Science Journal

Nature and Science

(Nat Sci)

ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online); doi prefix: 10.7537, Monthly

Volume 22 - Number 2 (Cumulated No. 203), February 25, 2024

Cover (jpg), Cover (pdf), Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, nsj2202

The following manuscripts are presented as online first for peer-review, starting from February 25, 2024.

All comments are welcome: editor@sciencepub.net or contact with author(s) directly.

You can use the message in end of the article abstract to cite it.

To get Microsoft Documents: After you open the "Full Text" for each article, change the last 3 characters of the web address from .pdf to .doc (or .docx)

Welcome to send your manuscript to: sciencepub@gmail.com

When you submit manuscript(s), please mention that it is submitted to Nature and Science

Marsland Press, 310 W 18th Street, New York, NY 10011, USA. 718-404-5362, 347-321-7172

http://www.sciencepub.net/nature

CONTENTS

No.	Titles / Authors	Full Text	No.
1	Competitiveness for Egyptian Onion Exports in the International Markets Dr. Al Hussein Khalil El Noby¹, Dr. Mohamed Ali Fathallah², Dr. Mohamed A.A. Hussein³ ¹First Researcher, Institute of Agricultural Economy Research, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt ²Associate Professor of Agricultural Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt ³ Lecturer of Agricultural Economic and Social Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Egypt Abstract: The Research aimed mainly, the most important indicators of the competitiveness of Egyptian onion exports, through the following goals: (1) A study of the development of both quantities and the global price and the value of global exports of onions, the amount and value of exports and the export price of Egyptian onions during the period (2004-2021), 2) Estimating the instability transactions for the amount and value of the onion exported during the period (2004-2021), (3) a study of the development of the amount of consumption and surplus of onions in Egypt during the period (2004-2021), (4) Estimating some competitive indicators for Egyptian onion exports to foreign markets . The research was relied on achieving its goals on the two methods of descriptive and quantitative economic analysis, where some of the following statistical methods were used: (1) some statistical methods such as: mathematical and engineering averages, percentages, and annual growth rates. (2) Estimating instability transactions for the amount, value and export price of the onion crop. (3) Instability transactions and geographical focus factor for the amount and value of Egyptian exports from Egyptian onions, (4) some indicators of the competitiveness of Egyptian exports from the onion crop in the most important global markets. The research recommends: increasing the quantity of Egyptian onion exports and paying attention to the quality of its output, as Egypt faces strong competition within the market of the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia compared to competing countries. The most important research results were: The quantity of global onion exports increased at an annual growth rate of about 3.3%. The global onion export price also increased at an annual growth rate of about 2.0% during the study period. The value of global onion exports increased at an annual growth rate of about 5.2% during the study period. It was also shown that the quantity Egyptian onion exports increased at an annual growth rate of about 3.9% and the value of Egyptian onion exports increased at an annual growth rate of about 10.5% during the study period. The amount of domestic product of onions also increased at an annual growth rate of about 7.7%, and the amount of domestic consumption of Onions had an annual growth rate of about 8.9% during the study period. Egypt also ranked fifth in terms of the amount of onions exported during the period (2017-2021), as the amount of Egyptian onion exports reached about 491.89 thousand tons, representing about 5.49% of the amount of global exports. It was also shown that Saudi Arabia is the most important country in the world importing Egyptian onions during the study period. It came in first place in its imports of Egyptian onions, with an average amount of imports amounting to about 115.58 thousand tons, representing about 23.50% of the total amount of Egyptian onion exports to the world It is about 491,89 thousand tons, with a value of about 54.67 million $, representing about 30.86% of the total value of Egyptian onion exports, amounting to about 177.15 million $. By studying the value of the geographical concentration coefficient of the quantity and value of Egyptian onion exports during the study period, it was found that it amounted to about 0.43%, 0.37%, respectively, and from that it is clear that the geographical concentration coefficient for both the quantity and value of Egyptian onion exports is relatively