Report and Opinion
Volume
2 - Issue 10, Cumulated 16, October 1, 2010, ISSN 1553-9873
Cover
Page, Introduction,
Contents, Call for
Papers, All papers in one file
Manuscripts are
welcome to send to: editor@sciencepub.net
CONTENTS
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The New
Concepts to Big Bang and to Black Holes:
Both Had No Singularity at All New Edition
====Part 1：Black Holes==== May.-2010
《Black Holes: The Final Gravitational
Collapse Of The Event Horizon
Of Any BHs In Nature Would Only Contract
To Planck Particle mp = Mbm = 10-5g And
Disintegrate in Planck Era, But Impossibly Contract To
Singularity Of Infinite Density.》
Dongsheng Zhang
张洞生 Email:
ZhangDS12@hotmail.com
Graduated
in 1957 From Beijing
University
of Aeronautics and Astronautics. China.
【Abstract】: In this article, author doesn’t
propose any hypothesis and any supplementary condition, may
derive out directly “the finally gravitational
contraction of any black holes (BH) could impossibly become
singularity, but Planck particles mp = Mbm and disappear in Planck Era”.
That result is got from Hawking laws about BH and other
classical formulas together. The superiority of author’s
method is to apply a group of formulas only to research the
changes of physical parameters on the event horizon (EH) of any
BHs, regardless of the
complicated state and structure inside BHs.
Thus, the final contracted result of EH of BHs
could only become Planck particle mp = Mbm (minimum BH),
but not singularity. Since the final collapse of EH of BH with
its all mass (Mb) had to become mp,
if there were little BHs inside, it
could certainly contract to mp in advance. The fundamental defect of the
General Theory of Relativity Equation (EGTR) is that,
any particles in EGTR has no thermodynamic action to resist the
gravitational collapse, it would certainly lead to occurrence
of singularity. On the contrary, Hawking formulas of BH were
built on the foundation of thermodynamics and quantum
mechanics, the heat pressure could resist the gravitational
collapse forever.
According to above
explanations and analyses, an important formula will be got as
below:
mss Mb
= hC/8πG =1.187´10-10g2 (1d)
In above formula (1d), mss is the mass of Hawking quantum
radiation (HQR) on the EH, Mb is the mass of
whole BH. mssMb
is a constant. From (1d), in the real universe, Mb ≠
0, and, mss ≠
0, the smaller Mb
is, the bigger mss can be. According to axiom of any
part ≦the whole, at the limited condition, mss
= Mb = (1.187´10-10g2)1/2. Thus, Mb
is impossible become a singularity.
mss = Mb
= Mbm = (hC/8πG)1/2
= mp =1.09
´ 10-5g (1f)
Formula (1f) is the
best important. correct and final
conclusion in this article got by author. It clearly shows
that, the final gravitational collapse of any BH would become
Planck particle mp, and explode in Planck Era, but
not continuously go to singularity of infinite density. Many
new concepts and laws in this article are all the further
developments to Hawking theory about BHs.
In science, the simplest is the best. The demonstrations
in this article is the simplest, whether it is good or
bad will remain to reader’s comments.
[Dongsheng Zhang. The New Concepts to Big Bang
and to Black Holes: Both Had No Singularity at All - Part 1：Black Holes. Report and Opinion 2010;2(10):1-10]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.01
【Key words】。black holes
(BH); singularity; star-formed Schwarzschild (gravitational)
black holes: Planck particle--mp; Planck Era; Hawking
quantum radiation (HQR); General Theory of Relativity Equation
(GTRE); minimum BH-- Mbm
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The New
Concepts to Big Bang and to Black Holes:
Both Had No
Singularity at All
====Part 2: Our
Universe Didn’t
Come From Singularity====
《Our Universe Was Originated From
Planck Era, Not From Singularity Or The Big Bang Of Singularity . Just
The Birth And Combinations Of
Very Large Amount
Of Minimum BHs Mbm = mp = 1.09´10-5g Created Our Universe And Its Continuous Expansion
Until The Present.》
Dongsheng Zhang
张洞生 Email:
ZhangDS12@hotmail.com;
Graduated
in 1957 From Beijing
University
of Aeronautics and Astronautics. China.
