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Evaluation Of The Nutritive Value Of Plants Browsed By Livestock At Gongoshi Grazing Reserve, Nigeria

Khobe, D.

Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria.

Correspondence: amanoyang@gmail.com, +23480137459305

Abstract: Samples of five (5) selected heavily browsed plants harvested at Gongoshi grazing reserve in Mayo-Belwa local Government area of Adamawa State, were evaluated with respect to their proximate composition. These samples were randomly collected in the study area and identified by pastoralists, range manager and at the Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State University, Mubi. The parameters measured included dry matter (DM), crude fibre (CF), crude protein (CP), Ash (minerals), nitrogen free extract (NFE), ether extract and carbohydrate (CHO). Also evaluated minerals elements such as calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and magnesium (mg). It was found that the dry matter content ranged between 78.28% – 91.66%, crude fibre (18.36 – 44.84%), crude protein (7.56 – 17.48%), Nitrogen free extract (10.20 – 21.72%), Ether Extract (3.96 – 9.35%), Ash (4.03 –15.08%) and carbohydrate (28.68 – 52.45%). Minerals elements ranged from 0.79% – 25.65% for calcium, sodium (0.30 – 4.21%), potassium (0.44 – 1.35%), phosphorus (0.42 – 6.25%), iron (12.25 – 41.40%), copper (4.70 – 9.65%), magnesium (0.30 – 8.43%). The result obtained was used to determine the suitability of the analysed browse species for ruminant animal production. The study also revealed that nutrient contents in samples vary in composition, which may be due to differences in plant species, stage of maturity, soil type, seasonal variation and the topography of the land. Feeding trials using ruminant animals is recommended in order to fully ascertain the inclusion values of these browsed plants in the diets of animals.

[Khobe, D. Evaluation Of The Nutritive Value Of Plants Browsed By Livestock At Gongoshi Grazing Reserve, Nigeria. Rep Opinion 2017;9(8):1-8]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 1. doi:10.7537/marsroj090817.01.

Key words: Nutritive value, Browsed plants, herbaceous plants, Gongoshi

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Geologyand Geochemistry of Magmatic Rocks, Gabal Elba Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt

Abu El-Leil ¹, H. M. Azzam², M.H. Bekhit¹, and I.A. El-Shaheed²

¹ Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo Branch, Egypt

²Egyptian Mineral Resources Authority (EMRA), Egypt

Geo.islam2008@gmail.com

Abstract: The magmatic rocks of Gabal Elba area comprise metavolcanics related to early orogenic stage, tonalite, granodiorite and monzogranite related to syn to late orogenic stage and rhyolite porphery, gabbro, alkali granite, syeniteand quartz syenite (Elba ring complex), related to post orogenic stage. The metavolcanics mainly have theolitic affinity, indicating island arc regime. The tonalite, granodiorite and monzogranite have calc-alkaline affinity indicating continental arc regime. The rhyolite porphery, gabbro, alkali granite, syenite and quartz syenite show theolitic affinity for gabbro and alkaline affinity for rhyolite porphery, alkali granite, syenite and quartz syenite, indicating bimodal magma, developed within continental plate and rifting regime to form Elba ring complex.

[Abu El-Leil, H. M. Azzam, M.H. Bekhit, and I.A. El-Shaheed. Geologyand Geochemistry of Magmatic Rocks, Gabal Elba Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Rep Opinion 2017;9(8):9-27]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 2. doi:10.7537/marsroj090817.02.

Keywords: Geologyand; Geochemistry; Magmatic Rocks; Gabal Elba Area; South Eastern Desert; Egypt

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Study on Prevalence and Economic Importance of Cysticercus Bovis in Cattle Slaughtered at Kombolcha ELFORA Abattoir, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, North Eastern Ethiopia.

¹ Mulugeta Alebachew, Dejen Tsehayeneh ^2*, Birhanu Eticha^2* and Haile Worku^2*

¹ Amhara Regional State, East Gojam, Dejen Woreda Agriculture office, Dejen, Ethiopia

^*2 Benishngul Gumuz Regional State, Livestock and Fisheries Resource Development Agency, P.O.Box:30, Assosa, Ethiopia;