low, which indicates that it was characterized by geographical concentration, which calls for an attempt to expand and diversify foreign markets importing Egyptian onions, Egypt also enjoys a visible comparative advantage for onion exports to international markets during the average study period, which indicates the possibility of increasing Opportunities for Egyptian onion exports, The average market share of Egyptian onions within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia market was about 35.38% as an average for the period (2017-2021). The average market share of Egyptian onions within the Russian Federation market ranged about 10.89% for the average period (2017-2021), While the average market share of Egyptian onions within the market of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was about 13.43% for the average period (2017-2021), it was also found that Yemen and India are the most important competitors to Egypt in exporting onions to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia market, where the ratio between the average export price of Egyptian onions to the average export prices of Yemeni and Indian onions within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia market was about 1.71 and 1.36 dollars / ton, respectively, which indicates that Egypt does not have an advantage Price competitiveness in exporting onions to the Saudi Arabian market compared to competing countries, while the average penetration rate of Egyptian onion exports to the Saudi market was about 0.364 which indicates that Egyptian exports of onions to Saudi Arabia represent about 36.4% of the total amount of apparent consumption of onions within this market, which amounted to about 317.39 thousand tons for the average period (2017-2021), and it turned out that Egypt faces strong competition within the Russian Federation market and the United Kingdom market of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. [Al Hussein Khalil El Noby, Mohamed Ali Fathallah, Mohamed A.A. Hussein. Competitiveness for Egyptian Onion Exports in the International Markets. Nat Sci 2024; 22(2);1-11]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 01. doi:10.7537/marsnsj220224.01. Keywords: competitiveness - Egyptian onions - instability coefficient - competitiveness indicators	Full Text	1
2	Natural Polymers .4. Effect of Outdoor Exposure on Gum Arabic Nanocomposites Turoti M.* and Oti C. Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. (e-maail of author for correspondenc-muyiwaturoti@yahoo.co.uk) Abstract. The effects of outdoor exposure on the neat gum Arabic and its nanocomposite films with cloisite 20A, an organo-modified montmorillonite nanoclay, were studied with a view to extending the non-food application of the biopolymer. Based on the post-processed mechanical properties, four out of many nanocomposites produced containing 2.5,4.5,5.0 and 8.5%(w/w) of cloisite 20A(C20A) were exposed to the natural environment along with the neat polymer separately. The degradation process was monitored by determination if the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, elongation at break supported with studies of the UV and FTIR spectroscopy as well as XRD and SEM. The results showed that while the initial outdoor exposure rapidly degraded the mechanical properties of both the neat polymer and some of its nanocomposites(2.5&4.5%C20A) the values of these properties were greater and indeed increased in some(5.and 8.5%C2A) of the latter than the former. The UV and FTIR indicated absence of polyconjugated unsaturation and lower level of formation of oxidation products, mainly hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, in the nanocomposites relative to the neat polymer. The XRD and SEM of a typical nanocompoite sample showed some enhanced crystallinity and intercalation of the nanofiller within the polymer matrix during the period of exposure. The nanocomposites containing 4.5,5.5 and 8.5% C20A were found more resistant to outdoor degradation than the neat biopolymer. [Turoti M. and Oti C. Natural Polymers .4. Effect of Outdoor Exposure on Gum Arabic Nanocomposites. Nat Sci 2024; 22(2);12-25]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 02. doi:10.7537/marsnsj220224.02. Keywords: Natural Polymers .4. Effect of Outdoor Exposure on Gum Arabic Nanocomposites	Full Text	2
