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Antibiotic residues in Farm Animal and a Food of Animal Origin with Emphasis on Bacterial Resistance (Review)

Abdel Mohsen M. Hammam¹, Mona S. Zaki², Mohammad M.N. Authman², and Zeinab M.S. Amin Girh³

¹Animal Reproduction Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Egypt

²Hydrobiology Department, National Research Centre, Egypt

³Department of Poultry Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Hammam956@gmail.com, hammamam@nrc.sci.eg

Abstract: World populations increased dramatically yearly and consequently increase the demand for foods of animal origin, from different species (cattle, sheep, caprines, birds, pigs, fish and seafood/shellfish), milk and eggs, to cover their nutritional needs. Antibiotics drugs are used widely in the animal livestock for the purposes of treatment, or as prophylactive and growth promoters. The misuse or sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics initiate the microorganisms for inducing resistance to the action of antibacterial drugs. Therefore, the animals and animal by-products my exposed to chemical or biological pollutants during their production cycle which could come from drugs and growth promoters, in addition, biologically-derived toxins (mycotoxins, phycotoxins, phytotoxins) and/or environmental contaminants linked to atmospheric pollution, from the soil and/or water are sources of pollution of foods of animal origin, which have harmful effects on animals and consumers and generate high numbers of microorganisms resistant to the traditionally used antibiotics.

 [Abdel Mohsen M. Hammam, Mona S. Zaki, Mohammad M.N. Authman, and Zeinab M.S. Amin Girh. Antibiotic residues in Farm Animal and a Food of Animal Origin with Emphasis on Bacterial Resistance (Review). Rep Opinion 2018;10(3):1-8]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 1. doi:10.7537/marsroj100318.01.

Keywords: Antibiotics-Drugs-Residues-Microorganisms resistance.

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Effect of ownership structure and capital structure on decisions of external financing in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange

Sami Jorfi¹, Mohamad Khodamoradi^2*

^1.Department of Financial Management, Faculty of Humanities, Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad university, khorramshahr, iran

^2.Department of Accounting, Faculty of Humanities, Persian Gulf International Branch, Islamic Azad university, khorramshahr, iran

Corresponding Author: Mohamad. Khodamoradi@yahoo.com

Abstract： According to agency theory, ownership structure as part of corporate governance, a result of efforts to minimize the costs associated with the separation of control and ownership of the company. Given the importance of the aim of this investigation was to determine ownership structure and capital structure decisions in external financing in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study, using data from 105 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 1388 to 1393 was to examine this issue. Was used to evaluate the external financing of the balance sheet approach. For this purpose, two of the leverage ratio (ratio of debt to total assets ratio long term debt to total assets) as dependent variables were calculated. Institutional ownership and property management as well as two criteria were used to check the ownership structure. To test the hypotheses, two models were estimated using multiple regression. The results show that institutional ownership is positively related to financing through long-term loans and the results reflect a positive relationship between managerial ownership and negatively correlated with financial leverage these variables are financed through long-term loans.

[Sami Jorfi, Mohamad Khodamoradi. Effect of ownership structure and capital structure on decisions of external financing in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. Rep Opinion 2018;10(3):9-13]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2. doi:10.7537/marsroj100318.02.

Keywords: ownership structure, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, capital structure, leverage, financing through long-term loans

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Geographical Evaluation of Daily Migration in Surrounding Rural area of Nanded City

Kadam Avinash S., Kolhe Shankar M.

Assistant Professor, Research Scholar

School of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded 431606, (Maharashtra) India.

E-mail: shankarkolhe1@gmail.com

Abstract: The effects of migration on population trends and structures are well known, but they become more and more difficult to measure, following uncertainties on the size of flows and characteristics of migrants in a long-time frame and countries becoming affected by both out and in-migration as well as transit migration. This research work has highlighted the daily migration in rural areas of the Nanded Tehsil [MH]. In this study specified an information about migrant people’s poverty, also main occupation or sub occupation in this research about information people had provided questionnaires were distributed they were returned and investigated for employments purpose to words Nanded city. The maximum of daily migration in Nanded city shows towards on the proportion of distance in minimum kilo meter in Nanded Tehsil. This study was conceded during last one-year January to December 2017.

[Kadam Avinash S., Kolhe Shankar M.. Geographical Evaluation of Daily Migration in Surrounding Rural area of Nanded City. Rep Opinion 2018;10(3):14-18]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3. doi:10.7537/marsroj100318.03.

