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Assessment of Potential for Cross Contamination by Shopping Carts and Baskets in Akure, South-West, Nigeria in Pandemic Period

^* OMOYA, Funmilola Oluyemi and AGBOOLA, Biyi Micheal

Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Corresponding authors’ E-mail address: fomoya@yahoo.com

Abstract: At supermarkets and grocery stores (modern retail system), people are exposed to many surfaces, such as refrigerator, door handles and shopping carts. This study evaluates microbial contamination of shopping carts and baskets at different shopping malls in Akure, Nigeria. The swab samples of carts and baskets handles were collected using sterile swab sticks, bacterial and fungi were isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of all bacterial isolates was carried out using disc diffusion test. The bacteria counts ranges between 50 cfu/cm² to 242 cfu/cm² while the number of fungi range between 1.8 sfu/cm² to 2.0 sfu/cm². The identity of bacterial isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus species, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis and while Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus are the fungi identified. The most occurred bacteria and fungi were Staphylococcus aureus 5(35.71%) and Aspergillus niger 5(41.67%) respectively. All bacterial isolates showed least susceptibility to amoxicillin and ceftriaxone and highest against erythromycin. The presence of high microbial load, pathogenic bacteria and fungi in shopping basket and carts indicated that they could act as source of transmitting pathogens from person to person and a vehicle for the dissemination of antibiotic resistant gene in the community. Hence there should be awareness towards the public health implications of poorly sanitized shopping baskets and carts.

[OMOYA, Funmilola Oluyemi and AGBOOLA, Biyi Micheal. Assessment of Potential for Cross Contamination by Shopping Carts and Baskets in Akure, South-West, Nigeria in Pandemic Period. Nat Sci 2021; 19(12);1-7].ISSN1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1.doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.01.

Key words: baskets, carts, microbial load, antibiotics

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Relationship Between Variations Of Flow Of Small Low-Mountain Rivers In Uzbekistan And Climate Changes  

Khamzaeva Janat Temirbekovna, Sagdeev Nail Zyavdatovich, Mirzo Ulugbek

Khamzaeva Janat Temirbekovna, doctoral student, Sagdeev Nail Zyavdatovich, senior teacher, National University of Uzbekistan, named after Mirzo Ulugbek, E-mail: xamzayeva.j@mail.ru

Abstract: in the article the issues of assessment of the climate factors impact on the formation of river flow in the basins of following small low-mountain rivers: Surkhandarya, Zeravshan, Akhangaran and Chirchik are considered. Mean long-term values of precipitation and air temperature are estimated at middle altitudes of studied river basins; with these values the relationships Х = f (Н) и t _ср.год = f (Н) were derived for 4 hydrological regions. Relationships are rather close; correlation coefficients are close to one. This made it possible to use them in calculations for estimation of values of the mean long-term precipitation and air temperature values at middle altitudes of studied river basins for the base period.  Evaluating forecast of river flow was made in relation to climate changes. For this the climate change scenarios were selected.

[Khamzaeva Janat Temirbekovna, Sagdeev Nail Zyavdatovich, Mirzo Ulugbek. Relationship Between Variations Of Flow Of Small Low-Mountain Rivers In Uzbekistan And Climate Changes. Nat Sci 2021; 19(12);8-12]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.02.

Key words: flow, river, climate change, atmospheric precipitation, air temperature, flow layer, basin, evaporation, nomogram, correlation coefficient

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Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair with Polypropylene Mesh and Visceral Omentopexy Running Head: Ventral Hernia Repair