3	Assessment of Co⁶⁰ Industrial Irradiators According to Basic Design Principles El-Sayed Mohamed El Refaie,Karm Amin Sharshar, Afify Belal Keshk, and Ali Mohamed Noaman* * Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University Helwan, Cairo- Egypt Radiation Engineering Department, National Center for Radiation Research And Technology, Atomic Energy Authority 3th Ahmed El zomor St., Nasr City, Cairo – Egypt Email: alino3man2004@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Ensuring safe and easy operation, providing relative uniform dose in the product and maximizing radiation utilization are the basic design principles for each Co⁶⁰ industrial irradiator to maintain radiation safety. The study shows an assessment for four industrial irradiators to determine which active results were been maintained by using basic design principles. Different designs elements of the chosen irradiators have been illustrated and studied. The study shows that IRASM and ROBO industrial irradiators satisfy all basic design principles. IAEA-NR3772 irradiator maintains only two of the three basic design principles and does not ensure safe operation because radiation leakage from inside irradiator to outside environment due to rotating door. Brevion irradiator satisfies only the principle of relative uniform radiation dose in product. The other two principles had not been satisfied by the effect of sliding door and its batch operating mode. Without affecting radiation safety, this study proposes a new design of the irradiator to maximize energy utilization by adding a new track for low density products and also a static irradiation for cultural heritage beside the main track of high density products. [El-Sayed Mohamed El Refaie,Karm Amin Sharshar, Afify Belal Keshk, and Ali Mohamed Noaman. Assessment of Co⁶⁰ Industrial Irradiators According to Basic Design Principles.** Nat Sci 2024; 22(2);26-35]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 03. doi:10.7537/marsnsj220224.03. Keywords: Ensuring safe and easy operation, providing relative uniform dose in the product, maximizing radiation utilization	Full Text	3
4	CAUSES OF SOIL SALINITY IN KASHKADARYA REGION Toyloqova Fotima Sayfulla qizi Teacher of Karshi State University Uzbekistan, Karshi E-mail: mr.ilhomnurillayev@mail.ru ABSTRACT. Soil salinization poses a serious problem for agriculture in the Kashkadaria region, which is characterized by an arid and semi-arid climate. This abstract examines the main causes of soil salinization in this area, combining natural and anthropogenic factors. Geological formations, including salt-bearing rocks, contribute to inherent soil salinity. The region's climate, characterized by low precipitation and high temperatures, accelerates the accumulation of salts through the process of evaporation. [Toyloqova Fotima Sayfulla qizi. “CAUSES OF SOIL SALINITY IN KASHKADARYA REGION’’. Nat Sci 2024; 22(2);36-38]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 04. doi:10.7537/marsnsj220224.04. Key words: Salinity, ecology, irrigated agriculture, desertification, productivity, relief, natural, thermostat, agrophysics.	Full Text	4
5	Assessment of Human Perturbations in Iko River Estuary using Bonga Shad as a Bio-indicator Organism George, I. E¹., Abiaobo, N. O.¹, Akpan, I. I.¹, George, U.U.² ¹Department of Zoology, Akwa Ibom State University, Mkpat Enin, Nigeria ²Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Mkpat Enin, Nigeria ubonggeorge@aksu.edu.ng Abstract: Background: Assessment of human perturbations in Iko River Estuary using Bonka shad as a Bio-indicator organism was conducted for one year between September, 2022 – August, 2023 with aim of understanding the levels of human perturbations going on within the estuary and the safety of consuming Bonka fish (Ethmalosa fimbrata) obtained from the Estuary. Methodology: 10 samples of E. fimbrata were bought from landings of artisanal fisherfolks at Iko River Estuary on a monthly basis for a period of 12 months. Fish samples were thoroughly washed with the sea water, placed in a labeled cellophane bag and preserved in ice cooled box. Samples were later transported to the laboratory prior to laboratory analysis. In the laboratory standard analytical procedure were adhered to in the preparation of samples prior to heavy metal determination using Perkin-Elmer Analysts 800 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results: The concentration of heavy metals in tissue of E. fimbrata studied for (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb and Zn) did not show any significant variation exception of copper. However, throughout the study duration the values of iron and zinc were observed to be generally higher than all the studied metals which was attributed to their abundance in the earth crust. Correlation analysis showed strong positive relationship between metal pairs in both season and hierarchical cluster dendrogram delineated the metals into cluster groups based on concentration gradient and source of contamination. Conclusion: Based on the results of findings, the concentration of heavy metal in the tissue of the studied species fell within the WHO/FAO recommended threshold limit for safe consumption of aquatic seafood. However, the result also shows evidence of bioaccumulation if the trend persists unchecked. Therefore, constant monitoring of heavy metal levels in tissues of edible aquatic organisms to prevent health related issues to man as the final consumer of this seafood’s via transfer through the food chain is recommended. [George, I., Abiaobo, N., Akpan, I. George, UU. Assessment of Human Perturbations in Iko River Estuary using Bonga Shad as a Bio-indicator Organism. Nat Sci 2024; 22(2):39-48]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 05. doi:10.7537/marsnsj220224.05. Keywords: Human perturbations, Iko River Estuary, Ethmalosa fimbrata, Bio-indicator organisms	Full Text	5