Keywords: Daily migration, Migrant laborers, Employment, Nanded city, Literacy rate

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Effects Of Background Tank Colour On The Growth And Survival Of Juvenile Heterobrachus Bidorsalis Fed Coppens And Digitaria Exilis Meal.

Solomon, R.J. And Ezigbo, M. N

Department Of Biological Sciences, Faculty Of Science, University Of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.

Abstract: A 6-month semi-intensive mono-culture experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different tank colours /feed types on the production of Heterobranchus bidorsalis juveniles of average weight (0.68g±0.25g). Five culture tanks with different colours made of plastic material, having the same surface area and volume were used. The fish were fed 45% protein of four two meals (coppens commercial floating pellets and Digitaria exilis meal) at 10% body weight twice daily throughout the experimental period. Production parameters were used to determine growth (feed utilization) as well as survival rate with coppens feed producing the best overall results for growth followed by Digitaria exilis meal. There was significant relationship (P < 0.05) in growth parameters of the fish in all the treatments. However, the best overall results were obtained in black tanks for both feed types compared to other tank colours as well as survival rate which have advantages for fish culture compared to other colours.

[Solomon, R.J. And Ezigbo, M. N. Effects Of Background Tank Colour On The Growth And Survival Of Juvenile Heterobrachus Bidorsalis Fed Coppens And Digitaria Exilis Meal.. Rep Opinion 2018;10(3):19-41]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 4. doi:10.7537/marsroj100318.04.

Keywords: Effect; Background; Tank; Colour; Growth; Survival; Juvenile; Heterobrachus Bidorsalis; Fed Coppens; Digitaria Exilis; Meal

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Geoelectrical Investigation Of A Proposed Landfill Site In Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria

Ismaila. Abiodun Akinlabi.* and Adeniyi Abiodun Adewuyi.

Department of Earth Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso.

abiodunakinlabi@yahoo.com

Abstract: An integrated geophysical investigation was carried out at a proposed landfill site along the new Ibadan-Ilorin Expressway in Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria in order to characterize the subsurface and determine the suitability or otherwise of the site for landfill. The study location is underlain by rocks of the basement complex. 29 Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Soundings were conducted along seven traverses each about 100m long, about 20m apart, with station spacing of about 30m and half current electrode spacing varying between 1 and 100m. The VES data were interpreted quantitatively by partial curve matching and 1-D computer iteration and the layer parameters were used to generate the geoelectric sections. Wenner electrical resistivity profiling was also conducted along the traverses with station spacing of 25m and electrode spacing varied between 5 and 15m, and the data were interpreted using 2D inversion procedures. The VES results revealed three layers defined by the topsoil, clay layer and fractured/fresh bedrock. Depth to the bedrock is generally shallow with a mean of 9.03.7m. The mean thickness of the saprolite (mainly comprising clay) is 8.64.0m. 2D inversion of the resistivity profiling data revealed intense fracturing of the bedrock. The water table is shallow, ranging from 2 to 6m and may be rather close to the landfill base or fall within the landfill wastes. The study area is underlain by clayey overburden capable of protecting groundwater in the underlying aquifer unit from contamination by the leachate dischargeable from the landfill wastes. However, the presence of shallow water table and bedrock fractures may promote contamination of groundwater in the underlying aquifer unit and pose substantial health risk to the host community. It can therefore be concluded that the study area is not a suitable location for siting landfill.

[Ismaila. Abiodun Akinlabi. and Adeniyi Abiodun Adewuyi.. Geoelectrical Investigation Of A Proposed Landfill Site In Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria. Rep Opinion 2018;10(3):42-55]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5. doi:10.7537/marsroj100318.05.

Keywords: Contamination, Leachate, Clay, Water table, Bedrock fractures.

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Meteorological Hazards & Its Forecasting Clues

Gangadhara Rao Irlapati

H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055, Telangana, India.
Email: scientistgangadhar@gmail.com
 

Abstract: A hazard caused by short-lived, micro to meso scale extreme weather and atmospheric conditions that last from minutes to day. Meteorological Hazards are caused by extreme weather events such as rain, drought snow, extreme heat or cold, or wind, violent, sudden and destructive change to the environment related to produced by or affecting the earth’s atmosphere, especially the weather forming processed, examples are extreme temperatures, sand storms, thunder & lightnings, ice-bridges, heavy snow, fogs, hurricanes hail storms, tornadoes, thunder storms, typhoons, tropical cyclones, damaging winds, heavy rains, ice floes, dust storms, ice storms, dorecho, severe winter conditions, cold walls etc., I have conducted many studies on the Meteorological Hazards and invented the Global Monsoon Time Scale, Astroclimatic which can help to study and predict the those Meteorological Hazards in advance.
[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati. Meteorological Hazards & Its Forecasting Clues. Rep Opinion 2018;10(3):56-59]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6. doi:10.7537/marsroj100318.06.

