J. Phukan ⁽¹⁾, B.K. Sinha⁽¹⁾ and S.K. Borthakur ⁽²⁾

1. Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Circle, Shillong-793002, Meghalaya, India.

2. Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwhati- 781014, Assam, India.

* Corresponding author. Email: bikarma81@.co.in.; bikarmasinghtaxonomy@gmail.com

Mobile no.: 09436334789

ABSTRACT: The present research work is the first survey report on the Pteridophytic flora of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, Meghalaya. An enumeration of 69 species under 38 genera and 24 families has been provided. Among these 14 species are new records for the Meghalaya State, while 41 species extend their distribution from Khasi and Jaintia hills to Garo hills district. Ecologically 36 species recorded growing in terrestrial condition while 26 are epiphytic and 07 species are lithophytes. This paper deals with brief taxonomic description, phenology, key to genera and species for easy identification of the pteridophytes.

[Bikarma Singh, V.N. Singh, S.J. Phukan, B.K. Sinha and S.K. Borthakur. Taxonomic studies on Fern and Fern-allies of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve in Meghalaya State, India. Researcher. 2011;3(6):53-54]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.09

Key words: Pteridophytes, Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, Garo Hills, Meghalaya.

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Food Preference of Aplocheilus panchax (Cyprinidontiformes : Aplocheilidae) with Special Reference towards Mosquito larvae

N. Pemola Devi, R.K. Jauhari¹

Dept. of Zoology, D.B.S. (P.G.) College, Dehradun – 248001, India

¹Dept. of Zoology, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Dehradun – 248001, India

npmola@rediffmail.com; jauharirk@hotmail.com

Abstract: As there is a lack of study on food intake by larvivorous fish in general and Aplocheilus panchax (Cyprinidontiformes: Aplocheilidae) in particular, henceforth a study on food preference by the fish with special reference to Anopheline mosquito larvae has been taken up with aims of its application in field conditions in controlling mosquito population. The test fishes were collected from water fragments of Loktak lake in Manipur state, India. Two experiments were designed - first experiment on the size range food preference between live and artificial food when supplied separately while the second one is based on size range specific preference towards different food items when supplied together. The consumption rate of fish was found higher towards mosquito larvae than chironomids larvae and artificial food. The consumption rate of fish increases on increasing size range. Two-way ANOVA was followed for 2 source of variance i.e., size of fish and food types. A comparison has been made using F-test at 1% level of significance. The fish Aplocheilus panchax showed higher preference to live food and that too on Anopheline larvae; it is presumed that this fish could be one of the efficient biocontrol agents in fields and thus in reducing mosquito borne diseases.

[N. Pemola Devi, R.K. Jauhari. Food Preference of Aplocheilus panchax (Cyprinidontiformes: Aplocheilidae) with Special Reference towards Mosquito larvae. Researcher. 2011;3(6):55-59]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.10

Key words: Aplocheilus panchax; mosquito / chironomids larvae; artificial food; food preference

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Perceptions of mothers on food safety related and the microbiological contamination of complimentary foods – A case study in 2 rural areas in Southwestern Nigeria.

^*1Omemu A.M, ²Atanda O.O, ³Ayinde I.A and ⁴Henshaw, F.O.

^*1Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB), PMB, 2240, Nigeria.

 ². Department of Food services and tourism, UNAAB, Nigeria.

³. Department of Agric Economics, UNAAB, Nigeria.

⁴. Department of Food science and Technology, UNAAB Nigeria.

bjomemu@yahoo.com; amomemu@gmail.com; omemuam@unaab.edu.ng.

