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Study about the possible toxic Effects resulting from the combined administration of both Aripiprazole and   Fluvoxamine on the liver of both male and female albino rats

Mohamed Ibrahem Ahmed¹, Fouad Helmy El-Dabah¹, Ahmed Fathy Abd El-Aziz¹ and Said Abd El-Raheem Said²

¹Departments of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

²ClinicalPpathology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

E-Mail: drmohamedibrahem201@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic that is being used to treat psychosis for a long time in combination with other medications that may activate or suppress the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4 and cause hepatotoxicity or activity loss. Objective: Recognizing the effect of aripiprazole and fluvoxamine on liver functions in albino rats of both sexes and elucidating the effect of combined administration of aripiprazole and fluvoxamine on liver functions in albino rats of both sexes. Materials and Methods: One hundred fifty (150) adult healthy male and female albino rats were used, weighing 150-200g and obtained from the Faculty of Medicine's animal house at Assiut University in the Arab Republic of Egypt. They were housed in clean capacious macro-lane cages in standard lab conditions, which included a well-aerated environment with appropriate temp and relative humidity, excellent lighting with alternating 12-hour light/dark cycles, and standard water and food. Results: The combination of aripiprazole with fluvoxamine at 1/20 from oral rats Lethal dose 50(LD50) of both drugs in both male and female albino rats showed significant the hepatic damage and significant elevation in liver function compared with aripiprazole and fluvoxamine alone treated groups which is supported by histopathological reports. Conclusion: there were significant hepatotoxic effects when aripiprazole was given in combination with fluvoxamine.

[Mohamed Ibrahem Ahmed, Fouad Helmy El-Dabah, Ahmed Fathy Abd El-Aziz and Said Abd El-Raheem Said Study about the possible toxic Effects resulting from the combined administration of both Aripiprazole and Fluvoxamine on the liver of both male and female albino rats. Nat Sci 2021;19(9):1-11]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190921.01.

Keywords: Aripiprazole, Fluvoxamine, Albino Rats.

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Renal Complications in Patients with Malaria

Saira Baloch¹,  Bikha Ram Devrajani¹, Javed Altaf²

¹Medical Research Centre, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro, Pakistan

²Department of Urology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan

saira.baloch@lumhs.edu.pk

Abstract: Background: Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease and also a major public health problem in Pakistan. Renal failure is an emanate issue correlated by morbidity and mortality, however may diagnose and treated in the initial phases. Objectives: To elucidate the biochemical renal factors in patients with malaria and comparison with healthy control subjects. Method: 80 patients, who were diagnosed by falciparum malaria. Detailed history, general physical and systemic examination and necessary pathological, biochemical renal laboratory parameters and investigations were done. Results: Among the 80 patients, 43 were males and 37 were females. All patients were infected with P. falciparum. All patients had increased serum creatinine and urea levels and urine output of less than 400 ml/day were categorized as suffering from renal failure. Conclusion: Patients infected with P. falciparum are at an increased risk of developing renal failure when compared to patients infected with other complications. P. vivax has massive potential to cause life threatening complications and even death. Further research is necessary to understand the exact pathogenesis of various complications encountered in vivax malaria.

[Baloch S, Devrajani BR, Altaf J. Renal Complications in Patients with Malaria.  Nat Sci 2021;19(9):12-15]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190921.02.

Keywords: Malaria, Urea, Creatinine, and Microlab300

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The prevalence of depression and related factors among medical students of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz in 2015

Sepideh Herizchi Ghadim^1*, Pedram Narimani ²

1- Assistant Professor, Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

2- General Practitioner, Tabriz Branch of Islamic Azad University, Iran.