【Abstract】。In this article,
based on some general laws of astronomy, physics and many
classical theories, the calculated results can prove that our
present expansive Universe was impossibly born from Singularity
or from the Big Bang of Singularity but from the Big Crunch of
pre-universe in Plank Era. According to the principle of
time symmetry, suppose before the birth of our universe, there
could be a final Big Crunch of pre-universe. Once the final Big
Crunch of pre-universe reached to Planck Era, i.e. time t
≤ [k1 (2Gκ)/C5]2/3 (3c),
t = - 0.5563´ 10-43s
and temperature T = 0.734´1032k,
every Planck particle (mp) simultaneously reached 3
states: 1. Reached Planck Era; 2. The gravitational linkage
between the closest particles broke off and the collapse
stopped at the state of no gravity; 3. Every particle (mp)
at that moment would exactly become a minimum gravitational
black hole (Mbm = mp
=1.09´10--5g)。Just those 3 states could effectively stop
pre-universe continuously collapse to singularity, and let all Mbm explode in Planck Era. The
strongest explosions of every Mbm
in whole pre-universe synchronously formed a so-called the Big
Bang. After that, the
new and bigger Mbmn = 2Mbm of longer lifetime could
certainly occurrence due to decrease in density and temperature
caused by the Big Bang. Newborn 2Mbm became the
embryos of our present universe. It was the process of genesis
of our present Universe. The collisions and combinations of all
newborn Mbmn = 2Mbm would create an “Original
Inflation”, and form the present expansion of our universe.
The whole process changed from the disappearance of old pre-universe
to the genesis of new universe in Plank’s Era was
not reversible. Other important conclusions got in this article
are those: Our universe has been a real universal black hole
(UBH), which accords with all laws of general black holes
(BH); Hubble law is just
the expansive law of our universe to plunder energy-matters
outside; the new and simple
explanations and demonstrations to ” Original
Inflation”, etc.
[Dongsheng
Zhang. The New Concepts to Big Bang and to Black Holes Both Had
No Singularity at All - Part 2: Our Universe Didn’t Come From
Singularity. Report and Opinion 2010;2(10):11-22].
(ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.02
【Key words】. the genesis of our universe; singularity;
the Big Bang; black holes (BH); cosmology; minimum
gravitational black holes (Mbm); Original Inflation; Planck Era; Planck particle (mp);
Hawking quantum radiations (HQR)
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Phytochemical Screening of Pleurotus tuberregium
(SING) Grown on Different Substrates
Onuoha C.I. , Obi-Adumanya
G.A. and Ezeibekwe, I.
O
Department of Plant Science and
Biotechnology, Imo State University,
Owerri,
Nigeria
onuohaci@yahoo.com
Abstract: The Sclerotia of Pleurotus tuberregium
(Sing) were grown on four different substrates namely: humus
soil, mixture of Sawdust and humus soil, sawdust and shreds of
the wood of Treculia
africana. The quantity and
quality of the fruit bodies produced were measured using the
following parameters: number of fruit bodies produced, height
of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, diameter of pileus and length of the stipe. Sawdust which served as the control
was better growth medium in terms of length of stipe, number of fruit bodies and height of
mushroom. The fruit bodies from a mixture of sawdust and humus
soil were better in terms of fresh and dry weight while humus
soil alone produced fruit bodies with wider pileus
diameter. The wood shreds of Treculia africana
did not support the growth of the mushroom. The phytochemical composition of the sclerotium and fruit bodies from the
different substrates showed that the sclerotium
had more flavonoids, alkaloids,
tannins, saponins and phenols than
the fruit bodies from the different substrates. There was no
significant difference between the alkaloid, tannin, saponin and phenolic
composition of the fruit bodies from the different substrates.
There was, however, a significant difference at P
£ 0.05 between the flavonoid
content of fruit bodies from humus soil, sawdust and those from
a mixture of humus soil and sawdust.
[Onuoha C.I., Obi-Adumanya
G.A. and Ezeibekwe, I. O. Phytochemical Screening of Pleurotus tuberregium
(SING) Grown on Different Substrates. Report and Opinion 2010;2(10):23-27]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.03
Key words: Phytochemical, Screening, Pleurotus tuberregium,
Substrates.
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Hossien Asayeseh
Department of Politics &
Government, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia
h.asayesh@yahoo.com
Dr. Adlina Ab Halim
Department of
Government & Civilization studies, Faculty of Human
Ecology, University Putra Malaysia
adlina@putra.upm.edu.my
Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei
Department of
Politics & Government, University Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Human
Ecology, University Putra Malaysia
nosrat2007@yahoo.com
Abstract: The
political party is a means of connecting the political process
with society and it helps to improve the political system.