El Esawy, A. (MD)¹, Shaaban, N. (MD)¹,Thabet, A. (MD)¹ and Ragab, A. (MD)^{2, *}

¹ Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

² Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum General Hospital, Egypt

* e-mail. medo4x4@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: There is no conformity among surgeons on whether the laparoscopic surgery must be used in tiny or huge ventral hernias (VH) or as a first technique for repair. An ethylene poly tetra fluroethylene (ePTFE) patch usage was permitted a protected intraperitoneal position of the mesh in connect with the visceral content. By the passing of years, the laparoscopic method for VH repair was established its likelihood and consistency with a small rate of diversion to open surgery and the capability to heal even the largest defects in abdominal wall. The aim is to study the efficiency and safety of laparoscopic polyprolene mesh repair for primary VH more than 3 cm in diameter and omental patch as coverage of the mesh to avoid adhesions among mesh and intestine. Methodology: A cohort prospective study including 10 patients with incisional or primary VH with a defect size more than 3 cm. in diameter. Fayoum Ethical committee approval was taken .These patients were operated upon laproscopically at Fayoum University Hospital from April 2014 to April 2016 using polypropyelene mesh and omental patch as coverage of the mesh to protect adhesions between mesh and intestine. Following surgery, patients will be followed up one week following discharge from the hospital, then at intervals of 4 weeks, and at 6 weeks for late morbidity, then at 9 and 12 month, and later at the end of second postoperative year for recurrence. Results: Our results showed decrease morbidity, earlier recovery and shorter hospital stay with low reappearance rate and no complications as intestinal obstruction or enterocutaneous fistula. Conclusion: To conclude, this study proved to be congruent with other studies concerning the obtained data of laparoscopic VH repair through composite mesh. Laparoscopic VH repair using polypropylene mesh and omental coverage is safe, effective, and technically feasible.

[El Esawy, A., Shaaban, N., Thabet, A. and Ragab, A. Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair with Polypropylene Mesh and Visceral Omentopexy Running Head: Ventral Hernia Repair. Nat Sci 2021,19(12):13-19]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.03.

Key words: Laparoscopic Repair, Omentopexy, Ventral hernia, Mesh

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Production Scale and Dung/Manure Management of Pig Farmers in Ifo Local Government Area of Ogun State

Omowumi A. Olowa, Olatomide W. Olowa and Umoru John Issah

Department of Agricultural Science, Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka

owolowa@gmail.com

Abstract: Over the years, structural changes in pig production has led to obvious increase in scale of   production through the establishment of medium to large industrial sized pig farms. This has given rise to monumental increase in pig dung with attendant waste management challenges that need to be addressed. This study analyzed the effects of fundamental changes in pig management and how they affect manure fructification practices. Data were collected from three hundred pig farmers in Ifo local Government Area using well-structured questionnaire. These data were analysed using mean, standard deviation and multinomial logit regression. The results showed that the proportion of pig production has an important effect on how farmers device use for the ensuing pig dung or manure. Clearly, the results from descriptive statistics and multinomial estimation show that smaller holders are more likely to use pig manure in their farms, while larger scale pig producers have higher probability of trading the manure or find other ways to deal with it. Unleashing agnate environmental policies that stimulate manure treatment prescriptions is advocated.

[Omowumi A. Olowa, Olatomide W. Olowa and Umoru John Issah. Production Scale and Dung/Manure Management of Pig Farmers in Ifo Local Government Area of Ogun State. Nat Sci 2021,19(12):20-27]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.04.

Key Words: Pig manure, Environmental Management, Farmers, Production Scale

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On tachyon physics

* Kalimuthu, S, ** Raghul Kumar, K, +Marshal Anthony, S, and #Sivasubramanian, M

* 2/394, Kanjampatti P.O, Pollachi Via, Tamil Nadu 642003, India

Corresponding author email: owlskalimuthu@gmail.com

+ Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Anna University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

# Department of Mathematics, Government Arts College, Udumalpet, Tamil Nadu 642003, India

** Department of physics, NGM College, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu 642001, India

Abstract: In this brief note, the authors attempt to show that Einstein’s variance of mass with velocity equation doest permit the existence or generation of tachyon particles/objects.

[Kalimuthu, S, Raghul Kumar, K, +Marshal Anthony, S, and #Sivasubramanian, M. On tachyon physics. Nat Sci 2021, 19(12):28-31]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.05.