Key Words: Global Monsoon Time Scale, Meteorological Hazards, Indian Monsoon Time Scale.

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Survey on Luna Export Slaughter House in Eastern Showa administrative zone of Oromia, Ethiopia

Asmamaw Aki Jano

Assosa Regional veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O.Box: 326, Asossa, Ethiopia. Email: asmamawaki@gmail.com, Telephone; +251 922232353

Abstract: survey was conducted in Luna export abattoir from March to April 2014 to study the company current conditions in requirement of importing countries. Factors such as age, weight, agro ecology, illegal trade and health conditions are the basic things that limit the supply and demand of abattoir in terms of quantity and quality. The standard sanitary and good hygienic measures has to be practiced in the abattoir so as to meet the importing countries requirements. The potential hazard introduced in the plant must be controlled or minimized by applying necessary risk reduction measures at each processing steps, starting from animal unloading to loading activities. In the 2009-2014 year, the LESH exported meat to importing countries were 21, 926.24 tones and the plan performance was supposed to be 66.45% and also during this year the income gained was 9474. 32$ US and this was assumed to be 59.73% achievement. In 2009-2013, Veterinary inspection teams of Luna export abattoirs have performed ante mortem inspections over 18,482,492 animals and a total of 18, 479,072 animals were fit for slaughter. A total of about 3420 animals were found to be unfit for slaughter. Besides this, total of 342,612 different organs and/or body parts were reported to be found affected with different diseases and abnormalities which made them unfit for export markets. The organ which were found to be affected with disease and abnormalities were mostly liver and lung and they accounted for 80.93% and 16.6% of the total rejections. A total 0.71% carcasses were also condemned. Veterinary inspectors were doing ante mortem and post mortem inspection in the slaughter house to screen the abnormal from healthy animals and products so as to fit for human consumption. The gross pathological lesions/ abnormal conditions such as pleuritis, pneumonia, bruising, cysticercus, emaciation, abscess, hydatidosis and Distoma were mostly observed in different organs such as carcass, head, liver, lung, heart, kidney and tongue and due to those abnormal conditions a lot of meat are condemned in the processing plant. So that economic losses may be faced when huge part of the carcass was condemned in plant. Besides this, export animal testing for different notifiable animal disease such as RVF, TB, FMD and brucellosis before slaughter is mandatory so as to keep the public health from zoonotic disease. Therefore, applying HACCP and SPS system in abattoir will be strategic for importing countries so as to attract different importing customers.

[Asmamaw Aki Jano. Survey on Luna Export Slaughter House in Eastern Showa administrative zone of Oromia, Ethiopia. Rep Opinion 2018;10(3):60-70]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 7. doi:10.7537/marsroj100318.07.

Key words: Ante mortem, import, Food safety, Luna export abattoir, HACCP, meat products, veterinary inspectors, post mortem

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Review On Anti Trypanosome And Resistance To The Drugs

Asmamaw Aki Jano

Assosa Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box: 326, Asossa, Ethiopia. Email: asmamawaki@gmail.com, Telephone; +251 922232353

Summary: Trypanosomosis is a major constraint to livestock production in sub Saharan Africa and to a lesser extent in latine America and Asia. The distribution of the disease is influenced by the existence of tsetse and biting flies. Trypanocidal drugs remain the principal method of animal trypanosomosis control in most African countries. However, there is a growing concern that their future effectiveness may be severely curtailed by widespread drug resistance. Because it is very unlikely that new trypanocidal drugs will be released into the market in the future, it is essential to maintain the efficacy of the currently available drugs. So detection methods of drug resistance by tests in ruminants, in mice and in vitro assays followed by the right techniques on the delay of the development of drug resistance like reduction in the number of treatment is manadatory. And once resistance present allowing integrated control measures such as reducing vector numbers to reduce the number of drug treatments will be of great importance.

