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Phyto-chemical Screening of Seed Oil, Yield and Antibacterial Effect Of Jatropha Curcas And Ricinus Communis Oils Fractions Against Selected Bacteria

¹Etu Emmanuela, ² Isu, Nnena Rosemary

Department of Microbiology, University of Auja, P.M.B. 117, Abuja, Nigeria

¹josephella2014@gmail.com, ²nnennaya.isu@uniabuja.edu.ng

Abstract: The antibacterial effect of Jatropha curcas and Ricinus communis oils fractions against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Escherichia coli (LMG 21766) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) was carried out. The extracts were obtained by mechanical exhaustive extraction using the hydraulic press to obtain crude oil extracts from the seeds. The evaluation of phytochemicals, the crude of extract were fractionated by thin layer and column chromatography carried out qualitatively following standard methods. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and glycosides in both oil extracts. Five (5) fractions each were obtained for both J. curcas and R. communis. Fraction 2 had significantly higher (P<0.05) effect against the test organisms for both oil extracts. Fractions1, 3, 4 and 5 also showed significant effects (8.0±0.50-26.5±0.50 mm) against all the test organisms for both oil extracts. The fractions and their combinations were more effective for J. curcas than R. communis against the test organisms. The combination of fractions 1 & 2 for J. curcas had significantly higher (P<0.05) effect against Staphylococcus aureus (32.0±0.20 mm), Bacillus subtilis (28.0±0.00 mm) and Escherichia coli (26.0±1.50 mm) than for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.0±0.50 mm) at 100 mg/ml.

[Etu Emmanuela, Isu, Nnena Rosemary. Phyto-chemical Screening of Seed Oil, Yield and Antibacterial Effect Of Jatropha Curcas And Ricinus         Communis Oils Fractions Against Selected Bacteria. Rep Opinion 2022;14(2):1-13]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 1. doi:10.7537/marsroj140222.01.

Keywords: Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis oils, Phytochemical, fractions.

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Impact of Dr. Baba Saheb’s  Movement on Dalit’s

Surender Kumar

*Student, Department of Political Science, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana (India)

Email: surendersboudh@gmail.com

Abstract: Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar struggled also against Untouchability, discrimination, castisumand, torture ship in India. He began to get a feel of the bitter reality of being born as Untouchable. He has popularly known as the pioneer who initiated the liberation movement of roughly 66 million untouchables of India. Dr. Ambedkar realized that the Human rights of the Untouchables could only be safeguard by making constitutional provision. He was a scholar as much as a “man of action” He gave an inspiring selfconfidence to Dalit’s. And he was also favour of education and equal rights for each people. Dr. Ambedkar attended three round table conferences in London and each time, forcefully projected his views in the interest of the ‘Untouchable’. He exhorted the downtrodden sections to raise their living standards and to acquire as much political power as possible. He was of the view that there was no further for untouchables in Hindu religion and they should change their religion if need be. In 1935, he publicly proclaimed, I was born a Hindu because I had no control over this but, I shall not die a Hindu.”

[Kumar, S. Impact of Dr. Baba Saheb’s  Movement on Dalit’s. Rep Opinion 2022;14(14):14-19]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2. doi:10.7537/marsroj140222.02.

Keywords: Dr. Ambedkar,  Struggle, Dalit’s Rights

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To Study On Review of Literature Related to Scavengers

*Nandni Gautam and **Dr. Amit Kumar

*Research Scholar, Department of Sociology, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: nandniravi86@gmail.com

Abstract: The available literature on the Schedule Caste in general and scavengers in particular in India reflects the subhuman conditions of the scavengers’ community. They are mainly- Trivedi Harshand R. (1976), Shyam Lal (1981, 1984, 1992, 1995 and 1996), J. Sarkar (1984), Takashi Shinoda (1991), Bindeshwar Pathak (1991, 1997), Mukherjee et.al. (1993), Rama Sharma (1995), Akbar Hussain and M.G. Husain (1998), Ramesh Chandera (1999), P S Vivek (2000), Jayshree Mishra (2000), Sachidananda (2001, 2004), T.K. Oommen (2004), Deepak V. Karbhari (2004), Sosamma Pothen (2004), Ram Gopal Singh (2004), B.K. Nagla (2004), H.M. Kothari (2004), R.D. Gadkar (2004), S.N. Chaudhary and Pratima Choudhary (2004), Paul D’ Souza (2004), Tripathy, S. (2004), Gita Ramaswamy (2006), T. M. Dak (2007), Rajeev Kumar Singh and Ziyauddin (2009), etc.

