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Review on Fasciolosis and Anthelmintic Resistance

Tsehaye Neges¹ and Haftay Sahle²

¹Graduates of Veterinary Medicine, Collage of Veterinary of Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia, P.o.box.196. ² Field practitioner at Tanqa abergele Ttigray, Ethiopia

Email: thesunneges@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper is mainly aimed to review the Fasciolosis and its drug resistance development. Fasciolosis is a major disease which imposes direct and indirect economic impact on livestock production, in particularly cattle, sheep, goats and occasionally man. The disease is caused by digenean trematodes of the genus Fasciola commonly referred to as liver fluke. The two species most commonly implicated as the etiological agents of Fasciolosis are Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantic. F. hepatica has a worldwide distribution but, it predominates in temperate zones while F. gigantica is found on most continents, primarily in tropical regions. Both F. Hepatica and F. gigantica are transmitted by the snails of the family. The effective treatment Fasciolosis depends on the drug choice. Not all compounds are equally effective against stages of development of parasite in the body due to the development of drug resistance. flukicid resistance was not recognized till the report of Triclabendazole resistance in Australia in 1995. And has since been described in Netherlands, UK and Ireland. Although resistance in flukes has not yet reached the levels present in nematodes, resistance exists for the Triclabendazole and Albendazole. Drug susceptibility or resistance from the field and in the laboratory can detected using the In vivo tests and and In vitro tests. Therefore, it can be concluded that Fasciolosis is an important parasitic disease which hinders the ruminants’ production. So it is recommended to control the disease by reducing the snail population or by using effective choice of anthelmintics.

[Tsehaye Neges and Haftay Sahle. Review on Fasciolosis and Anthelmintic Resistance. Rep Opinion 2018;10(7):1-8]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 1. doi:10.7537/marsroj100718.01.

Key words: Anthelmintic resistance, Fasciola

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Field Studies on the Using Herbes to Minimize Cadmium Toxicity on Fish

Mona S. Zaki and Alaa Eldin Zakaria

Hydrobiology Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Contamination of aquatic ecosystem by industrial and agricultural pollutants may affect the health of fish, either directly by uptake from the water, or indirectly through their diet of vegetation, invertebrates or smaller fish. While the obvious signs of group pollution, dead fish, has long been recognized, there is increasing evidence that low-level pollution may decrease the fecundity of fish populations leading to long term decline in fish numbers, such sub-lethal pollution could impact on reproduction, either indirectly via accumulation in the reproductive organs, or directly on the free gametes (sperm or ovum) which are released in to water, owing to their bioaccumulation and non-degradability, heavy metals pose a serious pollution hazard to the aqueous environment. Fish exposed to metals are usually characterized by increased metal levels in the gonads. Gonadal levels of copper and zinc of Catostomus commersoni living in polluted lakes were higher than those in fish inhabiting unpolluted waters. More concentration on an example of heavy metal widely contaminating our Egyptian water bodies.
[Mona S. Zaki and Alaa Eldin Zakaria. Field Studies on the Using Herbes to Minimize Cadmium Toxicity on Fish. Rep Opinion 2018;10(7):9-10]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2. doi:10.7537/marsroj100718.02.

Keywords: Field; Study; Herbes; Minimize Cadmium; Toxicity; Fish

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Determining the Risks of Introduction of Foot and Mouth Disease from Ethiopia to Europe through the Export of Deboned Beef

Belege Tadesse^{1, 2}, Askalu Abera, Awraris Ketema³, Eyasu Demssie⁴, Asres Yeneneh⁵

¹University of Gondar, College of Veterinary medicine and animal sciences, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and public health, Gondar, Ethiopia. PO. Box. 196.

²Amedguya Sheep Breed Improvement and Multiplication Center, North Shoa, Ethiopia.

³Menz Geramidir livestock and fishery resource office, North Shoa, Ethiopia

⁴Godar Zuria district livestock and fishery resource office, Gondar, Ethiopia

⁵University of Gondar department of para-clinical studies, Gondar, Ethiopia

tadessebelege@gmail.com

Abstract: Foot and mouth disease is considered as the most important livestock disease in the world in terms of its economic impact. The sero-prevalence in Ethiopia ranges from 5.6% to26.5%. This project was conducted with the objectives of identifying the hazards and assesses the risk of introduction of FMDV to Europe by exporting 1000tone of deboned meat from Ethiopia to Europe. The risk was determined using Monte Carlo stochastic simulation modeling with the @RISK software (@Risk trial version 7.5.1, Palisade Corporation, USA). Probability values for each event in the senario tree were determined from different literatures and opinions of experts. It is computed that foot and mouth disease virus has a risk of introduction from Ethiopia to Europe through deboned meat with a risk ranging from a minimum of 1.05*10^-7(one per ten million animals) to a maximum of 9.92*10^-6(approximately 10 per million animals). To decrease the risk of introduction of the virus the risk reduction procedures should be done properly and also Creation of compartments or zones that are free from FMD virus in the exporting country (i.e. Ethiopia) is also advisable.