Oldness of political party development in Iran reaches almost
a century but political parties could not have an important
role in Iranian political system. This paper looks at obstacles
of political party development in Iran and describes obstacles such
as; fund, electoral system, political culture, Rentier state,
power centralization, civil society and separation between
elite groups and masses. In this article we examine how these
hindrances impede of party development process in Iran.
[Hossien
Asayeseh, Adlina
Ab Halim, Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei. Obstacles of Political Party
Development in Iran.
Report and Opinion 2010;2(10):28-32].
(ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.04
Keywords: Political Party, Iran,
fund, civil society, political culture, electoral system
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Productive And Reproductive Performance
Of Friesian Cows Under Different Feeding System
Gaafar, H.M.A.; A.M.A. Mohi
El-Din and K.F.A. El-Riedy
Animal
Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,
Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
E-mail: dr.gaafar@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT: Thirty multiparous
lactating cows weighing 450 to 500 kg used
after calving and divided into three similar groups according
to body weight and milk production (10 each). Cows fed R1 were
grazed on fresh berseem throughout
the day and little amount of rice straw, those fed R2 were fed
on concentrate feed mixture and rice straw and grazing of fresh
berseem for 6 hours, while those fed R3
were fed on concentrate feed mixture, rice straw, fresh berseem and corn silage. Results showed
that the contents of CP, CF and ash were higher with grazing berseem only (R1), while EE and NFE
contents were higher with feeding ration contained corn silage
(R3). Cows fed R3 showed significantly (P<0.05) the highest digestibility
coefficients of all nutrients and TDN value followed by those fed
R2, while those fed R1 had the lowest values. However, cows fed
R1 had the significantly (P<0.05) the highest DCP value
followed by those fed R2, while those fed R3 had the lowest
value. The intakes of DM, TDN and DCP were
significantly higher (P<0.05) for cows fed R2 and R3 than that of cows fed R1. Milk yield for cows fed R2 and R3
increased by 2.20 and 2.62 kg / day or 16.01 and
19.07% compared with R1, respectively. The corresponding values
for 4% FCM were 1.61 and 2.22 kg /
day or 13.11 and 17.96%, respectively. Cows fed R1 showed
significantly (P<0.05) the highest content of fat in milk. However,
those fed R3 had significantly (P<0.05) the highest milk
protein, lactose, solids not fat and total solids contents.
Moreover, the yields of fat, protein, lactose, solids not fat
and total solids in milk were significantly higher (P<0.05) fed
R2 and R3 than those fed R1. The amounts of DM per kg 4% FCM
was significantly higher (P<0.05) for R2 and R3 than R1. However, the amount of TDN
per kg 4% FCM was higher fed R3 followed by R2, but those fed R1
had the lowest value, but there was opposite trend for DCP
(P<0.05). Average
daily feed cost, feed
cost per kg 4% FCM and output of 4% FCM yield were
significantly higher (P<0.05) fed R2 and R3 compared to R1.
However, economic efficiency was significantly higher
(P<0.05) fed R1 than that of R2 and R3. Cows fed R2 revealed
the better reproductive performance, which recorded
significantly (P<0.05) the fewer days to first estrus and
service, service period, days open and calving interval, the
lowest service per conception and the highest conception rate
followed by those fed R3, however those fed R1 had the opposite
trends.
[Gaafar,
H.M.A.; A.M.A. Mohi El-Din and K.F.A.
El-Riedy. Productive And Reproductive Performance Of Friesian Cows
Under Different Feeding System. Report and Opinion 2010;2(10):33-40]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.05
Key words: Friesian cows, grazing fresh berseem, productive and reproductive
performance
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The Financial Obstacles of Women’s
Political Participation in Iran
Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei
Department of Politics &
Government, University Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Human Ecology, University
Putra Malaysia.
nosrat2007@yahoo.com
Dr. Ku Hasnita
Ku Samsu
Lecturer in Department of Government
& Civilization studies (Universiti
Putra Malaysia)
UPM
hasnita@putra.upm.edu.my
Hossien Asayeseh
Department of Politics &
Government, Faculty of Human Ecology, University
Putra Malaysia
h.asayesh@yahoo.com
Abstract: This article studies the financial obstacles
of women’s political participation in Iran. This study examines
how structural factors (occupation and income) act as obstacles
to women's participation in top political positions in Iran.