Email: sepideh_herizchi@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective: Depression is an important health problem due to its prevalence and associated consequences. The lifetime prevalence of depression ranges between 10 and 21% in population and 20-61% in students. According to the precipitation of the WHO, depression is estimated to become the second leading cause of dysfunction and the leading cause of burden of disease in developing countries. Therefore preservation and care of mental health especially among medical students have special importance. This study designed to determine prevalence and related factors of depression among medical students of Tabriz Azad University, Iran. It is hoped that this study will help to adopt proper solutions toward reducing depression among students. Methodology: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study, 300 medical students in the academic year of 2015-2016 of three sections (physiopathology, extern, Intern), were enrolled with randomized method. Data were collected by a questionnaire with two parts containing demographic information of students in the first part and depression Beck test in the second part. Data were analyzed by means of SPSS version 23 at the significant level of p<0.05. Results: In this study 45% of students have different ranges of depression. Depression in students of physiopathology course (68%), were significantly more than extern (385) and intern students (29%). 17.7% of students have clinical depression (score number>17). 45.2% of 135 depressed students were male and 54.8% were female. 85.1% of depressed students of depressed students were single and 14.8% were married. 60% of depressed students were native and 40% were from other regions. 92.5% of depressed students didn’t have proper exercise program in their life. The mean age of depressed students was 22.94±1.58. 75% of depressed students were dormitory residents. Conclusions: The prevalence of depression among medical students was higher than as compared to all population and in female exceed to male students. Prevalence of depression was significant reversely with higher educational course. There wasn’t any significant relationship between gender, marriage, history of chronic and mental disease, addiction to cigarette, parent's death and divorce, native status and depression. But marriage was a protective factor against clinical depression. Between age, number of family members, educational section, stay in dormitory, proper exercise activity and depression were significant relationship.

[Herizchi Ghadim S, Narimani P. The prevalence of depression and related factors among medical students of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz in 2015. Nat Sci 2021;19(9):16-21] ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190921.03.

Keywords: Depression, related factors, BDI (Beck Depression Inventory), medical students

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Review on Snake Venom, Venom Chemistry, Anti-Venom and Traditional Treatment Treatment

Getinet Ayalew¹, Ayalew Negash², Maradona Birhanu³

¹University of Gondar, Collage of Natural Science, Department of Biotechnology.

Gondar, Ethiopia, B.O.B. 196.

²Faculity of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health science, University of Gondar, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia,

³Department of animal health, Alage Agricultural TVET College, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Ethiopia

quine2003@gmail.com

Abstract: Snake venom is highly modified saliva containing zootoxins which facilitates the immobilization and digestion of prey, and defends against threats. It is injected by unique fangs after a bite, and some species are also able to spit. envenomation has very high rate of mortality resulting from snakebites. From the seventeen families twenty-three plants were collected and explored for the first time for antisnake venom activity. According to scientific reports, the methanolic root extract of the medicinal plants Vitex negundo, Hemidesmus indicus, Pluchea indica and Emblica officinalis significantly neutralized the Viper and Cobra venom-induced pathophysiological changes. For the time being, four plants extracts explored (Curcuma Aristolochia indica, aromatica, Androgrphis paniculata and Curcuma zeodaria) for their inhibitory activity snake venom. Echis carinatus, Ophiophagus hannah, Daboia russelli and Naja kaouthia venom-induced lethal activity was significantly antagonized by the extracts of plant both in in vitro and in vivo studies. So the venom-induced coagulant, haemorrhage, defibrinogenating and PLA2 activity from Daboia russellii were significantly neutralized by the extracts. Precipitating bands between the plant extract and venom were not observed. The role of active constituents of plants and plant materials involved in snake venom inhibition was confirmed by this observation. Further studies are going on in our laboratory for the identification of active molecules as well as their mechanism of venom inhibition.

[Getinet A, Ayalew N, Maradona B. Review on Snake Venom, Venom Chemistry, Anti-Venom and Traditional Treatment Treatment. Nat Sci 2019;19(9):22-32]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190921.04.

Keywords: snake, Venom, Snake Venom, Medicinal Plants, Anti Venom

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Evaluate the Investment Efficiency in Agricultural Sector against other Economic Sectors

Dr. Mohy Zeen Al-Abedeen Mohamed Darwish

Researcher - Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.

Email: dr_mohyconsult@yahoo.com

Abstract: Investment is an important factor affecting the growth performance of the economy sectors. Effective investments can improve the efficiency of production resources using, and make an intensive economic growth of the sector as well as to increase the production capacity. The object of the paper is to present indicators designed to measure the effectiveness of investments at the sector level and assess the efficiency of investment in the agricultural sector comparing with other economic sector in Egypt for a period of twenty years. Measuring the effectiveness of investment is different national, public, private and overall sectors level. On the basis of an analysis of available scientific tools, a system of indicators measuring investment effectiveness at sector level was setup. Input data for the analysis was obtained from database of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, website, and Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, website. With annual data on selected economic indicators in different economic sectors for a period of years (2000/2001-2019/2020). Data was used in calculation of individual indicators for evaluating investment effectiveness. Results of analysis showed an insufficient investment in agricultural sector in Egypt. The effects of the implemented investments occur sufficiently in the most important performance indicators.