[Belege Tadesse, Askalu Abera, Awraris Ketema, Eyasu Demssie, Asres Yeneneh. Determining the Risks of Introduction of Foot and Mouth Disease from Ethiopia to Europe through the Export of Deboned Beef. Rep Opinion 2018;10(7):11-17]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3. doi:10.7537/marsroj100718.03.

Key words: FMD, Cattle, Ethiopia Risk

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Networked Framing And Model Of A President On Social Networking Sites: An Analysis Of Selected Comments Of President Goodluck Jonathan’s Facebook Friends

Bisallah Hashim Ibrahim

Computer Department, University of Abuja, Nigeria

hbisallah@gmail.com

Abstract: Apart from the usefulness of social media in social and economic development, its essence has also been observed in political development, especially in the area of online deliberative and participatory democracy. The media has been used for various political purposes ranging from the mobilization of citizens for election purposes to individual politician’s personality management. In the developed and developing nations, social media, most importantly facebook, has been embraced as a medium for managing an aspirant into elective offices. It is on this background that this paper investigates the model of President Goodluck Jonathan of Nigeria apropos his three selected programmes: Subsidy Reinvestment Programme (SURE-P), Sovereign Wealth Fund and Deregulation of the Downstream Sector of Oil Industry on facebook, having used the same medium as a platform for announcing his intention of ruling the country. Content analysis was employed as the main research design. The generated data were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that the President’s friends set up his personality within the context of the programmes he inaugurated as part of his transformation agenda, promised during electioneering campaigns. However, the study established that there is no absolute consensus on a politician’s personality deliberation in consonance with his programmes in a social networking site. This was established through the attitudinal dispositions of the president’s friends towards the initiated programmes. The study therefore has important implications for the employment of social media in politics, the citizens and other stakeholders in the Nigeria-state.

[Bisallah Hashim Ibrahim. Networked Framing And Model Of A President On Social Networking Sites: An Analysis Of Selected Comments Of President Goodluck Jonathan’s Facebook Friends. Rep Opinion 2018;10(7):18-27]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 4. doi:10.7537/marsroj100718.04.

Key Words: President Goodluck Jonathan, Facebook, Friends, Nigeria, Networked Framing, Model of a President

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Influence Of Infrastructural Facilities On The Management Of Secondary Schools In Benue State, Nigeria

Indyar, Tondo Abraham¹, Azever, Jackson Ter Inguran², Onyeanisi Theresa Uju³

¹Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, College Of Education, Katsina-Ala, Benue State, 08068114484, 08085420261 tondoabraham@yahoo.com

²Department of Educational Foundations, Benue State University, Makurdi. 07061097937 jacksonazerver@gmail.com

³Department of Educational Foundations, Benue State University, Makurdi 08037741882 obinujuaku@gmail.com

Abstract: This study investigated the influence of infrastructural facilities on the management of public secondary schools in Benue State. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised 5,110 teachers from 297 public secondary schools in Benue State. Four hundred teachers from 30 public secondary schools constituted the sample of the study. A- 10 item structured questionnaire constructed by the researcher titled Infrastructural Facilities Questionnaire (IFQ) was used for collection of data for the study. A pilot study was conducted to establish the reliability of the instrument which yielded 0.82. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation to answer research questions while the chi-square χ² test of goodness of fit were used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that school libraries and school laboratories significantly influenced the management of public secondary schools in Benue State. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among other things that school administrators should ensure that school library is built and well equipped with books to enhance effective teaching and learning in the school.

[Indyar, Tondo Abraham, Azever, Jackson Ter Inguran, Onyeanisi Theresa Uju. Influence Of Infrastructural Facilities On The Management Of Secondary Schools In Benue State, Nigeria. Rep Opinion 2018;10(7):28-33]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5. doi:10.7537/marsroj100718.05.

