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Landscapes of Bakhmal district of Uzbekistan and their territorial differentiation

Khakimov Kamoliddin Abdukarimovich¹, Sharipov Shavkat Mukhamadjanovich¹, Boymurodov Davron Ulmasovich¹

¹ Department of Physical Geography, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Kamoliddin_001@mail.ru

Abstract: In this article, the landscapes of  Bakhmal district of Uzbekistan were defined, their boundaries were divided into taxonomic units, mapped and their descriptions were compiled. At the same time, based on the classification scheme of V.A. Nikolayev, the district landscapes on the basis of regional and typological, ie "territorial unity and relative uniformity" were divided into landscape class (1), landscape type (3), landscape subtype (6), landscape  subgenus (9), landscape kinds (13). The landscape kinds division was based on the similarity of the dominant urotshistshes. It was established that there are 48 urotshistshes in the territory of the district. Also, a landscape map of the district at a scale of 1:50,000 was made. Descriptions were written for each kinds of landscape and highlighted the features of each urotshistshes.

[Khakimov Kamoliddin Abdukarimovich, Sharipov Shavkat Mukhamadjanovich, Boymurodov Davron Ulmasovich. Landscapes of Bakhmal district of Uzbekistan and their territorial differentiation. Nat Sci 2021;19(11):1-7]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191121.01.

Key words: landscape, mountain landscapes, classification of landscapes, subclass, group, type, subtype, genus, subgenus, kinds, urotshistshe, low mountain, middle mountain, high mountain

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An appraisal of studies on the impact of Hevea brasiliensis monocultures on biodiversity in top ten natural rubber producing countries

*Chima, U.D.^1,2, Qi, D.¹, Wu, Z.¹ & Chen, B.¹

1.      Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/ Danzhou Investigation ＆ Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P. R. China

2.      Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

*Corresponding author: uzoma.chima@uniport.edu.ng

ABSTRACT: Monoculture plantations of natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) are expanding rapidly in different parts of the world, especially the Southeastern part of Asia, with associated consequences on biodiversity. We evaluated the available literature on the effects of H. brasiliensis monocultures on different aspects of biodiversity in the world’s top ten producers of natural rubber – Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, China, Vietnam, Philippines, Cote d’Ivoire, Guatemala, and Brazil. The evaluation was aimed at determining the scope of work done, harnessing the existing knowledge, and identifying gaps for further studies. The relative frequencies of aspects of biodiversity covered in the evaluated studies showed that bacteria/bird (16.66 % each) were the most studied, followed by nematode and earthworm/other annelids (10 % each), ant/archaea/bat/fungi/plant/termite (6.67 % each), and gene (plant)/seed bank (3.33 % each). No studies were found on reptiles, rodents, big mammals, among others. Among the ten largest producers of natural rubber, more studies were conducted in Indonesia (43.48 %), followed by China (30.43 %), Thailand (13.04), Malaysia/India/Brazil (4.35 % each), while none was found for Vietnam, Philippines, Cote d’Ivoire and Guatemala. The number of biodiversity components studied in each country was highest for Indonesia (61.54 % of total), followed by China (53.85 %), Malaysia/Thailand (23.08% each), and Brazil/India (7.69 % each). Almost all aspects of biodiversity studied declined following conversion of natural forests to H. brasiliensis monocultures. These findings call for further studies to fill the identified gaps in order to enhance knowledge and practices that will make natural rubber cultivation ecologically more sustainable.

[Chima, U.D., Qi, D., Wu, Z. & Chen, B. Davron Ulmasovich. An appraisal of studies on the impact of Hevea brasiliensis monocultures on biodiversity in top ten natural rubber producing countries. Nat Sci 2021;19(11):8-20]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191121.02.

Keywords: Forest conversion, natural rubber cultivation, plantation forestry, biodiversity conservation 

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Production And Quality Evaluation Of “Tuwo” (A Cooked Paste Of Non Fermented Whole Maize Flour)  Made From Maize And Different Cassava Adjuncts

Sunmonu Basirat A. O¹., Akinsola Akinjide O*²., Ayanlola Bashirat T¹., Obisesan Dorcas O². And Taiwo-Oshin Mojisola A².

¹Department of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Kwara State.

²Department of Home Economics, Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, Oyo State.