Key words: Real, positive, negative and imaginary numbers and quadratic equations

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Effect of Storage on Mycology, Functional properties and Sensory attributes of Tiger nut Flour

Oluwatoyin Olubisi Bolarinwa¹*, Deborah Ajoke Onifade², Adaobi Maureen Nwose ³, Isaaac Ayanniran Adesokan ²

¹Department of Biology, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

² Department of Science Laboratory Technology, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, ³Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria .

*Corresponding author: bisitem@yahoo.com +2348035349094

Abstract: Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) samples were collected from two different markets (Oojo and Bodija) within Ibadan metropolis. The nut were processed into flours, stored using two different storage method (nylon and plastic) for a period of four weeks, and the following parameters were monitored fungi constituent, proximate composition, functional properties, mineral constituent, aflatoxin constituent and the sensory evaluation during processing into snack using different ratio of wheat flour. The predominate fungi isolated after four weeks of storage were; Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus and Penicillin citrinum. The aflatoxin level in the stored samples ranges from 4.3 – 7.2 ng/g, proximate composition values (%) for Bodija and Ojoo samples were: Moisture content (8.20 and 8.07), crude protein (14.05 and 13.90) and carbohydrate (23.97 and 30.14). After four weeks of storage, the functional properties of Ojoo tiger nut flour stored in nylon (OTN) had the highest water absorption capacity of 2.98% while the lowest was the Bodija tiger nut flour stored in nylon (BTN) at 1.97%, OTN had the highest oil absorption capacity at 2.57% while Bodija sample stored in plastic (BTP) had the lowest capacity at 1.99%. The swelling capacity (SC) of BTP was the highest at 7.35%, OTN and BTN had the lowest SC at 7.20%. There was no significant difference within the functional properties of the tiger nut flours and wheat flour. The minerals assessed show that Mg had the highest value then followed by Na. Fe, Zn and Cu respectively. Among the formulated blends, sensory evaluation shows that substitution of wheat flour with 60% tiger nut and 40% wheat flour was the most acceptable blend for puff-puff snack produced.

[Oluwatoyin Olubisi Bolarinwa, Deborah Ajoke Onifade, Adaobi Maureen Nwose, Isaaac Ayanniran Adesokan. Effect of Storage on Mycology, Functional properties and Sensory attributes of Tiger nut Flour. Nat Sci 2021, 19(12):32-39]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature

6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.06.

Key words: Tiger nut; functional property; Puff-puff; Aflatoxin; Proximate

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Bacteriological Status of Untreated Drinking Water Sources in Baen Town, Khana Local Government Area, Rivers State

Barisisia Maxwell Barine ¹, Chukwuemeka Nkechinyere Mercy², Ohanu Chibuike Ernest³

¹Emadavistic Medical & Research Laboratories, Osaks House, Along East-West Road, Port Harcourt.

² Department of Microbiology, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State

³ Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Pamo University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt. Rivers State.

¹barimax4u@yahoo.com

Abstract: Good quality water is a challenge in most towns and cities in Nigeria and households have for years depended on other sources of water to supplement their activities. The introduction of borehole waters to consumers was to provide safe, hygienic and affordable drinking water to the public. Although this is a valiant idea, current trends seem to suggest that site or location of bore-hole drinking water sources could be a route of transmission of diseases. This current paper investigated the bacteriological status of untreated drinking water sources in Baen town, Khana Local Government Area, Rivers State. Six water samples from the six villages (Wiiga, Gaken, Luuzue, Gui, Gba and Nyorwii) that make up the town were analyzed using Standard microbiological methods. The total viable count ranged from 1.15x10⁵ to 1.9x10⁶cfu/ml while the total coliform count ranged from 1.85x10⁴ to 5.9x10⁴cfu/ml. Salmonella species was detected in three sample sourced from Wiiga, Luuzue and Gba with counts of 3.8x10², 4.8x10² and 3.1x10²cfu/ml respectively while staphylococcus count ranged from 2.3x10² to 4.6x10²cfu/ml in all samples studied. The most prevalent species isolated include Micrococcus species, Bacillus and Staphylococcus species (22.7%) followed by Salmonella sp. (13.63%); Serratia and Enteroccoccus species (9.09%). Treatment of water before drinking and strict regulations of borehole drillers to ensure that requirements for siting borehole facilities are met before drilling is encouraged as most rural dwellers have inadequate information and are only concerned with getting water for their day to day activities.