Abstract: This study aimed to assess the food safety practices of mothers with children under 5 years old and to evaluate the microbiological quality of some traditional complimentary foods used. Quantitative data were collected from respondents (n = 100) using a Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Practices (KABP) questionnaire and face-to face interview. Only 11% of the mothers are educated up to tertiary level, 13% used tap water as drinking water and 54% used kerosene stoves for cooking. Over 85% wash hands before feeding children, after cleaning child’s stool, eating or cooking food, but usage of soap is very limited. The traditional foods commonly used as complimentary foods include ogi, amala, rice, beans, eba and eko. The highest microbial count (7.01 + 0.17log cfu/g) was observed with eko while the least count (3.42 + 0.22 log cfu/g) was observed in amala. The microorganisms isolated from the food sampled include Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo and Penicillium species. Out of the 240 food samples examined, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 210 (87.5%) samples; E.coli was isolated from 56 food sample while faecal coliform was isolated from 48 samples. To achieve global food safety it is necessary to inform consumers, especially mothers, about fundamental principles of food safety assurance at home, since food safety begins and ends in the home of a consumer.

[Omemu A.M, Atanda O.O, Ayinde I.A and Henshaw, F.O. Perceptions of mothers on food safety related and the microbiological contamination of complimentary foods – A case study in 2 rural areas in Southwestern Nigeria. Researcher. 2011;3(6):60-67]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.11

Key words: complimentary foods, ogi, eko, children and bacteria

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An Optimizations Problem with First Order Conditions

Dr. Mayank Pawar¹,Vijendra Rawat¹, Dr. Sanjeev Rajan² & Rajeev Kumar³

¹Deptt. of Mathematics, College of Engineering, Teerthankar Mahaveer University, Moradabad. India

²H.O.D. Mathematics Hindu college, Moradabad. India

³Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Teerthanker Mahaveer University Moradabad. India

Email: Vijendr.rawat@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:-In this paper we consider the optimization problem and define the first order condition that holds the optimization problem. Section 1.1 defines the first order conditions; section 1.2 gives the some example of unconstrained problem.

[Mayank Pawar,Vijendra Rawat, Sanjeev Rajan & Rajeev Kumar. An Optimizations Problem with First Order Conditions. Researcher. 2011;3(6):68-71]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.12

Keywords: optimization, Local minimum point, global minimum point.

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Online Education in rural

¹Mojtaba Sadighi and ²Mehran Bozorgmanesh

1, 2Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: sharif11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: Distance education delivers classes (live or pre-taped) to students in their home, office, or classroom. It is used by K-12, higher education, continuing education and business. As the cost of delivering quality education increases, institutions find that limited resources prevent them from building facilities, hiring faculty, or expanding curricula. They are using distance education to maximize resources and are combining their assets with others to produce programming. Distance education is offered internationally, nationally, regionally, and locally over all forms of conferencing technology. Distance education delivers classes (live or pre-taped) to students in their home, office, or classroom. It is used by K-12, higher education, continuing education and business. As the cost of delivering quality education increases, institutions find that limited resources prevent them from building facilities, hiring faculty, or expanding curricula. They are using distance education to maximize resources and are combining their assets with others to produce programming. Distance education is offered internationally, nationally, regionally, and locally over all forms of conferencing technology. Distance learning is expanding and examples of it are increasing dramatically. Fewer than 10 states were using distance learning in 1987; today, virtually all states have an interest or effort in distance education. Distance learning systems connect the teacher with the students when physical face-to-face interaction is not possible. Telecommunications systems carry instruction, moving information instead of people. The technology at distant locations are important and affect how interaction takes place, what information resources are used, and how effective the system is likely to be.

[Mojtaba Sadighi and Mehran Bozorgmanesh. Online Education in rural. Researcher. 2011;3(6):72-77]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.13

Keywords: Online Education, distance education

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Study of plasma erythropoietin hormone level in patients with liver cirrhosis

Mohamed Alaa El-Din Nouh*, Hossam I Mohamed*, Emad F Abd-El Halim**, Ashraf A El Sherbiny***, Wafaa M Ezzat ***, Reham I Siddik***

* Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty Of Medicine, Menoufia University.

