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Review Of Literature On Intermediate Input And Valuation

*Anju and ** Dr. Gulab Singh

**Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

* Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: ravi.nehra02@gmail.com

Abstract: Measurement of value-added based productivity or gross-output based productivity requires information on prices and quantities of the flow of intermediate inputs bought by a firm, industry or sector. Even at the level of the entire economy, imported intermediate inputs constitute an important data element for productivity measurement. Yet, in many statistical systems, availability of a full set of intermediate input price and quantity indices is far from guaranteed. The main tool towards achieving this objective is the development and the maintenance of input-output tables. …input-output tables are key in this respect. Consistent KLEMS but also value-added calculations require that input-output tables are available to statisticians and researchers, as does the tackling of additional analytical issues. Although input-output tables are costly to produce and to maintain, their value as a tool for analysis is difficult to overstate and goes far beyond productivity analysis. Input output tables are also increasingly used as a tool for the construction of consistent national accounts. Such developments are highly welcome and, indeed, recommended in the SNA 93.

[Anju and Singh, G. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON INTERMEDIATE INPUT AND VALUATION. Rep    Opinion 2021;13(12):1-3]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print);ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report.   1. doi:10.7537/marsroj131221.01.

Keywords: Economics, Intermediate Input, Valuation

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COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 and variant

Dr. Mark Herbert

World Development Institute

39 Main Street, Flushing, Queens, New York 11354, USA, ma708090@gmail.com

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was identified in December 2019. The disease has since spread worldwide, leading to an ongoing pandemic. Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, but often include fever, cough, headache, fatigue, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste. Symptoms begin 1 - 14 days after exposure to the coronavirus. At least 30% of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms. Of those people who develop symptoms noticeable enough to be classed as patients, around 80% develop mild to moderate symptoms, while 14% develop severe, and 5% suffer critical symptoms. Some people continue to experience a range of effects for months after recovery, and damage to organs has been observed. Multi-year studies are underway to further investigate the long-term effects of the disease. COVID-19 transmits when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets and small airborne particles containing the virus. People remain contagious for up to 20 days, and can spread the virus even if they do not develop symptoms. The standard diagnostic method is by detection of the virus' nucleic acid by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), or by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) from a nasopharyngeal swab. Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and distributed in various countries, which have initiated mass vaccination campaigns. Other preventive measures include physical or social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoor spaces, covering coughs and sneezes, hand washing, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. The use of face masks or coverings has been recommended in public settings to minimize the risk of transmissions. Management involves the treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19). Upto 12/1/2021 in USA, Total Cases are 48,377,531, Total accines Administered are 460,773,508, Total Deaths 778,489 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html).

[Dr. Mark Herbert. COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 and variant. Rep Opinion 2021;13(12):4-54]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print);ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2.doi:10.7537/marsroj131221.02.

Key words: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; variant; life; research; literature; cell

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The effect of different sources of plant protein on the growth of tilapia fry (Oreochromis niloticus)

El-Nouman, B. A¹., Egbal, O.A^1* Sana, Y. A.¹, Ahmed, E. A.², and Osman, A. A.²

1-            Department of Fish Sciences, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan

2-            Department of Fisheries Sciences, Bahr University, Khartoum, Sudan

*Correspondence to: Egbal OA, Department of Fish Sciences, Al-Neelain University, Sudan, Tel: +249122149065; E-mail: egbalosman1@gmail.com

Abstract: Decreased feed cost is exceptionally much craved in aquaculture and as a rule this can be done by lessening the level or substituting costly feed ingredients with cheaper ones without negative impacts on the growth. Four feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the effect and possibility of utilizing more than one protein source on the performance growth of Nile tilapia fry (Oreochromis niloticus) average weight of 2.82±1.02g for six weeks. Fifteen fry fish were stocked in glass aquaria (75X35X30 cm). Diets were formulated from diverse sources of plant proteins peanut meal (PM), sesame meal (SM), cottonseed meal (CSM) together with wheat bran (WB) and sorghum (S) as energy source feeds. . Diet 1 contained (PM) as the only protein concentrate source. Diet 2 contained equal amounts of (PM) and (SM), diet 3 contained equal amounts of (PM) and (CSM), whereas diet 4 contained equal amounts of all the three protein source concentrates in a proportion of 1:1:1. Fish in one aquarium were cleared out without food as a control treatment though each of the other four bunches of fish gotten one of the four experimental diets, formulated with distinctive combinations of plant protein concentrates but having the same protein level of 35%. Fish were fed at 5% of their weight per day (3 doses). Fish weight increased in all the treatments means the experimental diets were well accepted by the fish. At the end of the experiment results showed no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) were observed between the diets. But, diet 3 resulted in the highest weight gain (108.2±0.96%) and Food Conversion Ratio (2.27±0.39). Considering both diet cost and FCR, diet (3) was the best diet having the lowest feed cost per kilogram fish produced ( 2.84 SP/kg fish).

