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Energy Drink Consumption among University Students in Accra, Ghana

Authors: Christina A. Nti_, Emmanuel Pecku , Clara Opare-Obisaw

Address: Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon Ghana

Corresponding author: Prof. Christina A. Nti, Department of Family and Consumer

Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O.BOX LG 91, Legon-Ghana.

Email: cnti@ug.edu.gh

Abstract: Although the presence of energy drinks on the market has increased significantly in recent times, there has been little research in the developing world regarding pattern of consumption, reasons for consumption and knowledge of side effects of excessive consumption. The purpose of this study was to assess students’ knowledge and reasons for consumption of energy drinks. In a cross-sectional survey, 120 students were interviewed using a self administered questionnaire to evaluate the frequency of consumption of energy drinks and knowledge of its side effects. Consumption of energy drinks was high among the respondents. Seventy seven percent (77%) of the students drank 5 to 6 cans of energy drinks a week while 23% drank 7-8 cans a week. Majority (91%) have been users for 1 – 3 years. Energy drinks were drank mainly to study and to reduce stress. The respondents were well informed about the side effects associated with energy drink use, but only 24% have experienced some side effects such as stomach pains, headaches and increased heart beats. It is recommended that universities create awareness and sensitize students on the negative effect of energy drinks on health through seminars and talk-shows so as to lower the risks of the negative effects of caffeine ingestion and development of chronic diseases later in life.

[Christina A. Nti_, Emmanuel Pecku, Clara Opare-Obisaw. Energy Drink Consumption among University Students in Accra, Ghana. Nat Sci 2022;20(6):1-7. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj200622.01.

Keywords: Energy drinks, consumption, knowledge, side effects

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Problems Of Classification And Grouping Of Geographical Places Names

Abbasov Subkhon Burkhonovich, Valiyeva Shakhnoza Islomovna

Department of Geography and Ecology, Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, 140104, Samarkand, Uzbekistan

Telephone: +998937298973; e-mail: shaxnoza-valieva82@mail.ru

Abstract: The article provides information on toponymic classifications of geographical objects. The toponymic classification of natural and man-made geographical objects is covered. Classifications of geographers, toponymist scientists are analyzed.

[Abbasov S. and  Valiyeva Sh. Problems of classification and grouping of geographical places names. Nat Sci 2022;20(6):8-11. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj200622.02.

Keywords: toponym, classification, toponymic denotations, hydronym, oykonim, oronim.

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THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF FILTRATION ON THE COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES

OF SALINE CLAY GROUNDS

Prof. B. Rakhmanov. (Samarkand State University).

ABSTRACT. This article describes in the process of leaching changes, the structure and properties of grounds during the dissolution of easily and moderately soluble salts.

[Prof. B. Rakhmanov. THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF FILTRATION ON THE COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SALINE CLAY GROUNDS.Nat Sci 2022;20(6):12-22]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj200622.03.

Key words: leaching, soaking, structure, texture, easily soluble, moderately soluble and sparingly soluble salts.

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THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE ON RETURN FLOW AND GROUNDWATER MINERALIZATION IN MEDIUM ZARAFSHAN OASES

Baratov Khabib Abdinazarovich, Khudoyarova Shakhnoza Shavkatovna, Ulugmurodov Elmurod Berdimurodovich

Base-doctoral student

Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov

e-mail: xabib.baratov.87@mail.ru

ABSTRACT: This article provides information about the Central Zarafshan oasis, as well as factors influencing the formation of return waters. Using the data of the Zarafshan Irrigation Systems Basin Department and its reclamation expedition, the amount of water received for irrigation purposes and the formed return flow in the region for the period 2002-2020 was estimated in the irrigated lands of the Central Zarafshan oasis. According to the results of the study, more than 50% of the amount of water taken to irrigated areas is consumed in the form of return flow. Data on the distribution and mineralization of groundwater in the Central Zarafshan oasis are given. This article also shows an increase in groundwater levels and mineralization to the west of the Central Zarafshan oasis and in the newly developed lands.