[Barisisia Maxwell Barine, Chukwuemeka Nkechinyere Mercy, Ohanu Chibuike Ernest. Bacteriological Status of Untreated Drinking Water Sources in Baen Town, Khana Local Government Area, Rivers State. Nat Sci 2021; 19(12);40-47]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.07.

Keywords: Baen, Bacteriological, transmission, borehole

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Provide a framework for assessing management effectiveness (Case study: top companies of Qazvin province in Iran)

Morteza Mousa khani ¹ – Mohammad bagher Agha Alikhani ^2,*

Associate Professor of Public Management, Faculty of Management & Accounting, Qazvin Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. ¹

Master of Executive Management, Faculty of Management & Accounting, Qazvin Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. ^2,*

Abstract: Changes in industry, complexity and expansion of laws and regulations in competition, electronic business advances, on the other hand, limitations in resources and variety in costumer’s demands, have led to many obstacles and challenges in industry.  However, effective managers can handle the bad situation to stabilize the affairs leading to profit.  These managers have some characteristics. The first and the and most fundamental   characteristics of an effective manager is having insight and strategic thought. Not only having The ability of a profound  attitude  towards the future and focus on bilateral  relationship with management atmosphere  targeting the threats and opportunities,  but also the capability of turning the threats to opportunities are an effective manager qualities. Prospect, creativity, systematic thinking  are the first three crucial features of an effective manager which vaccinate their firm against all market instability and variety in the market and by establishing coordination in their firm they proceed their company to a stable situation. The effectiveness of managers are due to their accuracy and their correct planning, unless  implementing Staff  and all tools may not end in high efficiency and proper result and even deviating from main goals. In this research we have paid special attention to different aspects of management competency which are associated to the management effectiveness of management from personal and social point of view and industry related as well. The aim of the present study in terms of functionality and in terms of research methods one descriptive - survey - is correlated. For data analysis, Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques and SPSS software was used. Since the number of observations n>30، According to the central limit theorem Assuming a normal distribution, Parametric statistical methods were used to test hypotheses (Single-sample t-test and Pearson correlation test). Posed hypotheses were examined and approved. Successful managers are influenced by all three of dimensions. Finally, a correlation was made between the three dimensions and with the 0.95% can be safely said that between the individual and social dimension, between the individual performance management, there is a fairly strong correlation But there is no correlation between social performance management. Overall, the correlation between the dimensions, to investigate the relationship between linear and nonlinear deals. Impact on their successful management is to be effective.

[Morteza Mousa khani – Mohammad bagher Agha Alikhani. Provide a framework for assessing management effectiveness (Case study: top companies of Qazvin province in Iran). Nat Sci 2021; 19(12);48-64]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.08.

Key words: manager effectiveness, manager’s competency, successful companies

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The influence of environmental factors on the prevalence of malaria in Akure metropolis using Geographical information System (GIS)

Funmilola O. OMOYA (PhD)

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B 704, Akure, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: E-mail: fomoya@yahoo.com

Abstract： Billions of dollars have been invested in the development of malaria control measures, but it is still killing hundreds of thousands of people per year in developing countries. In Nigeria, malaria is a major public health problem, it accounts for more cases and deaths than any other country in the world and 97% of Nigeria’s population is at risk.  This study therefore aimed at studying the influence of environmental factors on the prevalence of malaria in Akure metropolis. The environmental and other factors used in this study were temperature, rainfall, land use/land cover, topography, watershed, age group and settlement patterns, data were collected from Survey and Mapping Division Ondo State, Nigeria. Etrex Hand Held GPS was used to obtain the spatial coordinates. The population data and malaria case data from July 2014 to June 2015 were used in this study. ArcMap 10.3.1 was used to construct the malaria risk map. Prevalence of malaria in the study area is influenced by land use types, watershed, settlement patterns, age group and amount of rainfall. These factors have effects on Anopheles mosquito habitats (breeding and resting sites). The hot spot for malaria risk in the study area are Orita-Obele, Araromi, Oshinle and Ondo road. Therefore the output of this study will help to effectively control malaria in the study area and there should be focus on the people around the hot spot area.

