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Endothelial dysfunction in obese females with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: role of vascular endothelial growth factor

Soma Sh. Abd El Gawad MD, Azza A. El-Baiomy MD, and Mohamed Ghoniem MD*

Departments of Clinical Pathology and Internal Medicine*, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

somaabdelgawad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background and Objective: Obesity is the key determinant of insulin resistance. Hyperinsulinemia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of both metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adipose tissue expresses and releases some bioactive molecules which may have a potential role in the development of obesity associated metabolic disor­ders and cardiovascular diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenic paracrine factor secreted from adipose tissue and plays a fundamental role in pathological neovascularization that observed in atherosclerosis. Nitric oxide (NO) is a cell signaling molecule that plays important role in regulating and increasing arterial blood flow and any endothelial dysfunction that impairs its secretion may be a key risk factor for the development of micro- and macrovascular dis­eases. In this study we aimed to evaluate the serum concentrations of VEGF and NO in obese females with and without PCOS and to explore the relations between both of them and different components of the metabolic syndrome in such patients. Subjects and methods: Forty female patients were included in this study. They were categorized into 3 groups; group (1): comprised 18 obese non PCOS females; group (2): comprised 12 obese females having PCOS, group (3): comprised 10 non obese females having PCOS, in addi­tion, to 10 normal-weight healthy females as a control group. Serum VEGF, NO, fasting insulin, free testosterone, blood glucose, lipid profile were measured in addition to different clinical and anthropometric parameters. Results: Serum VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in obese females with and without PCOS compared to non obese PCOS Patients (P=<0.02, <0.01, respectively). Serum NO con­centrations were significant1y lower in obese females with and without PCOS compared to non obese PCOS patients (P<0.001, <0.001 respectively). Serum free testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in obese and non obese females having PCOS compared to obese females without PCOS (P=<0.01, <0.05 respectively). Serum VEGF concentrations were positively correlated with BMI (r=0.4, P=<0.05), waist circumference (r=0.7, P=<0.001), fasting insulin (r=0.5, P=0.01), HOMA-IR (r=0.6, P=<0.001) and cholesterol (r=0.45, P=0.02). While, serum NO concentrations were negatively correlated with BMI (r=-0.7, P=<0.001), waist circumference (r=-0.4, P=<0.05), VEGF (r=-0.38, P=0.05), cholesterol (r=-0.5, p = <0.01) and LDL-C (r=-0.4, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with HDL-C (r=0.6, P=0.001). Serum free tes­tosterone concentrations were positively correlated with waist circumference (r=0.42, p=<0.05) and HOMA-IR (r=0.48, P = < 0.05). Mean blood pressure, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, cholesterol, triglyce­rides, and LDL-C were significantly higher, while HDL-C was significantly lower in obese females with PCOS compared to non obese females with PCOS (P=< 0.01,<0.001,<0.01,< 0.01,<0.001,< 0.01, <0.05 respectively). Conclusion: It can be concluded that, obesity is associated with increased level of serum VEGF and decrease level of serum NO, and there is strong correlation between their concentrations and some components of the metabolic syndrome. In female patients with PCOS, the metabolic abnormalities (Hyperinsulinaemia, impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia) that act as a cardiovascular risk are mainly due to the accompanying obesity, and increase serum level of tes­tosterone in such patients is additional risk. Increased level of VEGF in obesity could induce endothelial dysfunction, impairing NO se­cretion and may have a potential role in progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity.

[Soma Sherif Abd El Gawad, Azza A El-Baiomy and Mohamed Ghoniem: Endothelial dysfunction in obese females with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: role of vascular endothelial growth factor. Report and Opinion 2011;3(6):25-31]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj030611.01

Key words: Obesity, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Nitric oxide, Metabolic syndrome.

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Endothelial dysfunction in obese females with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: role of vascular endothelial growth factor

Soma Sh. Abd El Gawad MD, Azza A. El-Baiomy MD, and Mohamed Ghoniem MD*

Departments of Clinical Pathology and Internal Medicine*, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