Key Words: Infrastructural facilities, management, school libraries, school laboratories

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Survey on Sero - prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Bambasi district of Benishangul Gumuz regional state, western Ethiopia

Gebrehiwot Woldemichael, *Asmamaw Aki and Kebede Gurmessa

Assosa Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com, mareg2416@gmail.com

Abstract: Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia is disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony and it is one of the most important diseases to cattle health and production in the district. Across-sectional study was carried out from December to January 2017 in six-peasant association of Bambasi district to determine the sero prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and to identify the associated risk factor for the occurrence of the disease using a competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA). In the current study a total of 421 serum sample were collected and tested. The overall sero prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia was 192/421(42.51%). The sero prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia at peasant associations level was Shobora (66.34%), Mutsa (43.90%), Mender 45 (24.67%), Mender 52 (52%), Keshmando number 2 (28.57%) and Mender 48 (39.58%). There is statistically significant variation (p<0.05) between sero prevalence result of the disease and peasant association (χ²=37.75, p=0.00), and also among age groups significant variation were recorded (χ²=11.01, p=0.001). However, other risk factors such as sex, body conditions and vaccination status were not significant associated (p>0.05) with the sero–status of the animal. In conclusion, the overall prevalence of CBPP in Bambasi district was higher as compared to other research reported. Therefore, it needs to design appropriate control and prevention measures to stop further spread of this economically devastating disease.

[Gebrehiwot Woldemichael, Asmamaw Aki and Kebede Gurmessa. Survey on Sero - prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Bambasi district of Benishangul Gumuz regional state, western Ethiopia. Rep Opinion 2018;10(7):34-40]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6. doi:10.7537/marsroj100718.06.

Key words: Bambasi district, CBPP, c-ELISA, Risk factors, Sero-prevalence

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Cluster Analysis And Association Between Simple Sequence Repeat Markers With Qualitative Trait In Some Nigerian Achishuru Cowpea Landraces

Amos Cyrus^*1, Yusuf Mansir¹, U.S. Abdullahi¹, Mohammed F. Ishiyaku²

Department of Plant Science Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Nigeria¹

Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria²

amoscyruskin@gmail.com +234-07031114820

Abstract: Assessment of the genetic diversity in Achishuru cowpea landrace is critical to the development of new and improved cultivars with desirable agronomic traits; most studies on cowpea in Nigeria are restricted to the mainstream cowpea germplasm with little attention to Achishuru type despite its age-long importance in the survival of over one million people of the mid central Nigeria. A total of 20 Achishuru cowpea landraces were collected with the aim of assessing genetic diversity of the landraces through qualitative and quantitative characterization and also to determine the association between the qualitative trait and any of the markers. Morphological data was taken in a completely randomized block design. Landraces were characterized based on 10 quantitative and 13 qualitative traits. Cluster analysis shows that group I consist of 10 landraces with similar earliness to maturity, cluster II consist of 6 landraces with similar days to grain filling, clusters III and IV consist of 2 landraces each. For the qualitative traits, cluster I consist of 7 landraces whose members had glabrescent hairs, pronounced twinning tendency and indeterminate in growth. The 6 simple sequence repeat markers were used to amplify the SSR regions of the DNA samples through the Polymerase Chain Reaction. The number of alleles per SSR primer varies between 3 to 6 with a mean of 4.30. The allele frequency ranged from 0.75 to 0.32 with a mean of 0.53. The highest polymorphic information content value was 0.55 for the primer VM31 and the lowest was for the primer VM68 with a mean value of 0.39. No SSR marker was suspected to be associated with any qualitative trait except for twinning tendency with VM39 (P<0.05)

[Amos Cyrus, Yusuf Mansir, U.S. Abdullahi, Mohammed F. Ishiyaku. Cluster Analysis And Association Between Simple Sequence Repeat Markers With Qualitative Trait In Some Nigerian Achishuru Cowpea Landraces. Rep Opinion 2018;10(7):41-47]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 7. doi:10.7537/marsroj100718.07.