[Baratov Khabib Abdinazarovich, Khudoyarova Shakhnoza Shavkatovna, Ulugmurodov Elmurod Berdimurodovich. THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE ON RETURN FLOW AND GROUNDWATER MINERALIZATION IN MEDIUM ZARAFSHAN OASES. Nat Sci 2022;20(6):23-29]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj200622.04.

KEYWORDS: Middle Zarafshan, oases, irrigated lands, return water, collector ditches, irrigation systems, reclamation expedition, groundwater mineralization, salt layer, gypsum layer

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Prospects for Biofuel Industry in Fiji; Engine performance of CNO blended Biodiesel

Krishnam Nair^* and Rishal Singh

*School of Physics and Engineering,Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment,

The University of the South Pacific,Suva.Fiji Islands.

 College of Engineering, Science and Technology,Fiji National University,

College of Engineering, Science and Technology,Suva,Fiji Islands.

ABSTRACT:  Vegetable oils and their spinoff biofuels, unremarkably named as “biodiesel,” are prominent candidates as alternative diesel fuels. Twelve different blends of CNO, Ethanol and Butanol hybrid biofuel were tested for engine efficiency and it is discovered that they are technically competitive with or provide technical benefits compared to conventional diesel fuel. Besides being a renewable and domestic resource, biodiesel reduces most emissions while engine performance and fuel economy are nearly identical compared to conventional fuels. A comprehensive study of Fiji’s coconut industry is also undertaken.

[Krishnam Nair^* and Rishal Singh.Prospects for Biofuel Industry in Fiji; Engine performance of CNO blended Biodiesel. Nat Sci  2022;20(6):30-38]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj200622.05.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Biofuel, CNO, Ethanol, Butanol

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Investigation of Hystertic Behavior of Ductile ring used LYP Matrial on CBF Behavior

Marzieh Ziaee¹, Mojtaba Hosseini²

^1.The Msc student, Malayer Branch, Islamic Azad University, Malayer, Iran, Marziehz113@gmail.com

².LorestanUniversity, Khoramabad, Iran, Postal Code: 68137-17133, P.O. Box: 465

Abstract: The Concentrically Braced Frame is a resistant system against lateral loads which possesses significant lateral stiffness. The system’s most important problem is the pressure component buckling and its low ductility under lateral loads. In the present article, a ring with ST37 and low yield point material have used for investing the CBF system. which yielded before the pressure component buckling and depreciates the energy exerted on the structure. Therefore, seven steel models of ST37 and LYP with different geometry were used under cyclic loading. By making use of ANSYS software, the models were subjected to nonlinear geometric and materials analysis. By making use of pushover analysis, from the models analytical results it is concluded that the use of LYP steel rings with high thickness own better ductility relative to ST37 steel. Also, the use of the ring with LYP steel causes a lower decrease in stiffness and strength depreciation than the ST37 steel. Investigation of Hysteretic Behavior of Ductile ring used LYP Matrial on CBF Behavior

[Marzieh Ziaee¹, Mojtaba Hosseini.Investigation of Hystertic Behavior of Ductile ring used LYP Matrial on CBF Behaviorl. Nat Sci 2022;20(6):39-47]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online).

http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj200622.06.