A qualitative research method is used in the paper and the
primary data are collected mainly through in-depth interview
with five informants by using purposive technique. The findings
of the article suggested that inadequate financial recourses
act as the structural obstacles of Iranian women in top
political positions.
[Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei,
Ku Hasnita Ku Samsu,
Hossien Asayeseh.
The Financial Obstacles
of Women’s Political Participation in Iran. Report
and Opinion 2010;2(10):41-49]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.06
Keywords political participation, women,
Iran,
financial obstacles
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Physico - Chemical Properties of Fly ash and Soil from TISCO Power
Plant, Jharia Coalfield, Jharkhand, India
Arvind
Kumar Rai*, Biswajit Paul,** and Gurdeep Singh***
Research Scholar*
Associate Professor** Professor and Head***
Department of Environmental
Science & Engineering.
Indian School
of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India.
E
mail: arvind_dese@rediffmail.com
Abstract: Thermal power plants produce
enormous quantities of fly ash as a by- product of combustion
of coal. The high ash content (30 -50%) of the coal in India
makes disposal problem more complex. The enormous quantities of
fly ash occupy vast tract of land area, as well as adversely
affects for its storage and disposal problem. Its fine
particles, if not managed well by nature of lightlessness, can
become airborne easily in surrounding areas. Thus generation of
huge quantity of fly ash poses serious environmental problems.
Hence, it has become crucial that large scale utilization of
fly ash in plantation or agriculture process, rather than
dumping it anywhere. For this purpose, physico
- chemical properties of fly ash and local soil from TISCO
power plant, Jamadoba was carried out and analyzed
for Specific gravity, Moisture content, Bulk density, Porosity,
Water holding capacity, Lime reactivity, Organic carbon, Cation exchange capacity, Available
nitrogen, pH, and Electrical conductivity. The detailed
physical and chemical studies carried out on fly ash and soil
of TISCO power plant has opened up a new prospect for their
utilization in agriculture, plantation and vegetation purpose.
[Arvind Kumar Rai, Biswajit
Paul, and Gurdeep Singh. Physico - Chemical Properties of Fly ash
and Soil from TISCO Power Plant, Jharia
Coalfield, Jharkhand, India. Report and Opinion 2010;2(10):50-57]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.07
Key Words: Coal, Thermal power plants, Fly ash, Cation exchange capacity, Organic carbon
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An Approach to River Water Quality Management through
Correlation Study among Various Water Quality Parameters
Navneet Kumar
Department of Applied Science,
College of Engineering,
Teerthankar Mahaveer University, Moradabad-244001, Uttar Pradesh, India
navkchem@gmail.com
Abstract : Water the most vital
source for all kinds of life on this planet is also the
resource, adversely affected both qualitatively and
quantitatively by all kinds of human activities on land, in air
or in water. To find an
approach to water quality management through correlation
studies between various water quality parameters, the
statistical regression analysis for eight data points of Gagan river water of different sites at Moradabad
was performed. The comparison of estimated values with W.H.O.
standards revealed that water of study area is polluted with
reference to a number of physico-chemical
parameters studied. Regression analysis suggests that conductivity
of river water is found to be significantly correlated with ten
parameters out of fifteen water quality parameters studied and
it is moderately correlated with other four parameters. It may
be suggested that the Gagan river
water quality at Moradabad
can be checked very effectively by controlling the conductivity
of water. Present study may be treated one stop forward towards
the water quality management.
[Navneet
Kumar. An Approach to River Water Quality Management through
Correlation Study among Various Water Quality Parameters.
Report and Opinion 2010;2(10):58-63].
(ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.08
Kew words: Water
quality parameters; regression equations; correlation; water
quality management
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The
Pure Adamite race -
A
new theory of the Adamite pure race
and the other types of human beings
Dr.M.F.A.Alrazak, MBCHB,
FRCS
theintelligenthybrid@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract: The Theories and
Hypothesis that explained the origin of human being did not find
the complete evolutionary sequence of linkage to the modern
Human. Not a single theory related to the origin of human being
had explained the leap in the cognitive, behavior, abstract and
reasoning peculiar to human beings. The theories related to
origin of human had also not explained the dramatic change and the
disorder in behavior or behavior that is close to non Adamite in some human being. The dramatic
change in behavior that could happened in one of the twin, one
or more offspring in same family or in human being in certain region
which had resemblance of
behaviors of the Human being of the same age, up ringing, circumstance
that could be observed in other regions of the world. The related
theories of origin of human being also could not explain why
there are individual set up for the high and pure Adamite behavior that reject any behavior
that contradict consciousness. On the other hand we see the
opposite in the non Adamite behaviors
and in between these two, their will be the inevitable and
countless range of the mixed behavior of Adamite
and non Adamite. The
Human race is divided into three: 1-The Adamite, descendant from Adam, the
carrier of the Pure Human beings genes. 2-The intelligent Hybrid,
The carrier of Adamite and non Adamite Genes. 3-The Non Adamite The carrier of the Homosapiens Genes which descended through
the evolutionary process.