[Funmilola O. OMOYA. The influence of environmental factors on the prevalence of malaria in Akure metropolis using Geographical information System (GIS). Nat Sci 2021; 19(12);65-73]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.09.

Key words: malaria, prevalence, environmental factors, risk map, hot spot

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 Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphism and its relation to clinical features and prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in Egyptian population

Azza M. El-Wakf ¹; Rizk A. El-Baz ²; Tarek M. Abbas³; Wafaa A. Mohammed¹; Intisar I. Ali^4,*

 ¹Zoology Department, Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt.

²Genetics Unit, Children Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.

³Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.

⁴Emergency Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.

E-mail: intisaribrahim88@yahoo.com

Abstract: Several reports have addressed the relation between insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene and development of diabetic nephropathy with conflicting results. The aim of this study was to assess whether ACE gene polymorphism could impose a considerable risk for onset of nephropathy among Egyptian population with type 2 diabetes. The study included 30 normal individuals served as control and 90 age-sex matched diabetic patients, who were classified into patients without nephropathy (n=30) and others with nephropathy (n= 60), while the latter was further divided into: micro- and macro-albuminuric patients. All participants were subjected to clinical examination and routine laboratory investigations. The genotypes of ACE were determined by PCR analysis. On comparing the study subjects, frequencies of DD, ID and II genotypes showed no significant changes in all diabetic cases compared to controls (36.7 % vs. 50%, 58.9% vs. 46.7 % and 4.4% vs. 3.3% , p>0.05) respectively. Meanwhile, when all diabetic cases were compared to controls, there was no significant differences in the frequency of D and I alleles (66.1% vs. 73.3% and 33.9% vs. 26.7%) respectively. Thus, indicating no relation between ACE genetic variants and predisposition to diabetic nephropathy in the Egyptian population.

[Azza M. El-Wakf ; Rizk A. El-Baz; Tarek M. Abbas; Wafaa A. Mohammed; Intisar I. Ali. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphism and its relation to clinical features and prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in Egyptian population. Nat Sci 2021,19(12):74-81]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.10.

Key words: Type 2 diabetes; Nephropathy; ACE gene polymorphism; Egyptian population.

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Evaluation of the impact of Saudi Healthcare System Reform on the Patient Satisfaction in Primary Healthcare Centers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Mutasem Saleh Kutbi^1*, Majid Talat Tounsi¹, Turki Mohammad Alqattan¹, Asma Abdulmalik Althobaiti¹, Majed Mohammad Mokhtar², Amro Abdulrahim Bukhari¹

¹General Department, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Makkah Region MOH, KSA

²Public Health Department, General Directorate of Health Affairs, Makkah Region, MOH, KSA

E-mail: mkutbe@moh.gov.sa

Abstract: Introduction: the primary objective of this study is to investigate the impacts Saudi healthcare system reforms on the quality (effectiveness and efficiency) of the primary healthcare services at the respective centers. An exploratory and conclusive research design was initiated to determine the impact of the reforms on the quality services in primary health care centers in Makkah. The sample size was 300 patients who had been taken medical services or facilities in recent times at the different PHC centers. The findings stated that current provision of healthcare services as PHC centers are exemplary. Approval rate of PHC centers are quite responsive and quick, the overall experience about visiting to the healthcare providers at PHC centers has been significantly well with means of 3.34. Also, use of communication were well satisfying for the patients with means of 3.68. Moreover, the efficiency in booking appointments as well as the quality of services inside and outside the PHC centers was seemed to be high. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study has critically evaluated the reforms which are to be carried out within the Saudi healthcare system. The high satisfaction level of the patients indicated that the recent reform was well needed. Therefore, further study has to be conducted in different setting to support the current study results.