*Correspondence: akinsola4gold@gmail.com

Abstract: The production and quality evaluation of “tuwo” made from maize flour and different cassava adjuncts from cassava products of High Quality Cassava Flour, Cassava Starch and Lafun Flour. Maize flour was blended with different cassava adjunct flour at different ratios (100: 00, 90:10, 85:15) for each cassava adjunct flours and coded as sample MF, 10HQCF, 10CS, 10LF, 15HQCF, 15CS and 15LF. The blends were analyzed for functional properties, pasting properties, total starch, amylose, carbohydrate and colour intensity while tuwo-meals produced each blended flour were analyzed for sensory property. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance while significant mean were separated using Duncan multiple range test. Results for pH, bulk density, water holding capacity, swelling capacity, solubility index and wettability of the composite flour samples ranged from 5.8-5.9, 0.7-0.8g/g, 111.4-123.0g/ml, 0.0-17.2g/ml, 5.5-8.5g/ml, respectively at p<0.05. Pasting properties of the samples ranged from 1092.3-1763.5RVU, 115.5-1158.5RVU, 253.5-779.5RVU, 189.5-1811.5, 345.0-987.5RVU, 4.1-5.1mins and 50.1-85.7^oC for peak, trough, breakdown, final viscosity, setback, pasting time and pasting temperature, respectively. Result for total starch, amylose and carbohydrate content of the samples ranged from 82.9-87.0, 17.3-22.7 and 84.0-90.0%, respectively. The yellow colour of maize and cassava tuwo obtained showed that there was no significant difference (p<0.05) among the samples in term of colour. Sensory attributes for the tuwo-meal showed that sample 10CS was rated high in terms of colour, texture, flavour, taste and overall acceptability while sample 10HQCF was rated highest for appearance. The result obtained in this study showed that tuwo-meal produced from maize and cassava adjunct had significant advantage over 100 % maize tuwo in term of functional and sensory properties and can be used for both industrial and domestic purpose.

[Sunmonu Basirat A. O, Akinsola Akinjide O, Ayanlola Bashirat T, Obisesan Dorcas O. And Taiwo-Oshin Mojisola A. PRODUCTION AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF “TUWO” (A Cooked Paste Of Non Fermented Whole Maize Flour)  MADE FROM MAIZE AND DIFFERENT CASSAVA ADJUNCTS. Nat Sci 2021;19(11):21-29]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3.doi:10.7537/marsnsj191121.03.

Keywords: Cassava adjunct, maize flour, high quality cassava flour, cassava starch, lafun flour

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Antenatal corticosteroids use before elective cesarean sections in term pregnancies

Hossam Hassan EL-Kattatny, Ahmed Abd El-Hameed Ahmed Saleh, Manar Zakaria Abd El-Mageed Ali*

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt.

E-Mail: manorazakaria92@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Elective term birth by caesarean section (CS) is accountable for half of all neonatal respiratory distress cases that could have been avoided. The most prevalent cause of Neonatal Respiratory Morbidity is transient tachypnea in newborns, followed by Respiratory distress syndrome. Iatrogenic Respiratory distress syndrome [after elective CS] persists as a cause of mortality and morbidity in neonates. Objective: The aim of this research was to assess the efficacy of intramuscular  dexamethasone administered at term pregnancies delivered by elective caesarean section in reducing neonatal complications. Patients and methods: On the basis of their trustworthy date and early ultrasound measurements of crown rump length, this prospective randomized controlled trial was undertaken at Al-Azhar University hospital and Akhmim hospital and comprised 100 pregnant women presenting for elective CS following 37 weeks of pregnancy. Results: The recorded neonatal respiratory complications were transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission were decreased. As regard to Apgar score, the mean and the median of Apgar score at 1st minute were (8.12±0.72) and 8(7:9) respectively for study group and (5.5±1.02) and 5(4:7) respectively for control group with a significant difference between the studied group. Also, the mean and the median of Apgar score at 5th minute were (8.56±0.50) and 9(8:9) respectively for study group and (7.48±0.58) and 7(7:9) respectively for control group with a significant difference between the studied group. Conclusion: Prophylactic corticosteroid therapy prior to elective caesarean section at term reduced newborn respiratory morbidity and admission to special care unit.

[Hossam Hassan EL-Kattatny, Ahmed Abd El-Hameed Ahmed Saleh, Manar Zakaria Abd El-Mageed Ali. Antenatal corticosteroids use before elective cesarean sections in term pregnancies. Nat Sci 2021,19(11):30-35]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191121.04.

Keywords: Dexamethasone, Respiratory Morbidity, Elective Caesarean Section

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Effects of semisynthetic modifications on the antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract of Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC aerial part

Samuel Ehiabhi Okhale¹*, Imoisi Chinyere², M.I. Aboh³, U.A. Osunkwo⁴

¹Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P.M.B. 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.

³Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P.M.B. 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P.M.B. 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.