[Gautam, N. and Kumar, A. To Study On Review of Literature Related to Scavengers. Rep Opinion 2022;14(14):20-24]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3. doi:10.7537/marsroj140222.03.

Keywords: Review of Literature, Scavanger, Community

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Nissim Ezekiel’s Plays: Post independent Indian society as portrayed

Indra Pal Singh

Former Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of English, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, (Indian)

Email: indrapal1219@gmail.com

Abstract: Ezekiel‟s poetry seems to be a comment on the Indian social scenario where he tries to present “what”, “how” and “why” of the various aspects of Indian society. He not only tries to highlight the social facts and problems which Indians face because of their poverty, superstitions, squalor etc. but also expresses his deep admiration for the Indian spiritual values. But the admiration for the Indian spiritual values does not mean that he is not aware of the degradation or perversion of the social, moral and spiritual values in the Indian society. He is equally attentive to them as they lead the society to the way of spiritual hypocrisy. Ezekiel‟s India can be highly individual; at times it can also be subjective to the point of being quirky. However, his own gift for telling detail and reference emerges from his outstanding understanding of the society. What is the most amusing fact of his observation is that his observation does not involve the rejection of the aspects of Indian society and life. He sometimes adopts critical language for India. He criticizes her because he loves her. Even the language of Ezekiel‟s poems contains a large amount of “Indian” English. The colloquial language and the frequent use of present tense features the use of “Indian English” by the native Indians. The two are the very prominent features of Indianness in Ezekiel‟s poetry. His poems like “Very Indian Poems in Indian English”, “The Patriot”, “The Professor” and many other such poems work as a subtle comment on English and the way it is used for communication in Indian society.

[Singh, I.P. Nissim Ezekiel’s Plays: Post independent Indian society as portrayed. Rep Opinion 2022;14(2):25-29]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 4. doi:10.7537/marsroj140222.04.

Keywords: Nissim Ezekiel’s plays, Post Independent, Indian society

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variant

Dr. Mark Herbert

World Development Institute

39 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was identified in December 2019. The disease has since spread worldwide, leading to an ongoing pandemic. Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, but often include fever, cough, headache, fatigue, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste. Symptoms begin 1 - 14 days after exposure to the coronavirus. The standard diagnostic method is by detection of the virus' nucleic acid by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), or by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) from a nasopharyngeal swab. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19). Upto 12/1/2021 in USA, Total Cases are 48,377,531, Total accines Administered are 460,773,508, Total Deaths 778,489 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html). Here gives the gives SARS-CoV-2 complete genome sequenced by China in 1/13/2020, as a reference for readers (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947.3).

[Dr. Mark Herbert. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variant . Rep Opinion 2022;14(2):30-103]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5.doi:10.7537/marsroj140222.05.

Key words: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; genome; sequence; life; research; literature; cell

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IPC SECTION 324: BAILABLE AND COMPOUNDABLE

Parul Singh

Assistant Public Prosecutor, Directorate of Prosecution, Tis Hazari Courts, GNCT of Delhi.

E-mail- singh.parul1984@gmail.com

Abstract: There has been a confusion with respect to the nature of offence punishable under Section 324 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 (the “IPC”. The question is whether the offence under Section 324 of IPC is a bailable offence or a non-bailable offence, a compoundable offence or a non-compoundable offence. This piece of paper shall analyse relevant statutory provision, statutory amendment, Gazette Notification and jurisprudential developments in order to understand how we can deal with the issue.

[Parul Singh. IPC SECTION 324: BAILABLE AND COMPOUNDABLE. Rep Opinion 2022;14(2):104-105]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6. doi:10.7537/marsroj140222.06.

Key Words: Section 324 of IPC, bailable, compoundable, Court

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