[Mutasem Saleh Kutbi, Majid Talat Tounsi, Turki Mohammad Alqattan, Asma Abdulmalik Althobaiti, Majed Mohammad Mokhtar, Amro Abdulrahim Bukhari. Evaluation of the impact of Saudi Healthcare System Reform on     the Patient Satisfaction in Primary Healthcare Centers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Nat Sci 2021,19(12):82-87]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 11. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.11.

Key words: quality, satisfaction, primary health care, provision of healthcare services, healthcare system, institutional review board, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

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Determination of growing medium and irrigation water amount suitable for the best growth of Gasteria carinata var. verrucosa (Mill) van Jaarsv. succulent plant

Neima F. El-Ghazaly, Khaled A. Emam and Sayed M. Shahin

Botanical Gardens Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt.

Abstract: An experiment was performed under saran house at the nursery of Hort. Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt during 2018 and 2019 seasons to select the most proper growing medium and water quantity necessary for production of picturesque and floriferous specimens from the succulent ox-tongue gasteria plant in pots. Thus, uniform offsets of Gasteria carinata var. verrucosa (Mill) van Jaarsv. were transplanted in 20 cm diameter polyethylene black bags filled up to 3 cm past the bag rim with one of the following mixtures (media) pure sand (as control), sand + loam (2: 1, v/v), sand + animal compost (3: 1, v/v), sand + Nile compost (3: 1, v/v), sand + loam + animal compost (2: 1: 1 v/v/v) sand + loam + Nile compost (2: 1: 1, v/v/v) and sand + animal compost + Nile compost (2: 1: 1, v/v/v). After 2 weeks from planting, the plants received the different water treatments as follows: 100, 150and 200 ml of fresh water/ bag (plant). The effect of interactions between growing medium and water treatments on growth, flowering, offset production and quality was also studied. The obtained results indicated that planting in the sand alone gave the highest mean values of No. leaves/ plant, leaf length, width and thickness, No. flowering stems/plant, flowering stem length, No. leaves/offset, as well as offset fresh and dry weights over the means recorded by planting in the other media in the two seasons. However, the longest root length, highest No. offsets/plant and N, P and K concentrations in the leaves were attained in both seasons by planting in sand + Nile compost (3: 1, v/v) mixture, whereas the heaviest plant fresh and dry weights in the two seasons were acquired by planting in sand + animal compost (3: 1, v/v) medium. The highest concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were found due to planting in either sand + loam + Nile compost (2: 1: 1, v/v/v) mixture or sand + animal compost + Nile compost (2: 1:1, v/v/v) one, as these two mixture replace giving the highest records in both seasons. Also, they effect of water amount treatments on the previous measurements was unsteady, but the prevalence was for 100 ml/plant water treatment, which gave the utmost high values in most cases of the two seasons. The interactions exerted, as well a significant effect on the different traits of growth, flowering, offset production and chemical constituents, but the dominance was mostly for combining between planting in either sand alone or sand + Nile compost (3: 1, v/v) media and irrigating with 100 ml of water/ plant, which fulfilled the greatest averages in most characters relative to the other combinations in both seasons. Thus, it can be recommended to culture Gasteria carinata var. verrucosa (Mill) van Jaarsv. plant in either pure sand or sand amended with Nile compost (3: 1, v/v) and irrigating it with only 100 ml of water/ plant, twice a week to produce drought tolerant and picturesque succulent pot plant suitable for xeriscaping.

[Neima F. El-ghazaly, Khaled A. Emam and Sayed M. Shahin. Determination of growing medium and irrigation water amount suitable for the best growth of Gasteria carinata var. verrucosa (Mill) van Jaarsv. succulent plant. Nat Sci 2021; 19(12);88-98]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.12.

Key words: Ox-tongue, Gasteria carinata var. verrucosa, media, water requirements, vegetative and root growth.

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A cross sectional study to assessment prevalence of urinary incontinence among middle age patients and associated risk factors in primary health care center in Makkah al-Mokarramah in KSA.