*Corresponding Author: E-mail samuelokhale@gmail.com

Abstract: Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC is used for treatment of various ailments including headaches, toothaches, dyspepsia, hepatic diseases, leprosy, ringworm, eczema, fresh cuts, wounds, ulcer, and is taken orally for skin infection and as antidiarrheal and antidysentry. The dried powder of Mitracarpus villosus was extracted to obtain the crude ethyl acetate extract (MVET), which was subjected to semisynthetic modifications. Alkaline treatment of MVET yielded the acidic fraction (MVA) and the neutral fraction (MVN). Acetylation of MVET using acetic anhydride yielded the acetylated fraction (MVAC). The crude extract and the various fractions were subjected to thin layer chromatography and antimicrobial analysis. The organisms used for antimicrobial analysis were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pygenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 28188), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC 11621), Microsporum canis (ATCC 62903) and Malassezier furfur (ATCC 14521). The result of thin layer chromatography analysis showed MVET had six spots with relative retardation factors (Rr) of 0.50, 0.75, 0.88, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.70 respectively relative to β-sitosterol used as external reference standard. MVN had five spots with Rr of 0.75, 0.88, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.70. MVAC showed four spots with Rr of 0.75, 0.88, 1.00 and 1.25. MVA had 2 spots with Rr of 0.50, and 0.75.  Results of anti-microbial analysis showed acetylated fraction (MVAC) had improved activity.

[Samuel Ehiabhi Okhale, Imoisi Chinyere, M.I. Aboh, U.A. Osunkwo. Effects of semisynthetic modifications on the antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract of Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC aerial part. Nat Sci 2021,19(11):36-41]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191121.05.

Keywords: Mitracarpus villosus, antimicrobial, Antifungal, Acetylation, ethyl acetate, fraction

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Towards Conservation of Coastal Wetlands: An Assessment of the Ecological Health Status of a Neglected Lagoon in Ghana

Margaret Fafa Awushie Akwetey^a,b*, Sika Abrokwah^b, Richard Adade^b, Gertrude Lucky Aku Dali^c, Ivy Serwaa Gyimah Akuoko^b

a.       Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences - African Union Centre of Excellence in Marine Fisheries and Coastal Management, University of Cape Coast, Ghana

b.       Centre for Coastal Management - Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience (ACECoR), University of Cape Coast, Ghana

c.        Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana

*Corresponding author: Margaret Fafa Awushie Akwetey, Email address: mfakwetey@ucc.edu.gh; Postal address: Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, P.O. Box PMB UCC, Cape Coast, Ghana

Abstract: Coastal wetlands are important ecosystems that support biological communities and human populations. Anthropogenic activities have over the years affected these coastal wetlands globally leading to a loss of about 50% of these areas. There have therefore been calls to conserve these wetlands in order to sustain future generations. However, data to support conservation efforts on most of these ecosystems is lacking.  The ecological health status of an aquatic system is one indicator that can form the basis of conservation or restoration actions.  In Ghana, the Brenu Lagoon in the Central Region has been neglected in terms of ecological health research over the years. This study therefore aimed at assessing the ecological health of the Brenu lagoon using benthic macroinvertebrates. The study showed that the lagoon is hypersaline and moderately polluted with a dominance of two stress-tolerant species – Capitella Capitata and Ampithoe sp. The current state of pollution of the lagoon may be associated with waste disposal and agricultural activities within the catchment of the lagoon. Further studies are required to establish the linkage between these activities and the state of the lagoon on the basis of which remedial actions can be taken. 

[Margaret Fafa Awushie Akwetey, Sika Abrokwah, Richard Adade, Gertrude Lucky Aku Dali, Ivy Serwaa Gyimah Akuoko. Towards Conservation of Coastal Wetlands: An Assessment of the Ecological Health Status of a Neglected Lagoon in Ghana. Nat Sci 2021,19(11):42-53]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191121.06.

Keywords: Benthic, Conservation, Ecological, Health, Macroinvertebrates

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Attributes Influencing the Choice of Wood Species Utilized for Roofing in Port Harcourt

^*Queen Aguma., ¹ Charity Fredrick.,¹ Ihuoma Amadi.,¹ Kufre Edet Okon.,² James John.³

¹Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

²Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria

³Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria

*Corresponding author: queen.aguma@uniport.edu.ng / +2348136377818,+2348154776337