Keywords: LYP steel, Concentric bracing, ductility, pressure component buckling, ST37 steel

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Identification of barriers to entrepreneurship of female household heads covered by Tehran Welfare Organization

*Reza shahmahmoudi[1] , dr parvaneh danesh[2]

shahmahmoudi.reza139@gmail.com

corresponding  Author , MA  in Sociology, email: shahmahmoudi.reza@gmail.com

- Assistant Professor at Payam Noor University  of Tehran, email: : p_danesh@pnu.ac.ir

Abstract: One of the important tasks of social helpers is empowerment of vulnerable groups. One of these vulnerable groups is female household heads. One of the practices that can help empowering of them is to encourage female household heads to financial independence. Entrepreneurship is something that can lead to financial independence of female household heads. Moreover, entrepreneurship can lead to better mental and social health of this vulnerable group. The first step in empowering female household heads through entrepreneurship is to identify their obstacles and entrepreneurship problems. Because by identification of these barriers it can be done more appropriate measures in order to empower them. So, the aim of the present study is to identify entrepreneurship barriers of female household heads covered by Welfare Organization in Tehran. The method of the current study is survey. The statistical population of this research is all female household heads covered by Welfare Organization in Tehran that 350 of them were selected randomly. In order to collect data in this research, researcher-built questionnaire was used. In this research, the face validity and content aspect of the questionnaire were confirmed and reliability coefficient was obtained 0.81 using Cronbach’s alpha indicating desirable reliability of research questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed through self-creativity and then data were analyzed using SPSS software. Among problems that women encountered with them, the first ten ones are respectively the loss of fund to begin a job, existence of strictly official rules, gender discrimination and ignoring the ability of women by the society and responsible organizations, ignoring women in management affairs, over-concern about paying back the loans, emphasis on having personal fund instead of borrowing it from others, loss of pawn in order to get a loan, lack of proper support by government and governmental organizations, few facilities to begin a job by sponsor organizations, and unsuitable behavior of some organizations due to promotion of male-dominating in the society that statistically meaningful difference in prioritizing of these barriers was seen (p<0.05). Considering the findings of the current research, the programs in order to support female household heads economically and special facilities for them can provide their entrepreneurship basis. Also, gender discriminations against women especially female household heads can be decreased through acculturating using media and national media. The findings of the current research can be useful for social helpers, sponsor organizations and policymakers in direction of empowering the female household heads.

[Reza shahmahmoudi, dr parvaneh danesh.Identification of barriers to entrepreneurship of female household heads covered by Tehran Welfare Organization. Nat Sci 2022;20(6):48-57]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj200622.07.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Female household heads, Entrepreneur.

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A continuous monitoring of quality and its relation with the optimum management of drainage basins

(a case study of the catchment of Dez River in the Taleh Zang upstream)

Abdol Hussein Omidian ¹ Muhammad Hooshmand zadeh ², Zahra Sajjadi ³

^1. Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University of Shoushtar

^2. Assistant professor Department of Civil Engineering in Islamic Azad University of Shoushtar

^3. Sama Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch

sajadi_z@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of water in Dez River in Taleh Zang's hydrometric station with the various national and international standards for the water used for drinking and agriculture sector. The method employed for conducting the research was descriptive-cross sectional. To study the quality and quality monitoring the water in Dez River, 392 samples were collected and analyzed, and then the results obtained from chemical analyzing of the water resources in the region were studied and interpreted. The obtained results were studied and compared according to the WHO standard, Scholler diagram and a number of tables and signs for determining the livestock drinking water quality. Most quality parameters have been of values within WHO allowable standard limits. Among all the quality variables studied, EC, TDS, pH, Ca, Mg, Na, So4 and Cl were within the standard limit and TH exceeded the limit. Regarding Scholler diagram, all studied parameters were evaluated as being well oriented. Using the agricultural classification of water, the Dez River was evaluated as being in the C₂-S₁ class. Furthermore, the quality of the river's water is suitable for livestock and poultry's drinking and is not problematic.

[Abdol Hussein Omidian . Muhammad Hooshmand zadeh, Zahra Sajjadi.A continuous monitoring of quality and its relation with the optimum management of drainage basins(a case study of the catchment of Dez River in the Taleh Zang upstream) . Nat Sci 2022;20(6):58-68]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online).

http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj200622.08.

Keywords: Dez River, Taleh Zang, SAR, Wilcox, Scholler 

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