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Water treatment by using natural pressure in reverse osmosis (Suggested strategies )

Babak Mohammadi

Department of Water Engineering University of Tabriz, Iran

Babakmsh@yahoo.com

Abstract: Water is a vital resource that usually has limitations. Freshwater is almost constant in specific geographical areas, which covers limited areas. The use of saline water is a way to deal with water shortage. Membranous process probably turns saltwater in to fresh one. One of the most minuscule membranes in separating process is osmosis membranes. In reverse osmosis, the water moves from higher concentration to the lower one due to the pressure entering the salt water, furthermore, water moves against the Salts concentration gradients and natural direction osmosis. Pure water passes through the membrane, thus, salt remains in the other side of the membrane. In the United States of America, which has allocated, over 17% of the world desalination of salinity, reverse osmosis is the dominant method in desalting. In this process, in addition to salt ions the other substances in water such as suspended particles, viruses, minerals, organic matter and microbes are separated from the water. In this method, pressure must be increased by rising the amount of solute in water. Thus, the required pressure for desalination is 10 to 15 bars for the brackish water and about 54 to 80 bars for seawater.

[Babak Mohammadi. Taxonomic Diversity of Understorey Vegetation in Kumaun Himalayan Forests. Nat Sci 2021;19(7):1-4]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190621.01.

Keywords: water; osmosis; treatment

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Theoretical Studies on Triazoles of 3-Acetylbetulin and Betulone as Anticancer Agents

¹Erazua Ehimen A., ²Adepoju Adewusi John, ³Ajayi Ayomide Peter, ³Josiah Olubunmi Modupe, ³Adelowo Joy M, ³Odoemene Simon N., ⁴Akintelu Sunday A and ³Oyebamiji Abel Kolawole

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

²Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, LadokeAkintola University of Technology, PMB 4000 Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

³Department of Basic Sciences, Adeleke University, P.M.B. 250, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria

⁴School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.

erazuaann@gmail.com

Abstract: Several types of cancer cell lines are still resistant to various substances (drug-like molecules) obtained from plant. Globally, the threat posed by cancer to human beings i.e. men and women; young and old still remain challenge to medical world. Thus, the need to discover effective and efficient drug-like molecule such as Triazoles of 3-Acetylbetulin and Betulone to combat/ suppress cancer in human being remain a continuously effort among the researchers. Molecular docking approach is recently used to improve the understanding of the interaction between drug and receptor, hence, leading to the development of novel drugs with better properties. Derivatives of 3-acetylbetulin and betulone bearing 1,2,3-triazole moiety were evaluated against amelanotic melanoma C-32 cancer cell lines using Density Functional Theory (DFT), and Docking approaches.  Docking of the triazoles of 3-acetylbetulin and betulone compounds with target proteins of PDB code 5vau were performed using Discovery Studio 4.1 visualizer, Autodock tool, AutoDockVina.  Biovia Discovery Studio 2017 was used for the post docking analysis. The correlation between calculated molecular descriptors and calculated binding affinity were studied. Therefore, 28-[1-(4-Cyanobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]carbonylbetulone (H) was observed to have the highest inhibition efficiency while 28-Propynoylbetulone (B) has the least inhibition efficiency. Also, six molecular descriptors i.e. molecular weight, area, volume, polar surface area, polarizibility, and hydrogen bond acceptor played significant role in the binding affinity of 28-Propynoylbetulone (B) in the active site of amelanotic melanoma C-32 cancer cell lines (5vau). Four descriptors (band gap, E_LUMO electrophilicity index and Chemical potential) also played a significant role in the binding affinity of compound H to the studied protein. Thus, 28-[1-(4-Cyanobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]carbonylbetulone (H) proved to have highest ability to inhibit 5vau than other studied compounds. Also, correlation between the calculated binding affinity and the calculated molecular descriptors were observed.

[Erazua E.A., Adepoju A.J., Ajayi A.P, Josiah O.M., Akintelu S.A and Oyebamiji A.K. Theoretical Studies on Triazoles of 3-Acetylbetulin and Betulone as Anticancer Agents against Amelanotic Melanoma. Nat Sci 2021;19(7):5-18]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190721.02

Keywords: Molecular docking, DFT, antitumor, novel drugs, 1,2,3-triazole, molecular descriptor

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Water Quality and Macroinvertebrates Assessment of Hadejia–Nguru Wetlands in Jigawa and Yobe States, Nigeria.