ABSTRACT: The study identified the attributes that influence the choice of wood species utilized for roofing in Port Harcourt. Data were collected through the administration of a well-structured questionnaires, oral interview, and reconnaissance survey. A total of 120 wood plank traders comprising of 40 respondents in Marine Base, Iloabuchi, and Igwurita timber markets and 45 onsite carpenters consisting of 15 respondents involved in Flats, Duplexes, and Bungalows roof truss construction were studied at construction sites within the study area. From the study, out of the forty-five (45) wood species that were listed, thirty (30) were found to be available in the timber markets. The choice for wood attributes varied among the three timber markets and construction sites. However, Durability was the most influential attribute in all the timber markets and construction sites with a rate of (100%). Customer demand rated (95.7%) in Marine base timber market. In Iloabuchi and Igwurita timber markets, it rated (100%).Local Council Regulation was the least influential attribute with a rate of (22.5%) in both Marine base and Igwuruta timber markets. While in Iloabuchi timber market, it rated (12.5%).The result also shows that quality and durability were the highest attributes which influenced the choice of wood species utilized for roofing by onsite carpenters involved in roof truss construction of Flats, Duplexes, and Bungalows with a rate of (100%).While source was the least influential attribute for the specification and selection of the wood species with a rate of (46.7%). The sustainable harvesting and utilization of these highly prioritized species which have been affirmed to be available and durable, will decrease relentless rooftop disappointments, guarantee the preservation of human wellbeing and furthermore lessen tension on the overexploited Commonly Used Species (CUS) in Port Harcourt. Durability and strength properties of Lesser Used Species (LUS) should be studied and the data made accessible to consumers. To boost confidence in the use of wood for roofing, consistent quality of wood ought to be guaranteed through proper quality control and product verification.

[Queen Aguma., Charity Fredrick., Ihuoma Amadi., Kufre Edet Okon. James John. Attributes Influencing the Choice of Wood Species Utilized for Roofing in Port Harcourt. Nat Sci 2021,19(11):54-61]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191121.07.

Keywords: Roofing, trusses, wood species, commonly-used species, lesser-utilized species

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Conceptual Principles of Building Automatically Information System in the Field of Healthcare

BeknazarovaS.S.¹ _, Kamilova U.K. ²,  Eshtemirov I.¹ , Absamitov B.¹ , Xamroyev D.¹, Musirmonov Sh.¹

^1. Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad Khwarizmi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

saida.beknazarova@gmail.com

^2. Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Therapy and Medical Rehabilitation, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Abstract— In the article are given the modern medical institutions produce and accumulate huge amounts of data. The quality of medical care, the general standard of living of the population, the level of development of the country as a whole depend on how competently and effectively these data are used by medical professionals. The purpose of the article is to study the features of the process of creating an information system, creating a software module, as well as their implementation in a medical and preventive institution. In the course of the work, information is provided on the theory of building medical information systems and on the practical application of this knowledge. In particular, the following issues are considered: ensuring the operation of the information system; organization of staff interaction with the information system and the "Medical examination" module.

[Beknazarova S.S., Kamilova U.K.,  Eshtemirov I. , Absamitov B., Xamroyev D., Musirmonov Sh. Conceptual Principles of Building Automatically Information System in the Field of Healthcare. Nat Sci 2021;19(11):62-66]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8.doi:10.7537/marsnsj191121.08

Keywords— medical institutions, produce and accumulate huge amounts of data, creating an information system, practical application.

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Production of Virgin Coconut Oil from Coconut (Cocos nuciferal L) milk Through Microbial Fermentation and it’s Antibacterial Property

Abdulwasiu Adekola^*1, Majekodunmi Racheal Adedayo², Isaac Ayanniran Adesokan^3*

¹ Department of Science, Technology, Microbiology, Faculty of Science, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

²Microbiology Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria

³Department of Science Laboratory Technology, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria.

*Correspondence author: sokanisaac@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Fermentation to produce Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) through induced and spontaneous fermentation and screening for the antimicrobial property of the oil produced against Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in this study. Matured coconut was processed to obtain coconut milk. The milk was subjected to induced fermentation using 1.25 % of overnight broth culture of Lactobacillus plantarum adjusted to 0.5 and 1.0% Macfarland for 24 and 48 hours. Spontaneous fermentation of the coconut milk was carried out for the same period. The resulting oil was tested for its antimicrobial property against S. aureus and the physicochemical property was also determined. The results show that induced fermentation with 1 % Macfarland of L. plantarum for 48 hours recovered more oil, (10.6 %) as compared to other fermentation methods. Oil recovered at 48 hours from induced fermentation with 0.5 % Macfarland of L. plantarum was found to be moderately potent against S. aureus with 8 mm in diameter of zone of inhibition. The physicochemical parameters tested revealed free fatty acid content ranging from 0.14 to 0.22 %, the iodine value (IV) ranges from 4.11 to 4.18 gl2 /100g fats, the peroxide value (PV) ranges from 0.72 to 0.87 meqoxygen/kg, the saponification value ranges between 250.67 to 259.67 mg KOH/g oil and acid value ranges from 0.03 to 0.08. In conclusion, induced fermentation with L. plantarum at 1 % Macfarland for 48 hours yielded more oil and it is effective for VCO production. The oil produced after 48 hours through induced fermentation was effective against S. aureus and the physicochemical parameter of the VCO generally conformed to standard requirements.