somaabdelgawad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background and Objective: Obesity is the key determinant of insulin resistance. Hyperinsulinemia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of both metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adipose tissue expresses and releases some bioactive molecules which may have a potential role in the development of obesity associated metabolic disor­ders and cardiovascular diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenic paracrine factor secreted from adipose tissue and plays a fundamental role in pathological neovascularization that observed in atherosclerosis. Nitric oxide (NO) is a cell signaling molecule that plays important role in regulating and increasing arterial blood flow and any endothelial dysfunction that impairs its secretion may be a key risk factor for the development of micro- and macrovascular dis­eases. In this study we aimed to evaluate the serum concentrations of VEGF and NO in obese females with and without PCOS and to explore the relations between both of them and different components of the metabolic syndrome in such patients. Subjects and methods: Forty female patients were included in this study. They were categorized into 3 groups; group (1): comprised 18 obese non PCOS females; group (2): comprised 12 obese females having PCOS, group (3): comprised 10 non obese females having PCOS, in addi­tion, to 10 normal-weight healthy females as a control group. Serum VEGF, NO, fasting insulin, free testosterone, blood glucose, lipid profile were measured in addition to different clinical and anthropometric parameters. Results: Serum VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in obese females with and without PCOS compared to non obese PCOS Patients (P=<0.02, <0.01, respectively). Serum NO con­centrations were significant1y lower in obese females with and without PCOS compared to non obese PCOS patients (P<0.001, <0.001 respectively). Serum free testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in obese and non obese females having PCOS compared to obese females without PCOS (P=<0.01, <0.05 respectively). Serum VEGF concentrations were positively correlated with BMI (r=0.4, P=<0.05), waist circumference (r=0.7, P=<0.001), fasting insulin (r=0.5, P=0.01), HOMA-IR (r=0.6, P=<0.001) and cholesterol (r=0.45, P=0.02). While, serum NO concentrations were negatively correlated with BMI (r=-0.7, P=<0.001), waist circumference (r=-0.4, P=<0.05), VEGF (r=-0.38, P=0.05), cholesterol (r=-0.5, p = <0.01) and LDL-C (r=-0.4, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with HDL-C (r=0.6, P=0.001). Serum free tes­tosterone concentrations were positively correlated with waist circumference (r=0.42, p=<0.05) and HOMA-IR (r=0.48, P = < 0.05). Mean blood pressure, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, cholesterol, triglyce­rides, and LDL-C were significantly higher, while HDL-C was significantly lower in obese females with PCOS compared to non obese females with PCOS (P=< 0.01,<0.001,<0.01,< 0.01,<0.001,< 0.01, <0.05 respectively). Conclusion: It can be concluded that, obesity is associated with increased level of serum VEGF and decrease level of serum NO, and there is strong correlation between their concentrations and some components of the metabolic syndrome. In female patients with PCOS, the metabolic abnormalities (Hyperinsulinaemia, impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia) that act as a cardiovascular risk are mainly due to the accompanying obesity, and increase serum level of tes­tosterone in such patients is additional risk. Increased level of VEGF in obesity could induce endothelial dysfunction, impairing NO se­cretion and may have a potential role in progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity.

[Soma Sherif Abd El Gawad, Azza A El-Baiomy and Mohamed Ghoniem: Endothelial dysfunction in obese females with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: role of vascular endothelial growth factor. Report and Opinion 2011;3(6):25-31]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj030611.02

Key words: Obesity, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Nitric oxide, Metabolic syndrome.

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Endothelial dysfunction in obese females with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: role of vascular endothelial growth factor

Soma Sh. Abd El Gawad MD, Azza A. El-Baiomy MD, and Mohamed Ghoniem MD*

Departments of Clinical Pathology and Internal Medicine*, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