^*1Bate, Garba Barde and ²George Ubong Uwem

^*1 Department of Environmental Science, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa state, Nigeria

²Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Email: bategarba@yahoo.com

Abstract: Arithmetic water quality index and Macroinvertebrates’ family biotic index of Hadejia–Nguru wetlands in Jigawa and Yobe states of Nigeria were determined. Four sampling locations labeled L₁, L₂, L₃ and L₄ and a control location labeled L_C were chosen. Water samples were collected using plastic containers that were washed with water and detergent, soaked in 10% HNO₃ while Macroinvertebrates were collected using a Van Veen grab sampler. Temperature, pH, DO and Electrical conductivity were measured in–situ using a Seabird Scientific Hydrocycle (DS5X) portable meter while total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, BOD₅, Sulphate, Nitrates, Ca and Mg were determined using standard methods. Macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using identification keys. Analysis of variance was used to compute the differences in physicochemical parameters and macroinvertebrates’ values among sampling locations. The results obtained for physicochemical parameters showed highest and lowest pH as 6.63±0.41and 5.08 ± 0.76 in L_C and L₁ respectively, DO levels were lowest (4.50 ± 0.51 mg/l) in L₁ and highest (5.28±0.37 mg/l) in L_C while highest and lowest BOD levels were 7.64 ± 1.67 mg/l and 5.85±1.59 in L₄ and L_C respectively. The physicochemical parameters generally exceeded the WHO limits with control location having lower measurements though there was no significant difference (P>0.05). A total of 329 individual macroinvertebrates were identified in all the sampling locations belonging to three phyla, five classes, 10 orders and 13 families with different pollution tolerance levels. The weighted Arithmetic water quality index showed an order: L₁>L₂>L₃>L₄>L_C with the highest and lowest being 6507.15 and 936.96 respectively while the macroinvertebrates’ family biotic index followed same pattern with the highest (5.56) in L₁ and lowest (4.49) in L_C indicating high degree of organic contamination making the water unfit for human use.

[Bate, GB., George, UU. Water Quality and Macroinvertebrates Assessment of Hadejia–Nguru Wetlands in Jigawa and Yobe States, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2021;19(7):19-26]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190721.03.

Keywords: Hadejia–Nguru wetlands, Water quality index, Ramsar site, Macroinvertebrates, Family biotic index, Physicochemical parameters.

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Isolation, Identification and Antimicrobial sensitivity of some fungi causing diarrhea in sheep and goats

Ashraf A. Abd El Tawab¹, Fatma I. El Hofy¹, Eman M. Moustafa^2,*, Ramadan M.Tag Eldin³, Enas A. Soliman¹ and Khaled G. Gebril¹

¹Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology Deptment, Faculty of Vetinary Medicine, Benha  University, Egypt

² Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Postal code: 33516, Egypt.

³ Chief researcher of mycology and mycotoxin, Animal Health Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

* Corresponding author's email: emantarek2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: The current study identifies the mycotic diseases causing diarrhea in sheep and goats with special focus on isolation and antifungal sensitivity testing on some identified isolates. A total number of 100 fecal swabs from diarrheic animals in small shepherd flocks at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt  (70 sheep and 30 goats), 40 samples from workers (buccal samples, skin swabs and nasal samples) and 60 samples from feed stuffs were obtained. The mycological examination declared the isolation of 139 fungal isolates [27 (13.5%)  yeasts and 112 mold (56.00%)]. Rhodotorula spp.,  C. pseudotropicalis, C. tropicalis, Torulopsis, Geotrichum candidum, Saccharomyces, A. fiavus, A. niger, A. fischeri, A. Carbonarius, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium chlamydosporum  were the most predominant fungi from all fecal samples. The examined workers revealed isolation of C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, A. fiavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus and A. terreus. The feed stuffs examinations revealed no yeast but A. fiavus, A. niger, A.fumigatus, A.terreus, A.carbonarius, Penicillium griseofulvum, Penicillium simplicissimum, Rhizopus Spp., Mucor Spp., Eurotium chevalieri and Eurotium rubum were isolated with different  rates. There is a strong positive correlation between presence of mold in feed stuff, animal and worker samples. Anti-fungal sensitivity test in diarrheic animals revealed that C. Krusei, C. Pseudotropicdis, C. tropicalis and Torulopsis are highly senstive to Voriconazole meanwhile, Rhodotorula and  P. expansum are senstive to Itraconazole. A. terreus and A. flavus are highly senstive to Clotrimazole  and Voriconazole  respectively. Fusarium is completely resistant to the six used antifungal discs. The fungal human isolates; C. guilliermondii and C. Krusei are highly sensitive to Voriconazole and Itraconazole resprctively meanwhile A. flavus and A. niger are highly sensitive to Itraconazole. All fungal isolates from human samples  are resistant to Metronidazole. The most fungi still can cause infections to sheep, goat and human.

[Ashraf A. Abd El Tawab, Fatma I. El Hofy, Eman M. Moustafa, Ramadan M. Tag Eldin, Enas A. Soliman and Khaled G. Gebril. Isolation, Identification and Antimicrobial sensitivity of some fungi causing diarrhea in sheep and goats. Nat Sci 2021;19(7):27-38]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190721.04.