[Mohy Zeen Al-Abedeen Mohamed Darwish Evaluate the Investment Efficiency in Agricultural Sector against other Economic Sectors Nat Sci 2021;19(9):33-42]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190921.05.

 Keywords: Privet Sector, Public Sector, (Government), Rerurn On Pound, Invested, Partecepate, Investment, Evaluate.

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Could Ginger Protect Urothelium From Cyclophosphamide Toxicity? Histopathological and Ultrastructural Study

Yasser M. Elbastwisy^1&2

¹ Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

^2.Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, KSA.

yasserbast@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a chemotherapeutic agent used in managing various neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. However, its clinical application is often restricted due to its baleful side effects particularly interstitial cystitis (IC). Several studies recommended the administration of a sulfhydryl compound MESNA or forced saline diuresis to reduce the CP-induced bladder toxicities, but it was not sufficient in all patients. Ginger is a flavoring spice that was proofed to have antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties favor its use as a possible agent to prevent CP-induced bladder toxicity. Aim of work: The goal of the current investigation was to clarify the CP-induced histopathological and ultrastructural effects on the urothelium of the adult male albino rats and to evaluate the possible protecting role of Ginger on such alterations. Materials and Methods: Forty-five adult male albino rats (200–250 g) were utilized in the existing study. They were randomly allocated into three equal groups. Group I rats served as control and were given sterile normal saline. The rats of group II were given a single intraperitoneal dose of CP dissolved in sterile normal saline. Group III animals received CP as in group II but in combination with Ginger (by gastric gavage) 7 days before and 7 days after CP injection. Urinary bladders were excised and prepared for histological and transmission electron microscope examination. Results: Administration of CP induced decreased thickness and desquamation of urothelial cells with hemorrhage. Inflammatory cell infiltrate was also noticed in the lamina propria. Ultrastructural examination revealed shrinkage of the nucleolar membrane, decreased nuclear volume and disturbed chromatin together with intracellular vacuolation and less prominent cytoplasmic organelles. There was also blebbing of the cell membrane with wide spaces between the cells. Administration of Ginger to the rats, the overall scene of the urothelium structure documented that there was an evident improvement so that it, more or less, resembled that of the control animals. Conclusion: Based on the previous data, it may be concluded that Ginger has a protecting effect on the CP-induced IC.

[Yasser M. Elbastwisy. Could Ginger Protect Urothelium From Cyclophosphamide Toxicity? Histopathological Study. Nat Sci 2021;19(9):43-48]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190921.06.

Keywords:  Ginger; Cyclophosphamide; Urothelium.

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Renal Complications in Patients with Malaria

Saira Baloch¹,  Bikha Ram Devrajani¹, Javed Altaf²

¹Medical Research Centre, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro, Pakistan

²Department of Urology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan

saira.baloch@lumhs.edu.pk

Abstract: Background: Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease and also a major public health problem in Pakistan. Renal failure is an emanate issue correlated by morbidity and mortality, however may diagnose and treated in the initial phases. Objectives: To elucidate the biochemical renal factors in patients with malaria and comparison with healthy control subjects. Method: 80 patients, who were diagnosed by falciparum malaria. Detailed history, general physical and systemic examination and necessary pathological, biochemical renal laboratory parameters and investigations were done. Results: Among the 80 patients, 43 were males and 37 were females. All patients were infected with P. falciparum. All patients had increased serum creatinine and urea levels and urine output of less than 400 ml/day were categorized as suffering from renal failure. Conclusion: Patients infected with P. falciparum are at an increased risk of developing renal failure when compared to patients infected with other complications. P. vivax has massive potential to cause life threatening complications and even death. Further research is necessary to understand the exact pathogenesis of various complications encountered in vivax malaria.

[Baloch S, Devrajani BR, Altaf J. Renal Complications in Patients with Malaria.Nat Sci 2021;19(9):49-51]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190921.07.

Keywords: Malaria, Urea, Creatinine, and Microlab300.