[Asmamaw Aki Jano. Review On Anti Trypanosome And Resistance To The Drugs. Rep Opinion 2018;10(3):71-81]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 8. doi:10.7537/marsroj100318.08.

Key words: control, drug resistance, trypanosomosis, trypanocidal drugs

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Synthesis and characterization of Cadmium doped Nickel Oxide nanoparticles

Dr Jyotsna Chauhan*, Abhishek Kumar Tiwari

*HOD Department of Nanotechnology, Rajiv Ganhi Techanical University, Bhopal (M.P.), India

*Corresponding authors E-mail- jyotsnachauhan2006@gmail.com

Abstract: Nanoparticles or nanocrystals made of metals, semiconductors, or oxides are of particular interest for their mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical and other properties. Nanoparticles have been used as quantum dots and as chemical catalysts such as nanomaterial-based catalysts. Recently, a range of nanoparticles are extensively investigated for biomedical applications including tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensor. Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. A bulk material should have constant physical properties regardless of its size, but at the nano-scale this is often not the case. Size-dependent properties are observed such as quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface Plasmon resonance in some metal particles and superparamagnetism in magnetic materials. In this paper we have synthesized Cadmium Doped Nickel Oxide nano particle by co precipitation method. Finally we find the size of the nano particle in the range of 30.6nm. We have used only 4% of doping. The size of nano particle is characterized by XRD. And by comparing the pure form of Nickle Oxide with Cadmium doped Nickel Oxide and we get that some more peak of impurity (Cadmium ) as (100), (101 ) and it also increase the intensity of the peak of Nickel Oxide. and by the PL spectrum we see the result of doping. and see the effect of wavelength on the material. UV Visible spectrum shows that absorption capacity of Nickel Oxide has been enhanced because of Cadmium Doping. And it shows the Cadmium doped Nickel Oxide shows more absorption at 270 nm FTIR spectrum shows the absorption capacity in infrared light that how much absorption is possible in wavelength that is below to red light. we find that there is significant changes in the property of Nickel Oxide nano particle this nano particle will simplifies the human beings by improving the property of Nickel Oxide Nano material by improving their strength. It has been clear that there is more percentage of doping reqired to enhance the more property of Nickel Oxide.

[Jyotsna Chauhan, Abhishek Kumar Tiwari. Synthesis and characterization of Cadmium doped Nickel Oxide nanoparticles. Rep Opinion 2018;10(3):82-91]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 9. doi:10.7537/marsroj100318.09.

Keywords: Synthesis; characterization; Cadmium; doped; Nickel; Oxide; nanoparticle

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Effects Of Replacing Soyabeans Meal With Graded Levels Of Boiled Jatropha Kernel Meal In Diets Of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings

Fakunle, J. O., IBANGA, U.I, Effiong, B. N. and K. Tiamiyu

Fisheries Technology Department, Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, P.M.B 1500, New Bussa, Niger State.
fakunleolubunmi@yahoo.com

Abstract: A feeding trial was conducted in the laboratory for 8 weeks to evaluate the growth response of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings using boiled Jatropha kernel as the protein source in place of soyabean meal. Four experimental diets (40% crude protein) were formulated, three of these diets contained boiled Jatropha kernel meal at varying levels of 0% 10%, 20%, and 30% while the diet without boiled Jatropha kernel meal served as control. Fish fingerlings were fed weekly at 5% body weight. It was discovered that the percentage weight gain was significantly different (p<0.05) among the controlled diet and the experimental diets; specific growth rates were also significantly different (p<0.05) among the controlled diet, diets 3 and 4 but different in diets 1 and 2 with diet 4 (30%) of boiled Jatropha kernel having the highest value. The highest weight gain was recorded in diet 4 containing 30% of boiled Jatropha kernel meal (75.57g) while the least at 10% inclusion (52.47g). The soyabean meal protein increased with increasing boiled Jatropha kernel substitution. Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that C. gariepinus could tolerate 30% inclusion of boiled Jatropha kernel meal in the diet in place of soyabean meal.
[Fakunle, J. O., IBANGA, U.I, Effiong, B. N. and K. Tiamiyu. Effects Of Replacing Soyabeans Meal With Graded Levels Of Boiled Jatropha Kernel Meal In Diets Of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings. Rep Opinion 2018;10(3):92-98]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 10. doi:10.7537/marsroj100318.10.

Key words: Growth performance, Nutrient utilization, Clarias gariepinus, boiled Jatropha kernel meal.

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