E-mail: workuhaile29@gmail.com, brihanueticha12@gmail.com and drdejen@gmail.com

Abstract: This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2011 to April 2012 to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors and economic importance of bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Kombolcha ELFORA abattoir, North Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 1201 cattle slaughtered were examined during the study period and an overall (61/1201, 5.07%) prevalence was recorded. A retrospective study was also conducted to evaluate the significance of cysticercosis in the study area. A four year (2007 to 2010) abattoir data analysis in the study area showed that the prevalence of Cysticercus bovis range varied from 6.2% to 13.2%. Sex and ecological origins of cattle did not show significant association (P>0.05) with presence of cysts. Liver was found to be the most affected organ of cysticercosis 32(52.45%) followed by masseter muscle 9(14.75%), tongue 8(13.11%), thigh muscles 6(9.88%), heart 6(9.83%), shoulder 3(4.91%) and diaphragm 2(3.27%). Out of 218 cysts collected from different organs and tested for viability, 100 (45.87%) were found to be viable and out of this liver was harbor a proportionally higher (26.60%) rate of viable cysts. Considering the current study Cysticercus bovis infection is a widespread occurrence in cattle slaughtered at Kombolcha ELFORA abattoir. To conclude, the impact of cysticercosis necessitates serious attention in order to safeguard the public health and economy of the country; to reduce the transmission of Cysticercus bovis, strategic actions aiming at public education to avoid consumption of raw meat, improved standards of human hygiene and strict routine meat inspection should be considered.

[Mulugeta A, Dejen T, Birhanu E, Haile W. Study on Prevalence and Economic Importance of Cysticercus Bovis in Cattle Slaughtered at Kombolcha ELFORA Abattoir, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, North Eastern Ethiopia. Rep Opinion 2017;9(8):28-34]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 3. doi:10.7537/marsroj090817.03.

Keywords: Abattoir, Bovine, Cysticercus bovis; Kombolicha, Prevalence, Taenia saginata

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Study on Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Identification of the Trypanosomes Species in Dibate Wereda, Benishangul-Gumz Region, Western Ethiopia

Gizachew Wubaye¹, Bihonegn Wodajnew² and Birhanu Eticha²

^{1 & 2} Livestock and Fishery Resource Development Agency, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Assosa, Ethiopia

Email.com: wodajbihonegn19@yahoo.com, brihanueticha12@gmail.com

Corresponding author: Gizachew Wubaye, Bihonegn Wodajnew, Bihanu Eticha

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2009 to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, identify the dominant species of trypanosomes and associated risk factors in Dibate woreda of the Benishangul-Gumz Regional State, Western Ethiopia using buffy coat technique. An overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area was 4.9%. The prevalence of the disease in male and female cattle was found to be 6.7% and 3.7% respectively. Prevalence of 2.5%, 9.5% and 4.9% was recorded in Dibate 01, Dibate 02 and Zighi, kebeles respectively. Regarding to age, 4.5%, 3.7% and 5.4% prevalence was registered in animals less than three years, three to six years, and greater than six years of age respectively. Coat color of study animals was also considered as a risk factor and 10%, 3.5% and 5.4% prevalence was recorded in white, red and black colored cattle respectively. The prevailing species of trypanosomes in the study area were T. congoleanse, T. vaivax, and T. brucei with respective prevalence of 41.7%, 33.3% and 25% respectively. The present finding revealed that trypanosomosis was one of the constraints of livestock production and productivity in the study area signaling the need for strategic and integrated approach to mitigate the impact of the disease and further epidemiological study will be conducted to assess the real impact of the disease on livestock production and productivity in the study area.

[Gizachew Wubaye, Bihonegn Wodajnew and Birhanu Eticha. Study on Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Identification of the Trypanosomes Species in Dibate Wereda, Benishangul-Gumz Region, Western Ethiopia. Rep Opinion 2017;9(8):35-41]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 4. doi:10.7537/marsroj090817.04.

Key words: Bovine, Dibate, Prevalence, Trypanosomosis

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A Review On Heath And Production Management Of Sheepin Ethiopia

Zeru Assefa^{1, 2}, Mengestie Abebaw^{1, 2}, Melese Yenew^{1, 2}

¹ Bahir Dar University, college of Agriculture and environmental science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box. 5501. Bahir dar Etthiopia

2Faculity of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health science, University of Gondar, P.O. Box. 196,Gondar, Ethiopia

¹College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box. 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia         