somaabdelgawad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background and Objective: Obesity is the key determinant of insulin resistance. Hyperinsulinemia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of both metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adipose tissue expresses and releases some bioactive molecules which may have a potential role in the development of obesity associated metabolic disor­ders and cardiovascular diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenic paracrine factor secreted from adipose tissue and plays a fundamental role in pathological neovascularization that observed in atherosclerosis. Nitric oxide (NO) is a cell signaling molecule that plays important role in regulating and increasing arterial blood flow and any endothelial dysfunction that impairs its secretion may be a key risk factor for the development of micro- and macrovascular dis­eases. In this study we aimed to evaluate the serum concentrations of VEGF and NO in obese females with and without PCOS and to explore the relations between both of them and different components of the metabolic syndrome in such patients. Subjects and methods: Forty female patients were included in this study. They were categorized into 3 groups; group (1): comprised 18 obese non PCOS females; group (2): comprised 12 obese females having PCOS, group (3): comprised 10 non obese females having PCOS, in addi­tion, to 10 normal-weight healthy females as a control group. Serum VEGF, NO, fasting insulin, free testosterone, blood glucose, lipid profile were measured in addition to different clinical and anthropometric parameters. Results: Serum VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in obese females with and without PCOS compared to non obese PCOS Patients (P=<0.02, <0.01, respectively). Serum NO con­centrations were significant1y lower in obese females with and without PCOS compared to non obese PCOS patients (P<0.001, <0.001 respectively). Serum free testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in obese and non obese females having PCOS compared to obese females without PCOS (P=<0.01, <0.05 respectively). Serum VEGF concentrations were positively correlated with BMI (r=0.4, P=<0.05), waist circumference (r=0.7, P=<0.001), fasting insulin (r=0.5, P=0.01), HOMA-IR (r=0.6, P=<0.001) and cholesterol (r=0.45, P=0.02). While, serum NO concentrations were negatively correlated with BMI (r=-0.7, P=<0.001), waist circumference (r=-0.4, P=<0.05), VEGF (r=-0.38, P=0.05), cholesterol (r=-0.5, p = <0.01) and LDL-C (r=-0.4, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with HDL-C (r=0.6, P=0.001). Serum free tes­tosterone concentrations were positively correlated with waist circumference (r=0.42, p=<0.05) and HOMA-IR (r=0.48, P = < 0.05). Mean blood pressure, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, cholesterol, triglyce­rides, and LDL-C were significantly higher, while HDL-C was significantly lower in obese females with PCOS compared to non obese females with PCOS (P=< 0.01,<0.001,<0.01,< 0.01,<0.001,< 0.01, <0.05 respectively). Conclusion: It can be concluded that, obesity is associated with increased level of serum VEGF and decrease level of serum NO, and there is strong correlation between their concentrations and some components of the metabolic syndrome. In female patients with PCOS, the metabolic abnormalities (Hyperinsulinaemia, impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia) that act as a cardiovascular risk are mainly due to the accompanying obesity, and increase serum level of tes­tosterone in such patients is additional risk. Increased level of VEGF in obesity could induce endothelial dysfunction, impairing NO se­cretion and may have a potential role in progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity.

[Soma Sherif Abd El Gawad, Azza A El-Baiomy and Mohamed Ghoniem: Endothelial dysfunction in obese females with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: role of vascular endothelial growth factor. Report and Opinion 2011;3(6):25-31]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj030611.03

Key words: Obesity, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Nitric oxide, Metabolic syndrome.

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The role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in establishing Communication with the villagers

¹ Alireza Talkhabi and ² Bibisadat Miresmaeili

1, 2 Department of Communication, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: fereshteh12150@yahoo.com

Abstract: ICT for developing countries, are associated a potential for increased availability and quality of training and development. ICT basis and attract a lot of knowledge and its acquisition, providing unprecedented opportunities for developing countries, adding and expanding educational systems, improve policy formulation and implementation of opportunities to expand scope of work and gives poor facilitation. One of the biggest hardships that the poor are bearing the other people, who live in the poorest countries, is the sense of isolation. Communication technologies such sensory loss, are guaranteed and also has been unthinkable facilitate access to knowledge through the ways that already. However, the reality of the digital divide (the gap between those who control access technology and those who do not have access) means that the introduction and integration of ICT are challenging at different levels and in various types of training, most commitments. Failure in this struggle to become more significant gap of knowledge and the deepening economic and social inequalities.

[Alireza Talkhabi and Bibisadat Miresmaeili. The role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in establishing Communication with the villagers. Report and Opinion 2011;3(6):15-19]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj030611.04

Keywords: information and communication technologies (ICT), rural development

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The Role of rural women empowerment in improving agricultural development

Mohammadreza Ghaffari

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

Corresponding author: sharif11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the new system of advanced agricultural economy, the value of women’s work that previously was unpaid labor now must be paid in cash. Expect for agriculture which is rural women’s main work field they have rarely participated in tow other fields of economy. The most important issue of women’s social and political participation is to take part in planning, decision making, implementation of decisions, and evaluation of results. Generally they have had a little share in such processes. Although in recent years rural women have participated more in villages’ management, social and cultural organizations, and cooperative institutions’ management; but having a lower level of literacy, education, income and social status than urban women they still have the smaller share of administrative and official jobs. Some barriers to women’s participation which can be categorized in 3 groups of personal, familial, and social include: law literacy level, large volume of work both inside and outside of home for many reasons including seasonal migration of men and the great diversity of rural women’s activities(nursing, housekeeping, agriculture, handicrafts, livestock,…), malnutrition, law health indicator, Patriarchal structure of society, father or husbands disagreement with a woman’s participation in social and economic activities for various reasons like cultural reasons or unwilling to lose the labor force at home, negative attitudes towards women’s abilities, gender discrimination, family’s poverty, superstitious beliefs, misleading customs like fatalism, law access of women to credit and facilities, inaccessibility of extension services, men-orientated social activities and participation plans, deficiency of professionals needed to educate rural women, problems of access to health services and social facilities, low income of rural women compared with men, lack of non-governmental organizations dealing with rural women’s problems, few women managers in rural area.