[El-Nouman, B. A., Egbal, O.A Sana, Y. A., Ahmed, E. A., and Osman, A. A. The effect of different sources of plant protein on the growth of tilapia fry (Oreochromis niloticus) Rep Opinion 2021;13(12):55-61]. ISSN1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3.

doi:10.7537/marsroj131221.03.

Keywords: Plant protein sources, tilapia fry, growth performance and diet cost

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Efficacy of Various Fungicides Against Grey mold of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

Amar Ahmed Khan^1*, Fouzia Yaseen², Shumaila Boota², Maria Rasheed^3*

¹Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

²Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

³Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

*Corresponding author’s email: amarkhan4855@gmail.com; mariaashab97@gmail.com

Abstract: The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), is one of the ancient and highly praised favorite fruit belong family Lythraceae of Myrtales order which is mainly grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.  Pomegranate is susceptible to many diseases and fruit production is the essential issue in the whole world. Due to the development of resistance towards fungicides in different pathogens, in the present study fungicides were evaluated for their potential against Botrytis cinerea. The samples showing typical symptoms were collected from selected markets of Faisalabad and brought into the Seed Pathology Laboratory for isolation, purification and identification of different pathogens associated with sample of pomegranate. Four fungicides including, tebuconazole, fludioxonil, propiconazole and carbendazim were evaluated at S, S/2 and S/4 concentrations after 5 and 7 days for inhibition of fungal growth under lab conditions. Among fungicides Fludioxonil gave highest reduction (78.44%) in fungal growth at standard (S) concentration after 7 days of inoculation under lab conditions.  The experiment was conducted under Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and data was statistically analyzed using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test.

[Amar Ahmed Khan, Fouzia Yaseen, Shumaila Boota, Maria Rasheed. Efficacy of Various Fungicides Against Grey mold of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Rep Opinion 2021;13(12):62-68]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 4. doi:10.7537/marsroj131221.04.

Key words: pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), fungicides, Grey mold

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A Study on natural rubber and its scenario in India  

*Monika Manchanda and **Dr. Naresh Pratap

*Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Sun Rise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Sun Rise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: manchandamona11@gmail.com

Abstract: Indian rubber industry is characterized by the co-existence of a well-established rubber production sector and a fast growing rubber products manufacturing and consuming sector. The Rubber Industry value chain begins from NR plantations and ends with a huge range of dry rubber and latex based products. Historically, NR was a regulated commodity with strong tariff protection and domestic market regulations. The key factors which have contributed to the growth of Indian rubber industry are positive intervention of institutional agencies aiming at self-sufficiency and import substitution. Most of the rubber products including tyres require blends of NR and SR. Consumption of SR is mainly determined by end product composition, technological change and relative prices. Consumption of SR in India in rubber products manufacturing sector increased from 411,830 tonne in 2010-11 to 633,975 tonne in 2017-18. Currently, there are four companies producing SR and production increased from 110,340 tonne in 2010-11 to 331,221 tonne in 2017-18. Styrene Butadiene Rubber and Poly Butadiene Rubber accounted for 63% and 34% of SR production in the country. Import of SR amounted to 338,189 tonne in 2017-18. Consumption of SR in India is projected to reach 1.2 million tonne by 2025.

 [Manchanda, M. and Yadav, A. A Study on natural rubber and its scenario in India . Rep Opinion 2021;13(12):69-71]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5. doi:10.7537/marsroj131221.05.

Keywords: Natural Rubber, Status, India, Productivity

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Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle Depth Control with New Lambda (λ) Tuning Approach of Single Input Fuzzy Logic using Gradient Descent Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization

Mustefa Jibril, Mesay Tadese, Nuriye Hassen

Msc, School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Dire Dawa Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

mustefa.jibril@ddu.edu.et

Abstract: Underwater ROV is an important in underwater industries as well as safety purpose. It can dive deeper than human and can replace human in hazard underwater environment. ROV depth control is difficult due to hydrodynamic of the ROV itself and underwater environment. Overshoot in the depth control may cause damage to the ROV and its investigation location. This paper presenting a new tuning approach of SIFLC with GDA and PSO implementation for ROV depth control. The ROV was modelled using system identification to simulate the depth system. PID controller was applied to the model as a basic controller. SIFLC was then implemented in three tuning approach which are heuristic, GDA and PSO. The output transient was simulated using MATLAB Simulink and the percent overshoot (OS), time rise (Tr) and settling time (Ts) of the systems without and with controllers were compared and analysed. The result shows that SIFLC GDA output has the best transient result at 0.1021% (OS), 0.7992s (Tr) and 0.9790s (Ts).

[Mustefa Jibril, Mesay Tadese, Nuriye Hassen. COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 and variant.Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle Depth Control with New Lambda (λ) Tuning Approach of Single Input Fuzzy Logic using Gradient Descent Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization. Rep Opinion 2021;13(12):72-84]. ISSN 1553-9873(print);ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6. doi:10.7537/marsroj131221.06

Keywords: Remotely Operated Vehicle, Fuzzy Logic Controller, Single Input Fuzzy Logic, Particle Swarm Optimization, Gradient Descent Algorithm

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