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An Allometric Growth Estimation of Peganum harmala L. Species Collected from Gilgit and Ghizir Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Zahra Begum, Chandni Kiran, Tika Khan

Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan

tika.khan@kiu.edu.pk

Abstract: Peganum harmala, vernacularly named as ‘Ispandur’ in Gilgit Baltistan. Traditionally it used as folk medicine for relief of eye irritation and other inflammatory diseases. Its seeds are given to children to make them strong and brave. Pregnant women avoid using it because of its abortifacient effect. Research revealed that in its three months lifecycle its leaves grow 5.6 mm per day in Gilgit and 4.5 mm in Ghizir. The mean leaf length is 3.055 cm and width is 0.162 cm in Gilgit. Similarly, plants sampled in Ghizir showed 2.87 cm length and 0.13 cm width. Shoot grows 70.6 cm in average in Gilgit and 13.3 cm in Ghizir. Figures reveal rapid growth for relatively longer period in Gilgit (1480 m above sea level) contribute towards overall increase in size of plant as compared to plants grow in Ghizir (1850 m asl) which is at higher elevation. Both the sites selected were south facing. Mean temperature for June-August remains 23.5°C and 19.6°C in Gilgit and Ghizir respectively. Slow allometric growth is assumed due to relatively low mean temperature.

[Zahra Begum, Tika Khan.2016. An Allometric growth estimation of Peganum harmala L. species collected from Gilgit and Ghizir districts of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Nat Sci 2021;19(9):52-55]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190921.08.

Key words: Peganum harmala, Zygophyllaceae, antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor

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Review on Internal Parasitic Diseases of Sheep and Laboratory Based Diagnostic Approaches

Getinet Ayalew ^1, Ayalew Negash ^2, Maradona Birhanu ^3, Melesse Gebrie ³

^1. Department of Biotechnology, Collage of Computational and Natural Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.O. Box. 196.

^2. University of Gondar Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health science, , P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia,

^3. Department of animal health, Alage Agricultural TVET College, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Ethiopia

E-mail: quine2003@gmail.com

Abstract: Diverse range of internal parasite affects sheep (Ovine). The majority of adult helminthes affecting sheep are grossly visible to the naked eye due to their size. With internal parasites, however, observation and detection of adult stages is generally only possible on post-mortem examination of the appropriate organs and viscera. More often, the presence of parasites in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and liver can be detected by parasitological examinations of appropriate samples, usually faeces, for the presence of their eggs, cysts or larval stages. This review focuses on the clinical and laboratory diagnostic approaches to a number of important parasitic diseases of sheep, in particular, parasitic gastroenteritis and the detection of species showing the presence of anthelmintic resistance, as well as other diseases, such as liver fluke and coccidiosis. However, misidentification can occur without appropriate experience in parasite identification. Accurate and correct diagnosis is fundamental to good parasite control, otherwise inappropriate or consequential, apparent treatment failures may occur.

[Getinet A, Ayalew N^, Maradona B^, Melesse G. Ovine Internal Parasitic Diseases and Laboratory Based Diagnostic Approaches. Nat Sci 2021;19(9):56-62]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190921.09.

Keywords: Parasite, Sheep, Diagnosis, Detection, EPG

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Etiology- Predisposing Factor with the Epidemiology and Treatment of Equine Gastric Ulceration

Getinet Ayalew ¹, Yidnekachew Wolde ¹, Maradona Birhanu ², Melesse Gebrie ³

^1. Department of Biotechnology, Collage of Computational and Natural Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, P. O. Box. 196.

^2. Department of animal health, Alage Agricultural TVET College, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Ethiopia

^3. Department of Biomedical, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia

 quine2003@gmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe the epidemiology, clinical sign, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of equine gastric ulceration. In many countries, endoscope examination of equine gastric ulceration has made a significant impact of gastric ulceration in equine. However, in same this countries technique have not been used as effective and improved disease control strategy on bases of disease control technique. The studies of the disease in naturally diseased animal of equine gastric ulceration have provided valuable information; detail knowledge can also be gained through studies of risk factors. The pathogenesis of equine gastric ulceration has been evolved by destructive effect of risk factors for effect of HCl & pepsin, and defensive effects of protective factors, such as mucosal layer& bicarbonate product of stomach. Experimental studies have been adapted to study risk factor for equine gastric ulceration, the mechanisms of risk factors and natural disease pathogenesis. In general, in this review it has been attempted to give a highlight in understanding mechanisms of risk factors and pathogenesis of disease in relation to its effect on the health of host, which have paramount importance in designing intervention methods in the control of equine gastric ulceration in equine. Finally, relevant recommendations are forwarded.

[Getinet A, Yidnekachew W, Maradona B, Melesse G. Etiology- Predisposing Factor with the Epidemiology and Treatment of Equine Gastric Ulceration. Nat Sci 2021;19(9):63-70]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190921.10.

Keywords: Equine, Ulceration, Equine Gastric Ulceration

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