** Clinical And Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty Of Medicine, Menoufia University.

*** Internal Medicine Department, National Research Center.

Abstract: Background and aims: Circulating erythropoietin (Epo) levels were found to be increased in patients with acute and chronic liver diseases. This may be due to impaired liver function and its possible influence on Epo catabolism, inflammation, through the liberation of cytokines with a modulating action on Epo. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of plasma erythropoietin hormone level and its relation to anemia in cirrhotic patients. Methods: 60 cirrhotic patients and 20 healthy persons of matched age and sex as a control group were selected. All were subjected to full clinical; laboratory and ultrasonographic assessment to diagnose liver cirrhosis and accordingly, cirrhotic patients were classified into 3 groups (G1a: Child's grade A; G1b: Child's grade B; G1c: Child's grade C) 20 patient in each group. Plasma Epo was detected to all subjects. Results: High significant elevation of mean plasma Epo values as well as Epo Hb normalized ratio in cirrhotic groups (G1a, G1b & G1c) when compared to control group (G2) p<0.001. Significant elevation in mean plasma Epo value of anemic patients when compared to non-anemic patients p<0.05. Highly significant negative correlation between mean plasma Epo value and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration p<0.01. Conclusion: Plasma Epo levels are significantly higher in patients with liver cirrhosis, plasma Epo levels in anemic cirrhotic patients are significantly higher than that of non- anemic cirrhotic patients and Hb concentration is not the only factor responsible for elevated plasma Epo level in cirrhotic patients.

[Mohamed Alaa El-Din Nouh, Hossam I Mohamed, Emad F Abd-El Halim, Ashraf A El Sherbiny, Wafaa M Ezzat, Reham I Siddik. Study of plasma erythropoietin hormone level in patients with liver cirrhosis. Researcher. 2011;3(6):78-83]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.14

Key words: Erythropoietin –liver cirrhosis –anemia

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Empowering rural women in Iran by micro-credit

¹ Abbas Emami and ² Mehdi Nazarpour

1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: hossein11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the development countries, rural societies which are poverty for geographic reasons such as being far from urban societies or because of mountainous of zone and also as the roads are impassable and some other reason, they became deprived of many human development programs. Unfortunately these societies are suffering of mortality because of poverty but what is clear here is that we can't attribute such privation to geography and nature of the zone. Every country is tying to solve such critical conditions by applying depoverty policies. Poverty spreading in village is a global issue. According to the Fao finding about % 75 of world’s poor people that are more than 1 milliard people are living in rural zone and more than % 70 of this poverty people are women. As the most of the people who are poor are living in village and are women is the reason for insufficiency of rural development programs. One of the other basic barriers in development of rural women is their independent inaccessibility to get credits for investment in their job. Although their illiteracy is the big barrier to use of bank credits, but this view that women are dependent people that their husband should decide about their financial decisions is the other reason that rural women couldn't access to official credits. Maybe these barriers are the reason why rural women are happy about applying micro-credit thought in village. In micro-credits programs other than offering and distributing micro loans, there are also small savings and deposits so that they are designed as form of saving-credit programs.

[Abbas Emami and Mehdi Nazarpour. Empowering rural women in Iran by micro-credit. Researcher. 2011;3(6):84-87]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.15

Keywords: Empowerment, Rural Women, Micro-Credit IRAN

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Influences Gender on Self-esteem among adolescents

Armin Mahmoudi¹

Assistant Professor, Department of Studies in Education, Yasouj branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasouj, Iran

dehlidena@yahoo.com; phone: 00989177430926

Abstract: In the present study an attempt is made to see whether male and female adolescents studying in standard 9 differ in their level self- esteem. A total of 100 adolescent students studying in Yasouj city were randomly selected. They were administered Self- esteem inventory developed by Cooper and Smith (1987), which measured self- esteem of an individual in 5 areas-general self, social self, home parents, lie scale and school academic. Independent samples ‘t’ test was applied to see the differences between male and female students. Results revealed that male students found to have higher levels of self- esteem compared to female students.

[Armin Mahmoudi. Influences Gender on Self-esteem among adolescents. Researcher. 2011;3(6):88-91]. (ISSN: 1553-9865). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsrsj030611.16

Key words: Self-Esteem, Adolescence, Gender, standard 9^th , male and female

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