 Zerua1272@gmail.com

Abstract: Sheep are among the most efficient of all the domestic animals and have been for thousands of years. There were around 1.1 billion sheep in the world producing approximately 13 million tons of sheep meat. Ethiopia has around 25 million sheep and they may be grouped into about 14 traditional sheep populations. Sheep production is considered to be advantageous compared to other class of livestock production, due to their high fertility, short generation interval, adaptation in harsh environment and their ability to produce in limited feed resource they are considered as investment and insurance. Sheep have multipurpose functions providing meat, manure and as source of income. In the subsistence sector farmers and pastoralists depend on sheep and goats for much of their livelihood. Strategies for genetic improvement of livestock mainly involve the decision on the use of the variation between breeds (cross-breeding) and within a breed (pure breeding). Sheep crossbreeding program has been started with the aim to increase productivity (meat, wool, and milk) of medium sized indigenous by crossing to exotic breeds. Classified sheep breeds of different region based on agro-ecology and morphological characteristics include Farta, Tikur, Menz, Wollo, Shewa/Legegora, Sekota/Abergele sheep; Afar sheep; Agew/Dangla sheep, Wegera sheep, Semien sheep; Gumuz/Shankila sheep, Bonga, Adilo, Arsi, Horro, and black head somali sheep. Good reproductive performance is a prerequisite for any successful genetic improvement and it determines production efficiency. In Ethiopia the traditional smallholder management system the majority of people in the highlands keep small flocks and practice mixed crop-livestock agriculture which provide cash income, meat, manure, skins, whereas those in the sub moist, cold, very high altitude areas and in arid lowlands keep large flocks in pastoral production system. A number of constraints which obstacle for sheep production and genetic improvement programme are Disease, limited market access and information, feed shortage/frequent drought and water shortage are among the main sheep production constraints in the country.

[Assefa Z, Abebaw M, Yenew M.. A Review On Heath And Production Management Of Sheepin Ethiopia. Rep Opinion 2017;9(8):42-63]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 5. doi:10.7537/marsroj090817.05.

Key word: breed, constraint, production, reproduction, sheep

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Study On Prevalence And Associated Risk Factors Of Bovine Mange Mites In And Around Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia

 ¹Mulatu Alemneh, ²Hailehizeb Cheru and ³Tesfu Abtie

¹Senior Clinical Expert in the field clinical medicine at Gimjabet veterinary clinic, Ethiopia

²Lecturer at Burie Poly Technic College Department Of Animal Health P.o.box. 75, Burie, Ethiopia. ³Lecturer at Burie Poly Technic College Department of Animal Health P.o.box. 75, Burie, Ethiopia

 haile12cheru12@gmail.com

Abstract:-A cross-sectional study was conducted commencing October 2014 to April 2015 in and around Gondar town, Amhara National Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia, with the objective of assessing the prevalence and associated risk factors of mange mite in cattle. Both clinical and laboratory examinations of samples from skin were carried out and a simple random sampling technique was used to select the study animals. A total of 384 cattle of all age, sex and breed were examined and in a cattle having skin lesion sample of skin scrapings were taken. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis and Chi square test was used to observe association of different risk factors with the occurrence of mange mite infestation. Out of 384 cattle’s examined 34 (8.9%) animals were found positive for mange mites. Among the total of 34 positive cattle for mange mite, the two mite genera was detected. Of these, Demodex, 21(5.5%) followed by sarcoptes 13(3.4%) of total cattle examined for mange mites. Analysis of the potential risk factors has revealed that there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) between breeds, management and age of animals for the occurrence of mange mites. However, there was a significant association (P< 0.05) between sex and body condition of animal with mange mites. Generally the mite infestation causes considerable economic loss in livestock production. Further investigations should be conducted in order to know detail information about bovine mange mites in the study area, so as to put appropriate control and prevention measures.

[ Mulatu Alemneh,  Hailehizeb Cheru and  Tesfu Abtie. Study On Prevalence And Associated Risk Factors Of Bovine Mange Mites In And Around Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia. Rep Opinion 2017;9(8):64-70]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 6. doi:10.7537/marsroj090817.06.

Key words: Cattle, Gondar, Mange mite, prevalence

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 Review on Common Ophthalmic Problems of Equines

^1*Ayana Wubie (DVM) and ¹Wale Firew (DVM) and ¹Alemzewud Wondimu (DVM)

¹ Lectures at Burie Poly Technic College; Department of Animal Health Burie; Ethiopia; Burie; Ethiopia P.O.Box.75;