Fahad Masaud Hammad Al-Masaudi¹, Wajdi Bashah Khider Alnadwi², Nada Mohammed Saaed Alharbi³, Nader Mohammad Alharbi⁴, Ahlam Saleem Almagnoni⁵, ‏ Omar Faisal Hasaneen⁶, HANI FAISAL ABDULAZIZ HASSANAIN⁷, Saeed Ali Safar Alzahrani⁸, Faisal Ahmad Abdullah Alhazmi⁹, NABIL Ibrahim ALHAZMI¹⁰, Abdullah Abdulaziz Alharbi¹¹, Abdullah ahmed ali alzahrani¹²

¹Medical Resident, Vector control and Zoonotic diseases administration, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

²Nursing technician, Batha Quraish PHC, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

³Nursing Specialist, ALKHADRAA PHC, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

⁴Nursing technician, Jarwal PHC, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

⁵Nursing technician, Taneem PHC, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

⁶Specialist Health Services and Hospital Administration, Health Center Batha Quraish, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

⁷lab specialist, Poison Control Center, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

⁸Specialist Nursing, Health Center Batha Quraish, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

⁹Nursing technician, Public Health Department of Health Affairs Directorate, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

¹⁰Nursing technician, Health Center Al-Bahirat, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

¹¹Hospital management specialist, Health Affairs in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

¹²Nursing technician, Health Center Batha Quraish, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract: Background: Urinary incontinence is a frequent involuntary loss of urine on the bed during sleep or clothes during waking at least two times per week for three consecutive months in the absence of congenital or acquired defects of the urinary tract or central nervous system. There are different strategies in the management of enuresis can be used by using one or combination of interventions including behavioral, motivational intervention, enuresis alarm and medications.  Urinary incontinence means a person leaks urine by accident. While it may happen to anyone, urinary incontinence is more common in older people, especially women and also in middle age.

When the muscles in and around the bladder don’t work the way they should, urine can leak. Incontinence typically occurs if the muscles relax without warning. The first step in treating incontinence is to see a doctor. In Saudi Arabia, urinary incontinence was experienced by more than 30% of adult women. Aim of the study: The aims of the study to assess prevalence of urinary incontinence among middle age patients and associated risk factors in primary health care center in Makah Al-Mukarramah KSA. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among middle age patients, Makah al-Mokarramah, Saudi Arabia, from 12 March to 12 May 2021. Our total participants were (200). Data was collected using a pre-designed questionnaire that was distributed. Results: A total of is 200 patients .The majority of the respondents the degree the Frequency of symptoms the majority (51.0%) answer severely but moderately regarding degree of symptoms and signs of diagnosis of incontinence the majority of proportions (46.0%) answer moderate. but severe and mild their proportions were respectively (44.0%) our study proportions high followed by average and weak were respectively (66.0 %, 26.0%, 8.0%). Conclusion: We acknowledge the fact that urinary incontinence is a common and poorly understood problem in our community.  Another problem in the among middle group is cognitive impairment, which also contributes to urinary incontinence. Prevalence of urinary incontinence is most likely underestimated. Detection of this problem is essential for preventing complications and improving the quality of life of the among middle age group.

[Fahad Masaud Hammad Al-Masaudi, Wajdi Bashah Khider Alnadwi, Nada Mohammed Saaed Alharbi, Nader Mohammad Alharbi, Ahlam Saleem Almagnoni, ‏Omar Faisal Hasaneen, Hani Faisal Abdulaziz Hassanain, Saeed Ali Safar Alzahrani, Faisal Ahmad Abdullah Alhazmi, Nabil Ibrahim Alhazmi, Abdullah Abdulaziz Alharbi, Abdullah Ahmed Ali Alzahrani. A cross sectional study to assessment prevalence of urinary incontinence among middle age patients and associated risk factors in primary health care center in Makkah al-Mokarramah in KSA. Nat Sci 2021,19(12):99-112]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  13. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191221.13.

Keywords:  Prevalence, urinary incontinence, elderly patients, primary health care centers.

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