[M.F.A. Alrazak, MBCHB, FRCS.
The Pure Adamite race - A new theory
of the Adamite pure race and the other
types of human beings. Report and Opinion 2010;2(10):64-69]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.09
Key Words:
Human, race, Adamite, pure Genes, evolution, behavior,
Genes, ASPM,
Mesopotamia, Enûma Elish, Adapa, Adam,
Behavior, creation, scriptures, chromosomes, Sumerian, Homosapiens
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Biochemical, Clinicophathlogical And Microbial Changes
In Clarias Gariepinus Exposed To Pesticide Malathion And
Climate Change
Mona S. Zaki(1); Susan O. Mostafa (2);Soad
Nasr (3) Nagwa S. Ata (4), Isis M Awad
(5)
(1) Dept. of Hydrobiology, N.R.C.
(2,5) Dept. of Biochemistry, N.R.C.
(3) Dept. of Parasitology,
N.R.C.
(4) Dept. of Microbiology, N.R.C.
dr_mona_zaki@yahoo.co.uk
ABSTRACT: The effect of Malathion
on Biochemical changes in Clarias gariepinus
(cat fish) after exposure to Malathion 4.5 mg/l for 98 hours and high
temperature 30◦. The obtained results showed significant
increase in cooper, sodium, cortisol,
urea as well as ALT and AST.
It was concluded that Malathion
produces metabolic stress, cell damage with malfunction of haemopoeitic system. The microbiological
examination revealed presence of E-coli, Acromonas
Sp, Vibrio. We can conclude that in
fish reared on low CHO diet there was hyperglycemia due to
increase in insulin and cortisol
hormone. (Macrocytic hypochromic anemia was observed in fish in
38H and 98H treatment of Malathion. The hemogram shows increase in MCV and
decrease of HB%, PCV and RBC's count.
There is decrease in IgM. There was petichial haemorage
in some part of skin, ascites and
erosion due to complications of bacterial infections and there
is vertebral column curvature syndrome.
[Mona S. Zaki; Susan O. Mostafa;
Soad Nasr; Nagwa
S. Ata. Biochemical, Clinicophathlogical And Microbial Changes
In Clarias Gariepinus Exposed To Pesticide Malathion And Climate Change. Report
and Opinion 2010;2(10):70-76]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.10
Key Words: Malathion
Biochemical changes, Haematological
changes, Microbial changes, IgM
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[Report
and Opinion 2010;2(10):77-83]. (ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.11
withdrawn
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Effect Of Supplementing Methionine
In Clarias Gariepinus
Fry Diet
OVIE S. O. and EZE S
stella_ovie@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT: Hatchery
bred fry of C. gariepinus (0.440±.04) were stocked in
eighteen 54L glass aquaria. Six diets (45% crude protein)
consisting of a basal diet (1.81g methionine/100g protein),a
reference (3.12g
methionine/100g protein) and others having graded levels of
crystalline methionine (2.87g, 2.97g,
3.00g and 3.07g/100g protein). Each diet was fed to three
aquaria twice daily (8.00 – 18.00hrs) for 56 days. The
mean weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion
efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly
influenced by the level of methionine
(P<0.05). Second order polynomial regression analysis showed
that the requirement of C.
gariepinus for methionine is 2.97g/100g protein. Carcass
protein showed an increase above that of the initial fish
stocked before feeding commenced. The percentage lipid also
increased except for the fish fed 3.07g methionine/100g protein.
[OVIE S. O. and EZE S. Effect Of
Supplementing Methionine In Clarias Gariepinus
Fry Diet. Report and Opinion 2010;2(10):84-88].
(ISSN: 1553-9873).
doi:10.7537/marsroj021010.12
Keywords: hatchery; aquaria; methionine; crystalline; lipid
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