 Email: wbayye07@gmail.com

Abstract: Equidae is the mammalian family comprising the single genus equus consisting of domestic and feral horse, donkey, mule and zebra. An estimated 60 percent of the world’s horse population and over 95 per cent of all donkeys and mules are found in developing countries. These equidae are suffering from different diseases. Among the diseases affecting equine, ocular disease is very common. Ocular disease is a frequent problem in working equidae in developing countries. One of the most common eye conditions seen in equine, especially during the summer months, is conjunctivitis. Equine corneal ulceration is also common in horses and it is a sight-threatening disease requiring early Clinical diagnosis, laboratory confirmation, and appropriate medical and surgical therapy. Ocular manifestations of leptospirosis appear in the form of equine recurrent uveitis. Toxoplasma Gondi is a protozoan parasite that can infect horses although clinical disease is rare. Equine herpes viruses have been repeatedly isolated from eyes of horses suffering from certain forms of keratitis or kerato-conjunctivitis. Although they are the viruses most often considered as being the causative agent of corneal disease; adenoviruses, and other viruses have also been incriminated. Trauma is a relatively common cause of eye disease in the equine and the cornea is the most common location for eye injuries. A wide variety of tumors have been identified in the orbit ofequine. Tumors in the orbit itself are a serious diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. There are few published studies investigating ocular disease in Ethiopian horses. Wounds and ocular injuries were the most frequently recorded health concerns. It is very important to understand how the eye functions and the importance of good husbandry. Advising the owner on early recognition of ocular changes and good eye management is an important responsibility as a veterinarian.

[ Ayana Wubie (DVM) and Wale Firew (DVM) and Alemzewud Wondimu (DVM). Review on Common Ophthalmic Problems of Equines. Rep Opinion 2017;9(8):71-79]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 7. doi:10.7537/marsroj090817.07.

Key words: - blindness, conjunctivitis, Equine, ophthalmic, uvietis, vision

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Study On Prevalence, Identification And Common Control Practices Of Major Ixodid Ticks Of Cattle In Dera District, South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia

Gebremeskel Moges¹, Basaznew Bogale², Mengestie Abebaw³, Robel Abebaw¹, Anteneh Shewaye¹ and Daniel Workneh¹

¹Faculty of Veterinary medicine, University of Gondar, P.o.Box. 196. Gondar, Ethiopia

²Lecturer at University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Department of units of paraclinical studies, P.o.Box. 196. Gondar, Ethiopia

³Lecturer at Burie poly thecnic, Department of animal health, P.o.Box. 75. Burie, Ethiopia

789456mg@gmail.com

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Dera district, South Gondar zone, from December, 2016 to April, 2017 to estimate prevalence and identify the major genera of ixodid ticks of cattle and to explore common control practices against ticks. From the total of 384 cattle examined, 171(44.5%) were found to be infested with one or more genera of ticks. A total of 434 adult ticks were collected from half body part of each infested cattle. Four genera of ticks such as Amblyomma (38.0%), Hyalomma (20.7%), Rhipicephalus (24.9%), and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) (16.4%) were identified. The lower parts of the body (belly, perineum, scrotum and udder) were highly infested by all genera of ticks, but majority from ears and legs were Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma respectively. Body condition and management systems showed a statistical significant difference (p<0.05) for the prevalence of ticks. Poor body conditioned cattle were highly tick infested (55.1%) than medium (40.7%) and good (35.7%) body conditioned. Cattle managed extensively were very highly tick infested than those semi-intensively managed that had the prevalence of 53.8% and 29.2% respectively. Other variables like sex, age and breed did not show a statistical significant difference (p>0.05) in the present study. Questionnaire survey was employed concerning control practices. In the survey, the entire respondents observed tick infestation. They practiced one or more measurement (s) to control ticks, but most of the livestock owners (65.7%) removed ticks manually (de-ticking). Modern acaricides and medicinal plants were also used. In conclusion, the prevalent ticks could be responsible in inducing direct and indirect impacts in the study area. Therefore, addressing the veterinary services, studying on seasonal dynamics of ticks and evaluating the traditional remedies should be implemented and encouraged. [Gebremeskel Moges, Basaznew Bogale, Mengestie Abebaw, Robel Abebaw, Anteneh Shewaye  and Daniel Workneh. Study On Prevalence, Identification And Common Control Practices Of Major Ixodid Ticks Of Cattle In Dera District, South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. Rep Opinion 2017;9(8):80-87]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 8. doi:10.7537/marsroj090817.08.

Key words: Cattle, Control, Dera District, Prevalence, Tick.

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Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice and Related Factors about Rabies Among the Community of Assosa Town.