Keyword: simple sequence repeat; achishuru; association; PCR; landraces

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Prevalence Of Foreign In Rumen And Reticulum Of Cattle Slaughtered At Bedele Manucipal Abattoir

Daba Gudata

School Of Veterinaru Medicine, Jimma University

Jimma, Ethiopia

Abstract: A Cross sectional study was conducted on 384 slaugtered cattle at Bedele municipal abattoir to determine the prevalence of foreign bodies in their rumen and reticulum and to identify the common risk factors associated with their occurrence. Rumen and reticulum were thoroughly examined by visual inspection and palpation and all the contents were inspected. The types of foreign bodies were identified after washing. From a total of 384 animals examined, 52(13.5) were found positive for the presence of foreign bodies in rumen and no foreign body was found in reticulum. The types of foreign bodies detected were piece of cloth, plastics, rope and shoelace. Piece of cloth were the most common with a prevalence of 10.2%. prevalence of foreign bodies were significantly associated with ade and body condition of the animals (p<0.05). foreign bodies were more frequent in older cattle (>8years) than in younger (4-8years). The prevalence of ruminal foreign bodies were highest in poor body conditioned animals compared to cattle with better body condition. The prevalence of foreign body ingestion found in cattle by this study show that littering the environment with piece of cloth and other indigestible materials could pose health problem for free grazing cattle.

[Daba Gudata. Prevalence Of Foreign In Rumen And Reticulum Of Cattle Slaughtered At Bedele Manucipal Abattoir. Rep Opinion 2018;10(7):48-52]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. X. doi:10.7537/marsroj100718.08.

Key words: Rumen, Foreign body, Prevalence, Bedele, Cattle, Ethiopia               

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Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in selected kebeles of Guangua, woreda, Amhara region, north west part of Ethiopia.

Abere Dawud and *Asmamaw Aki

Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O.Box:326, Asossa, Ethiopia; email address: asmamawaki@gmail.com; Cele phone: +251902330029

Abstract: Trypanosomosis is wasting disease of tropical countries that contribute negatively to benefit human and productivity of animal. The Cross sectional study was conducted in selected Kebeles of Guangua Woreda, Amhara Region, North West Part of Ethiopia from November 2017 to April 2018 to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis on randomly selected animal using parasitological study (Buffy coat technique). Total of 384 blood samples were collected from four kebele and examined. The result of parasitological finding indicates 1.82% of total prevalence in the study area. In the present study two species of Trypanosoma identified, from total (7) positive sample 4(1.04%) was showed Trypanosoma vivax and 3(0.78%) of them indicate Trypanosoma congolense. The present study indicate there were no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) observed between kebele, sex and age group of animal whereas statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in body condition. In this study the anemia prevalence was higher in trypanosome infected cattle (71.4%) than in non-infected cattle (28.6%) and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The present study showed that there was slightly higher prevalence than previous study which was conducted in Woreda. In general the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area was minimum, this may be due to seasonality of fly population Therefore, further study should be conduct in this area especially in wet season to understand the prevalence of the disease and its effect on bovine.

[Abere Dawud and Asmamaw Aki. Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in selected kebeles of Guangua, woreda, Amhara region, north west part of Ethiopia. Rep Opinion 2018;10(7):53-59]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 9. doi:10.7537/marsroj100718.09.

Keywords: Bovine, Guangua, Prevalence, Trypanosomosis

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Review on current status of FMD in Ethiopia: Spatiotemporal distribution, frequency and prevalence

Endris Aman

¹Doctotor Of Veterinary Medicine Graduates, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia

²College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia

* Correspondence: endrisaman63@gmail.com

Abstract: Foot and mouth disease (FMD), which is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease that affects all domestic and wild ungulates and pig, is caused by a virus that belongs to the genus Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae. It was the first animal viral infection established and ranks first among the disease of animals. In Ethiopian context the disease is found distributed in all regions. This paper addresses the spatial and temporal distribution, frequency of outbreak and the sero-prevalences of FMD in Ethiopia. FMD outbreaks were reported from every part of the country with the highest and lowest outbreak reported from oromia and afar regional states respectively. As the temporal distribution shows the disease occurs at any time of the year however, the highest outbreaks of the disease are observed during extreme dry seasons of the years. On the past seven years on average 93 numbers of FMD outbreaks were reported to MoLF annually. The outbreaks were occurred every year, but the highest and lowest number of outbreaks were reported in 2012(205) and 2015(20) respectively. It seems that the frequency of FMD outbreak is decreasing in the last three years (2013-2015). The prevalence of the disease is varying from place to place with the highest prevalence in Borana and lowest in Afar. Nationally there is no vaccination program devised to control FMD. Only a prophyl active vaccination is practiced by some dairy farms through inactivated bivalent and trivalent vaccine produced by NVI and by importing bivalent and qudrivalent vaccines from Kenya and India respectively. In conclusion understanding the current status of FMD in Ethiopia is aprerequest to initiate country wise control and prevention methods.