[Mohammadreza Ghaffari. The Role of rural women empowerment in improving agricultural development. Report and Opinion 2011;3(6):20-24]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj030611.05

Keywords: empowerment, rural women, agricultural development

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Endothelial dysfunction in obese females with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: role of vascular endothelial growth factor

Soma Sh. Abd El Gawad MD, Azza A. El-Baiomy MD, and Mohamed Ghoniem MD*

Departments of Clinical Pathology and Internal Medicine*, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

somaabdelgawad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background and Objective: Obesity is the key determinant of insulin resistance. Hyperinsulinemia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of both metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adipose tissue expresses and releases some bioactive molecules which may have a potential role in the development of obesity associated metabolic disor­ders and cardiovascular diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenic paracrine factor secreted from adipose tissue and plays a fundamental role in pathological neovascularization that observed in atherosclerosis. Nitric oxide (NO) is a cell signaling molecule that plays important role in regulating and increasing arterial blood flow and any endothelial dysfunction that impairs its secretion may be a key risk factor for the development of micro- and macrovascular dis­eases. In this study we aimed to evaluate the serum concentrations of VEGF and NO in obese females with and without PCOS and to explore the relations between both of them and different components of the metabolic syndrome in such patients. Subjects and methods: Forty female patients were included in this study. They were categorized into 3 groups; group (1): comprised 18 obese non PCOS females; group (2): comprised 12 obese females having PCOS, group (3): comprised 10 non obese females having PCOS, in addi­tion, to 10 normal-weight healthy females as a control group. Serum VEGF, NO, fasting insulin, free testosterone, blood glucose, lipid profile were measured in addition to different clinical and anthropometric parameters. Results: Serum VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in obese females with and without PCOS compared to non obese PCOS Patients (P=<0.02, <0.01, respectively). Serum NO con­centrations were significant1y lower in obese females with and without PCOS compared to non obese PCOS patients (P<0.001, <0.001 respectively). Serum free testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in obese and non obese females having PCOS compared to obese females without PCOS (P=<0.01, <0.05 respectively). Serum VEGF concentrations were positively correlated with BMI (r=0.4, P=<0.05), waist circumference (r=0.7, P=<0.001), fasting insulin (r=0.5, P=0.01), HOMA-IR (r=0.6, P=<0.001) and cholesterol (r=0.45, P=0.02). While, serum NO concentrations were negatively correlated with BMI (r=-0.7, P=<0.001), waist circumference (r=-0.4, P=<0.05), VEGF (r=-0.38, P=0.05), cholesterol (r=-0.5, p = <0.01) and LDL-C (r=-0.4, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with HDL-C (r=0.6, P=0.001). Serum free tes­tosterone concentrations were positively correlated with waist circumference (r=0.42, p=<0.05) and HOMA-IR (r=0.48, P = < 0.05). Mean blood pressure, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, cholesterol, triglyce­rides, and LDL-C were significantly higher, while HDL-C was significantly lower in obese females with PCOS compared to non obese females with PCOS (P=< 0.01,<0.001,<0.01,< 0.01,<0.001,< 0.01, <0.05 respectively). Conclusion: It can be concluded that, obesity is associated with increased level of serum VEGF and decrease level of serum NO, and there is strong correlation between their concentrations and some components of the metabolic syndrome. In female patients with PCOS, the metabolic abnormalities (Hyperinsulinaemia, impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia) that act as a cardiovascular risk are mainly due to the accompanying obesity, and increase serum level of tes­tosterone in such patients is additional risk. Increased level of VEGF in obesity could induce endothelial dysfunction, impairing NO se­cretion and may have a potential role in progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity.

[Soma Sherif Abd El Gawad, Azza A El-Baiomy and Mohamed Ghoniem: Endothelial dysfunction in obese females with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: role of vascular endothelial growth factor. Report and Opinion 2011;3(6):25-31]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj030611.06

Key words: Obesity, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Nitric oxide, Metabolic syndrome.

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Some New Concepts, Formulas and Conclusions to Black Hole Theory and Cosmogony

====From now on, Black Hole Theory and Cosmogony may go to more perfection====

Dongsheng Zhang 张洞生 Email: zhangds12@hotmail.com

 Graduated in 1957 from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. China

【Abstract】。There are two Chapters in this article. Chapter I: [Some New Concepts and New Formulas to BH Theory.] The new positive results are many new exact formulas derived out, such as formulas between Hawking radiation m_ss and black holes (BHs) of M_b, minimum BH of M_bm, information unit of I_o and entropy of S_b, etc. They can let BH’s theory go to more perfection. Chapter II; [The New Concepts and New Researches to Cosmogony]. Above new concepts and formulas of BHs may be applied to better explain and solve many important problems about the origin and evolution of our Universe.