6	The Increase In Aerosols Released Into The Air And Its Geoecological Consequences ¹Mirabdullaev Bakhodirjon, ²Mirzahmedov Ismoiljon ¹1st-level master's student, majoring in Geography, ²Doctor of Philosophy in Geography Namangan State University, Namangan, 160119, Uzbekistan E-mail address: ismoil_landsat@mail.ru Abstract. This article describes the negative effects of changes in the composition of atmospheric gases, chemical emissions in the air that is to aerosols. The increase in the quantity of aerosols in the air of the city of Namangan over the years was analyzed and the impact of such chemical waste in the air on human health was studied. [B. Mirabdullaev at al] The Increase In Aerosols Released Into The Air And Its Geoecological Consequences. Nat Sci 2024; 22(2):49-54]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 06. doi:10.7537/marsnsj220224.06. Key words. Aerosols, carbon dioxide, dust, radioactive substances, plastic waste, bronchial asthma, air concentration, "Lime method".	Full Text	6
7	Application of silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation Jyostna Chauhan^1, Professor Shobha Shukla Varsha R Mehto^2, Jyoti thakre³ ¹ Professor in Physics Rajiv Ganhi Techanical University, Bhopal (M.P.) MEMS IIT Bombay ² Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Government College Lateri, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, India ³ Research scholar in RGPV Corresponding author: jyotsnachauhan2006@gmail.com Abstract: Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. Silver is currently used to control bacterial growth in a variety of applications, including dental work and burn wounds. Particles were synthesized by the chemical reduction method. In this work, we studied the synthesis and characterization of Silver nanospheres, nanotriangle, nanorods in solution phase. Silver nanocrystals have received considerable attention in recent years owing to their unique properties and applications. For example, optical properties known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), silver nanocrystals posses a wide range of applications for use as optical labels, substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and in biosening. The Silver nanoparticles formed was shown to be a good surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate as it gave an enormous Raman enhancement for Rhodamine 6G (R6G). [Jyostna Chauhan, Professor Shobha Shukla Varsha R Mehto^, Jyoti thakre. Application of silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation.Nat Sci 2024; 22(2):55-76]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 07. doi:10.7537/marsnsj220224.07. Keyword: Application; silver nanoparticles; Synthesis; Characterization; Evaluation ISSUES OF REMOTE SENSING OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES AS A RESULT OF IRRIGATION Ulugmurodov Elmurod, PhD Urgut branch of Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov Juraboyev Lochin Khursanova Sarvinoz Students of Urgut branch of Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov Abstract: The article is written about remote sensing of irrigated areas and identification of irrigated areas. The capabilities of the Landsat-7, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 programs are covered. The maps compiled by the programs show all aquatic and non-aquatic territories. [Ulugmurodov Elmurod. PhD, Juraboyev Lochin, Khursanova Sarvinoz. Hydrological Regime of Neighboring Basins of Mountain Rivers in Central Asia. Nat Sci 2024,22(2):77-81. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 08. doi:10.7537/marsnsj220224.08. Key words: Landsat -7, Landsat -8, Sentinel-2, Copernicus.	Full Text	7
8	ISSUES OF REMOTE SENSING OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES AS A RESULT OF IRRIGATION Ulugmurodov Elmurod, PhD Urgut branch of Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov Juraboyev Lochin Khursanova Sarvinoz Students of Urgut branch of Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov Abstract: The article is written about remote sensing of irrigated areas and identification of irrigated areas. The capabilities of the Landsat-7, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 programs are covered. The maps compiled by the programs show all aquatic and non-aquatic territories. [Ulugmurodov Elmurod. PhD, Juraboyev Lochin, Khursanova Sarvinoz. Hydrological Regime of Neighboring Basins of Mountain Rivers in Central Asia. Nat Sci 2024,22(2):77-81. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 08. doi:10.7537/marsnsj220224.08. Key words: Landsat -7, Landsat -8, Sentinel-2, Copernicus.	Full Text	8