Keywords: diarrhea; fungi; goat; sensitivity; sheep.

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Analytical Study on Factors Affecting Food Security Coefficient for Egyptian Wheat

Dr. Rania Abd-Allah El-Saied Tolba and Dr. Nahed Mohamed Hegazy

Senior Researcher - Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

Researcher - Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

Email: dr.rania_tolba@yahoo.com

Abstract: The issue of food security is considered as a national security issue, that’s why the government is making continuous efforts to raise the rate of food security. Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in which the Egyptian people depend for their food, despite the recent efforts to reduce the wheat gap, by working to increase wheat production either by vertical expansion or horizontal expansion. However, the increasing demand as a result of the steady increase in the population and the diversification of the consumption pattern, has exacerbated the gap between production and consumption, forcing the country to rely on imports, exacerbating the deficit in the balance of payments and slowing the process of economic development. Therefore, the research aims to study the most important economic factors affecting the food security coefficient of wheat during the period (1996-2020) through the Tobit Censored regression model, which is concerned with studying the most important indirect factors affecting the food security coefficient.

[Rania Abd-Allah El-Saied Tolba, Nahed Mohamed Hegazy. Analytical study on The Factors Affecting Food Security Coefficient  for Egyptian Wheat, Nat. Sci.2021; 19(7):39-49]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190721.05.

Key words: food security indicators, food security coefficient, strategic stock, Unit Root Test, Co-integration Test,   Tobit Censored regression model.

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The Economic Effects of applying water management technology on the productivity of the most important field crops in Egypt (Study of the case of sugar beet crop in El Sharkia Governorate)

Dr. Ghada Abdel Fattah Mostafa and Dr. Ghada Shalaby Aly Mahdy

Senior Researcher, Agricultural Economic Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

gh.a.fattah@gmail.com

Abstract: The agricultural sector is one of the most vital and important sectors in the Egyptian economy as one of the pillars of economic and social development due to its vital and effective role in economic activity. This sector has showed significant development in recently due to the applying modern and advanced technological methods that have been reflected in the performance of this sector in general and on increasing the productivity of feddan of most agricultural crops and increasing the efficiency of the use of agricultural resources. The development of the agricultural sector and the provision of food security in a manner that does not conflict with the goal of maximizing the value of agricultural production and preserving agricultural resources remain a key issue in the economic and social development strategy and among the most important challenges it faces now and, in the future, especially with the increasing demand for food commodities as the population continues to increase. Accordingly, the problem of the study can be presented through the following question: How can the highest productivity and the largest return from sugary crops be achieved to narrow the sugar gap in Egypt, as well as increase the efficiency of the use of the economic resources used in the production of these crops. The main objective of the study is to answer the question through which the study problem was presented, which is to obtain the highest productivity and the largest return from sugar crops to help narrow the sugar gap in Egypt while at the same time raising the efficiency of the use of production resources. To achieve the main goal of the study, there are some sub-goals that should be studied, namely, to study the production capacity of sugar cane and sugar beet crops in Egypt, and to study the structure of the production costs of sugary crops in Egypt. estimating some indicators of the economic efficiency of sugar cane and sugar beet crops in Egypt at real prices, estimating some indicators of economic efficiency and productivity of sugar cane and sugar beet crops in Egypt at real prices, The study used both descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis methods such as percentages, averages, table presentations, charts, estimate of general time trend equations  and farm budget analysis The study relied on two main sources of data: the first source, namely, published, and unpublished secondary data issued by government agencies such as the economic affairs sector of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics and the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), as well as data from previous studies and research related to the subject of the study. The second source is the cross-section data through the questionnaire form, which is designed to collect field data to serve the objectives of the study through interviews with sugar beet farmers in El Sharkia governorate.

[Ghada Abdel Fattah Mostafa and Ghada Shalaby Aly Mahdy. The Economic Effects of applying water management technology on the productivity of the most important field crops in Egypt(Study of the case of sugar beet crop in El Sharkia Governorate). Nat. Sci.2021; 19(7):50-60]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190721.06.

Keywords: economic efficiency, water management technology, irrigation systems.

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Cardiac Structural and Functional Changes Evaluated by Echocardiography and Two-Dimensional Strain in Patients with Beta Thalassemia

Norhan M. Sayed¹, Mohamed A. Mashahit¹, Noha M. El- Husseiny², Ragab A. Ali¹, Gomaa A. Ahmed³, and Mostafa K.Ibrahim³.

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt.

²Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

³ Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt.