¹Mokonnen Damtew, ^1*Birhanu Eticha, ²Teshale Balda, and ^2*Haile Worku

^{1 & 2} Agriculture Office of Dibate District, Dibate, Ethiopia, Mobile: +251-910802028: E-mail: dinasormd@gmail.com

^{1* & 2*} Livestock and Fisheries resource development agency, P.O. Box 30, Assosa, Ethiopia E-mail: brihanueticha12@gmail.com.

Corresponding Authors: Mekonnen Damtew and Birhanu Eticha

Abstract: This study was conducted in Assosa town of the Benishangul Gumuz Regional state Western Ethiopia from November 2014 to April 2015 to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices on rabies and related factors among the community of the town by using Community based cross-sectional quantitative study design. All kebeles of the town were selected purposively for this study since the kebeles were few in number and can be assessed. Individual household was selected using a systematic random sampling technique. From the selected household, individual respondent was selected using simple random sampling technique and interviewed. During the interview respondents aged greater than eighteen years and households who live at least for one year in the town was considered. The data were collected from 360 households through face to face interview using pre-tested and structured questionnaires. Of the 360 respondents interviewed, 168(46.7%) and 192 (53.3%) were males females respectively. Almost all of the respondents indicated that they had previously heard about rabies and 254 (70.6%) had good level of knowledge, attitudes and practices about rabies. There was strong association between knowledge, attitudes and practices scores of rabies and sex (χ2=5.885, p=0.020); educational level (χ2=1.022, p=0.000); occupation (χ2=72.024, P=0.000) and household size (χ2=11.136, p=0.004). Generally these findings indicated that the Assosa town community has good knowledge about rabies. Therefore, information source like radio, television programmes and news papers should play significance role to raise knowledge of the community about the deadly nature of rabies, on mode of transmission, symptoms and the availability of appropriate preventive measure like vaccines for dogs.

[Mokonnen Damtew,  Birhanu Eticha,  Teshale Balda, and  Haile Worku. Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice and Related Factors about Rabies Among the Community of Assosa Town.. Rep Opinion 2017;9(8):88-96]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 9. doi:10.7537/marsroj090817.09.

Key Words: Attitude, community, dog, Knowledge, Practice, rabies

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Effect of Eicosapentaenoic acid Supplementation on the Serum Profile of Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B-100, and apo B-100/apo A-I Ratio in the Patients with Non Insulin-Dependent Diabetes

Mohammad Hassan Golzari¹, Saeed Hosseini², Fariba Koohdani³, Seyde Ali Keshavarz⁴, Mahmoud Djalali⁵

^1- MSc, Ph.D Candidate, Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

^2- MD, Ph.D. Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

^3- Ph.D. Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

^4- Ph.D. Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

^5- : Ph.D. Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

mohsen8203934@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: There is sufficient evidence that the apo B-100 and apo A-I are as accurate indicators in the prediction of atherosclerotic vascular disease in the diabetic patients. EPA has the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antithrombogenic, and antiarteriosclerotic properties. Therefore, we investigated the effect of EPA supplementation on the serum levels of apo B-100, apo A-I and apo B-100/apo A-I ratio in the diabetic patients. Methods: This study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Thirty six patients with type 2 diabetes were given written; informed consent, randomly were classified into 2 groups. They were supplemented with 2 g/day of the capsules of EPA or placebo. Blood sample for measurement of the serum levels of apolipoproteins and lipids, as well as FBS and HbA1c were given. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding any demographic, clinical or biochemical data, total energy intake, and macronutrient intake at the baseline, and during the intervention, except for a significant increase of HDL-c and apo A-I, and a significant decrease in the serum levels of apo B-100 and apo B-100/apo A-I ratio, as well as a slight reduce of TC, LDL-c, TG and FBS in the supplement group. Conclusions: EPA is atheroprotective via increase in the serum levels of apo A-I, and decrease in the serum levels of apo B-100 and apo B-100/apo A-I ratio, as well as change in the serum levels of lipids, and FBS.

[Mohammad Hassan Golzari, Saeed Hosseini, Fariba Koohdani, Seyde Ali Keshavarz, Mahmoud Djalali. Effect of Eicosapentaenoic acid Supplementation on the Serum Profile of Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B-100, and apo B-100/apo A-I Ratio in the Patients with Non Insulin-Dependent Diabetes. Rep Opinion 2017;9(8):97-104]. ISSN 1553-9873 (print); ISSN 2375-7205 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 10. doi:10.7537/marsroj090817.10.

Key Words: Eicosapentaenoic acid, Apolipoprotein B, Apolipoprotein A-I, apo B-100/apo A-I, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

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