[Dongsheng Zhang. Some New Concepts, Formulas and Conclusions to Black Hole Theory and Cosmogony. Report and Opinion 2011;3(6):32-46]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj030611.07

【Key words】。Hawking theory of black holes; Hawking quantum radiation; minimum BH-- M_bm; Planck particles m_p; information amount I_m of BHs; the origin and evolution of our Universe; cosmic-BH; Original Inflation

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Issues beyond the Department of Adult Education and Literacy

Abbas Nikbakhsh

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

E-mail: leila11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: adults, social experiences, many have already learned different values and beliefs in their pronouns have stabilized, so changes in the new act very cautiously. The idea of such a manner that skill and applying them older and longer life is, Similar resistance to accept new ideas will be more and more severe. Thus, the adult criteria for the built and paid for their ideas and beliefs that are forming. Because of these criteria and the beliefs that they are afraid of failure, Therefore, to prevent it, sometimes against the resistance of new phenomena are only the material taught and its face that make reinforced concrete and tangible interference situation is. Adult who is able to recognize their needs. He is who knows what will. Refers to individual adults in their lives cross and understand their responsibilities and has accepted the role is social. Adult learners are often those that distinguish each other and have many different targets at the same time and will follow a common challenge to fulfill the goals of building self motivation vectors as educational materials to learn and use the forge. In the past, usually one of the obstacles in the way of learning and development of adult education was being inflexible and time courses were programs. But now most countries have to consider that the speed limit of time and learning ability and facilities must be adults.

[Abbas Nikbakhsh. Issues beyond the Department of Adult Education and Literacy. Report and Opinion 2011;3(6):47-52]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj030611.08

Keywords: adult education, learning

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Issues beyond the Department of Adult Education and Literacy

Abbas Nikbakhsh

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

E-mail: leila11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: adults, social experiences, many have already learned different values and beliefs in their pronouns have stabilized, so changes in the new act very cautiously. The idea of such a manner that skill and applying them older and longer life is, Similar resistance to accept new ideas will be more and more severe. Thus, the adult criteria for the built and paid for their ideas and beliefs that are forming. Because of these criteria and the beliefs that they are afraid of failure, Therefore, to prevent it, sometimes against the resistance of new phenomena are only the material taught and its face that make reinforced concrete and tangible interference situation is. Adult who is able to recognize their needs. He is who knows what will. Refers to individual adults in their lives cross and understand their responsibilities and has accepted the role is social. Adult learners are often those that distinguish each other and have many different targets at the same time and will follow a common challenge to fulfill the goals of building self motivation vectors as educational materials to learn and use the forge. In the past, usually one of the obstacles in the way of learning and development of adult education was being inflexible and time courses were programs. But now most countries have to consider that the speed limit of time and learning ability and facilities must be adults.

[Abbas Nikbakhsh. Issues beyond the Department of Adult Education and Literacy. Report and Opinion 2011;3(6):47-52]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj030611.09

Keywords: adult education, learning

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Issues beyond the Department of Adult Education and Literacy

Abbas Nikbakhsh

Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

E-mail: leila11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: adults, social experiences, many have already learned different values and beliefs in their pronouns have stabilized, so changes in the new act very cautiously. The idea of such a manner that skill and applying them older and longer life is, Similar resistance to accept new ideas will be more and more severe. Thus, the adult criteria for the built and paid for their ideas and beliefs that are forming. Because of these criteria and the beliefs that they are afraid of failure, Therefore, to prevent it, sometimes against the resistance of new phenomena are only the material taught and its face that make reinforced concrete and tangible interference situation is. Adult who is able to recognize their needs. He is who knows what will. Refers to individual adults in their lives cross and understand their responsibilities and has accepted the role is social. Adult learners are often those that distinguish each other and have many different targets at the same time and will follow a common challenge to fulfill the goals of building self motivation vectors as educational materials to learn and use the forge. In the past, usually one of the obstacles in the way of learning and development of adult education was being inflexible and time courses were programs. But now most countries have to consider that the speed limit of time and learning ability and facilities must be adults.

[Abbas Nikbakhsh. Issues beyond the Department of Adult Education and Literacy. Report and Opinion 2011;3(6):47-52]. (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsroj030611.10

Keywords: adult education, learning

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