[Abdulwasiu Adekola, Majekodunmi Racheal Adedayo, Isaac Ayanniran Adesokan. Production of Virgin Coconut Oil from Coconut (Cocos nuciferal L) milk Through Microbial Fermentation and it’s Antibacterial Property. Nat Sci 2021; 19(11);67-73].ISSN1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191121.09.

Keywords: Virgin coconut oil, Coconut milk, Spontaneous fermentation, induced fermentation, antibacterial, physicochemical analysis.

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Assessment of wet cupping on reducing pain for peoples complaining in pain in the Hijama clinic Makkah at Saudi Arabia 2021.

Hattan Kamal Khan¹, Adnan Rubayan Obaid Alotaibi², Radi Ati Abdullateef Alharbi², Ibrahim Saleem Salem Alharbi³, Fuad Shaker Rashad Zainy⁴, Khlood Musalam Abbad Al harbi², Amal Mafarh  Abdullah Al Otaibi⁵, Asmaa Dakkel Najm Alsulami⁶, Hamza Ateeq Albishri², Abdulmhosen Abdullah Allehyani², Abdullah Marzooq Abdullah Al-Harbi²

¹General physician, Al-Shumaisi Medical Complex in Public Services Center- Holy Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

‏²Nursing Diploma, ‏Aljumum Healthcare Cluster, MAKKAH, MOH, Saudi Arabia.

‏³‏Social Worker,‏Aljumum Healthcare Cluster, MAKKAH, MOH, Saudi Arabia.

‏⁴MLS, ‏Aljumum Healthcare Cluster, MAKKAH, MOH, Saudi Arabia.

‏⁵‏Dental assistant Diploma, ‏Aljumum Healthcare Cluster, Makkah, MOH, Saudi Arabia.

‏⁶‏Nursing specialist, ‏Nursing Department, North Makkah Health Sector, MOH, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract: Background: As part of the Umami system of medicine, the practice of wet cupping (Al-hijamah) is widely used across the globe. Wet cupping, on the other hand, increased oxygen saturation, eliminated lactate from subcutaneous tissues, removed blood carrying greater amounts of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, and increased myeloperoxidase activity. No enough research has been done on the proteome effects of wet cupping treatment. As a result, future research on wet cupping should make use of systematic and sound processes to prevent bias.. Many illnesses may be prevented and treated using a wide range of methods in this area.. CAM has been proved to be a successful modality for disease prevention, treatment of non-communicable illnesses, and enhancing the quality of life of those with chronic medical disorders. 2 The results of CAM may satisfy many patients, who are dissatisfied with standard therapy, especially those with chronic conditions. Aim of the study: The purpose of the research was to examine the effects of wet cupping on patients who had been to the Hijama clinic in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia, complaining of pain. Method: Patients who visited the Hijama clinic in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, between January 2019 and December 2019 had their medical data reviewed retrospectively. During the course of 2019, we saw a total of 200 patients. 120 of them individuals were included in the trial because they were reporting pain. Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between different socioeconomic factors and the usage of wet cupping in the study participants. Results: Chi-square tests were used to establish the link between the frequency with which WCTs were used and the primary complaint. Chi-square X2 =86.663, p=0.001 showed a statistically significant link between the two. Conclusion: Wet cupping has been shown to help in pain relief. Cupping is advised as a supplemental therapy method for chronic medical problems, notably pain, since there are encouraging outcomes in favor of utilizing wet cupping for increasing quality of life in patients with chronic disorders.

[Hattan Kamal Khan, Adnan Rubayan Obaid Alotaibi, Radi Ati Abdullateef Alharbi, Ibrahim Saleem Salem Alharbi, Fuad Shaker Rashad Zainy, Khlood Musalam Abbad Al harbi, Amal Mafarh Abdullah Al Otaibi, Asmaa Dakkel Najm Alsulami, Hamza Ateeq Albishri, Abdulmhosen Abdullah Allehyani, Abdullah Marzooq Abdullah Al-Harbi Assessment of wet cupping on reducing pain for peoples complaining in pain in the Hijama clinic Makkah at Saudi Arabia. 2021. Nat Sci 2021, 19(11):74-84]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj191121.10.

Keywords:  pain, Effect, Hijama, wet cupping, Makkah, clinic.

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