Email: nms03@fayoum.edu.eg

Abstract: Introduction: Assessment of cardiac function in thalassemia must be routinely performed to early diagnose various functional abnormalities, and to consider required therapeutic measures so the aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac abnormalities in thalassemia patients. Methods: The study included 80 patients subdivided into two groups Group 1: 40 patients of Beta thalassemia (major and intermediate) and Group 2: control group included 40 healthy subjects age and gender matched to the patient group. Both groups were subjected to detailed history,Clinical examination, laboratory investigations (CBC, lipid profile, serum ferritin) and imaging using Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography including Tissue Doppler imaging and two dimensional Strain echocardiography. Results: The global strain value was significantly lower in thalassemia patients than those of the controls (p <0.0001). Thalassemia patients had higher serum uric acid than control. Conclusions: Evaluation of global strain was useful in assessing cardiac functions and predicting myocardial iron overload.

 [Norhan M. Sayed, Mohamed A. Mashahit, Noha M. El- Husseiny, Ragab A. Ali, Gomaa A. Ahmed, and Mostafa K. Ibrahim. Cardiac Structural and Functional Changes Evaluated by Echocardiography and Two-Dimensional Strain in Patients with Beta Thalassemia. Nat Sci 2021;19(7):61-66]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190721.07.

Keywords: Thalassemia, Strain echo, Ferritin

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A Review On: Impaction In Horse

Mihret Anemaw ,Askale Abrhaley and Reta Tesfaye

College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar , Ethiopia

Corresponding author: Mihret Anemaw and Askale Abrhaley, e-mail: anemawmiheret@gmail.com and abrhaleyaskivet2015@gmail.com

Abstract: Impaction is blockage of the intestine with feeds stuff or other material. Though the exact causes of impaction is not really known, there are risk factors of impaction such as dental problems, high grain based diets, lack of water consumption and sand indigestion. There are different types of impaction each with specific cause, clinical sign, diagnosis and treatment. These include gastric, illeal, cecal, large colon, small colon and pelvic flexure impaction. Even though, impaction is management problem and may have a serious ending, there is less attention given to it especially in equine family. Most of the time impaction occurs in mature horses than young ones and this is probably due to the chance of getting feeds freely and higher dental problems in adults. Impaction is a management problem it could be prevented by improving management practices such as adequate parasite control, feeding large quantity of forage, dental care and providing clean water.

 [Norhan M. Sayed, Mohamed A. Mashahit, Noha M. El- Husseiny, Ragab A. Ali, Gomaa A. Ahmed, and Mostafa K. Ibrahim. Cardiac Structural and Functional Changes Evaluated by Echocardiography and Two-Dimensional Strain in Patients with Beta Thalassemia. Nat Sci 2021;19(7):67-77]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190721.08.

Keywords: Horse, Impaction, Management, Prevention, Risk factors.

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Petrophysical Analysis of Well Log Data for Hydrocarbon Reservoir Ranking in “Essy” Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Alao O. A., Inaolaji E. B. and Olotu S.  J.

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

atundao@gmail.com

Abstract: Petrophysical analysis of well logs for hydrocarbon reservoir ranking was carried out in “Essy” field, Niger Delta, Nigeria. The study is aimed at identifying and ranking the production potential of hydrocarbon bearing sand units using derived petrophysical parameters. Hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs were identified as sands with corresponding high resistivity values from resistivity logs. The fluid types in each identified sand unit were distinguished using a combination of neutron and density logs. Petrophysical parameters such as volume of shale, porosity, permeability and hydrocarbon saturation were determined for each sand unit. The saturating fluids were observed to be both oil and gas.  Each of the identified sand units were ranked according to their hydrocarbon production potential by assigning weighted average values to the petrophysical parameters determined. Four (4) hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs (Sand 01, Sand 02, Sand 03 and Sand 04) were identified in the study area. Permeability values range between 1050 – 6620 mD, volume of shale 2 – 30%, hydrocarbon saturation 28 – 67% and effective porosity 11 – 27%. Sand 04 has total average ranking value of 46.9% while Sands 01, 02 and 03 have total average ranking values of 25.2%, 21.3% and 24.0% respectively. The study concluded that Sand 04 with average values of permeability, hydrocarbon saturation, volume of shale, porosity and thickness of 4240 mD, 63.5%, 4.5%, 22.5% and 97 m respectively, ranked highest among all the hydrocarbon sands delineated in the study area with a total average ranking value of 46.9%.

 [Alao O. A., Inaolaji E. B. and Olotu S.  J. Petrophysical Analysis of Well Logs for Hydrocarbon Reservoir Ranking in “Essy” Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Nat. Sci. 2021;19(7):78-84]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. .9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190721.09.

Keywords: Petrophysical Analysis, Reservoir Ranking, Hydrocarbon Saturation, Porosity, Permeability.

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