[Endris Aman. Review on current status of FMD in Ethiopia: Spatiotemporal distribution, frequency and prevalence. Rep Opinion 2018;10(7):60-68]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 10. doi:10.7537/marsroj100718.10.

Key words: Ethiopia, FMD, Status, spatial, temporal

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A Study On The Angola Climate And Natural Disasters

Angola Monsoon Time Scale, Angola National Geoscope Project

Irlapatism-A New Hypothetical Model Of Cosmology

Gangadhara Rao Irlapati

H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055, Telangana, India.

Email: scientistgangadhar@gmail.com

Abstract: Angola has three seasons, a dry season which lasts from May to October, a traditional season with some rain from November to January and a hit, rainy season from February to April. April is the wettest month. Angola has a tropical climate with a marked dry season. The climate is largely affected by the seasonal movements of the rain-bearing intertropical convergence zone, the north ward flow of the cold Banguela current off the coast. Rainfall is the key determinant of climatic differentiation, and it decreases rapidly from north to south and in proximity to the coast. The rainy season lasts from September to May in the north and December to March in south. Droughts frequently affect the country, especially in the south. Temperatures very much les than rain fall. Locally heavy rainfall causes periodic floods. Floods are seasonal in Angola lead to frequent landslides, deep ravines and soil erosion. Droughts are another divesting natural seasonal disaster. Reduced rainfall in southern and south western parts of the country frequently to lead droughts. Like the rest of tropical Africa, Angola experiences distant, alternating rainy and dry seasons. Angola has a very low earth quake risk area. There are many minerals in clued magnesia, copper, gold, phosphates, granite, marble, unanicem, quartz, lead, zinc, wolfram, tin fluorite, sulfur. The government hopes to resume missing in the south west for crystalline quartz and ornamental marble. There are long term average annual flow of rivers and recharge of aquifers generated from endogenour precipitations.

Keeping in view of all the above facts of climate and natural hazards of the Angola, I have conducted many comprehensive studies on the Angola climate and natural calamities combined with my researches and proposed the Angola Monsoon Time Scale, and Angola National Geoscope Project along with the other scientific results Angola Weather Time scale, Bioforecast effect, Irlapatism-A New Hypothetical Model of Cosmology etc which can help to estimate the impending weather conditions and natural hazards of the country in advance to take mitigation measures and save the people, crops and other assets. For example-

By setting up the Angola National Geoscope Project and maintain, the country can be predicted the impending earthquakes, volcanic hazards(and storm surges, tsunamis etc consequence secondary hazards due to the earthquakes occur in the womb that means underground of the sea or ocean if the country have the chances of occurring of these disasters) in advance.

By setting up the Angola National Geoscope Project and maintain, the country can be predicted the earth’s underground resources like metallic resources such as iron, gold, silver, tin, copper, nickel, aluminum, chromium etc mine sites and non-metallic resources like sand gravel, gypsum, halite, uranium, dimension stones, etc. can be found by inserting many kinds of super high remote sensing technology in the area of sensor physics, signal processing used specially image processing, electromagnetic detection technology and geophysical deep underground detectors and mineral exploration equipments, natural gas sensors etc in the underground of the Angola through the Geoscope.

Setting up the Angola National Geoscope Project and maintain will also be useful in emerging industries such as geothermal and geo-sequestration etc.

By establishing the Angola Monsoon Time Scale and maintain, the country can be estimated the impending weather conditions and natural calamities like rains, floods, landslides, avalanches, blizzard, droughts, extreme winter conditions, heavy rainfall, mudflows, extreme weather, cyclones, cloud bursts, sand storms, hails, and winds etc in advance. Surface water resources in advance.

[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati. A Study On The Angola Climate And Natural Disasters Angola Monsoon Time Scale, Angola National Geoscope Project, Irlapatism-A New Hypothetical Model Of Cosmology. Rep Opinion 2018;10(7):69-117]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 11. doi:10.7537/marsroj100718.11.

Key Words: Angola Weather Time Scale, Angola Monsoon Time Scale, Angola National Geoscope Project, IRLAPATISM-A New Hypothetical Model of Cosmology, Bioforecast, Local Geoscope Centres, Regional Geoscope centres, Central Geoscope Centres.

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