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Sustainable Cellulases Production Using Solid Waste Feedstocks

 Arun Dev Sharma*, Inderjeet Kaur

PG Dept of Biotechnology, Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar, Punjab, India , *corresponding author, arundevsharma47@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Cellulose is mainly dominating Agricultural waste and available naturally on earth as  biopolymer. Being a  renewable and abundant resource, it can be degraded by cellulase producing microbes.  Generally, the raw material is considered as key factor in enzymatic production. Solid waste materials that are often reliable and abundant can be the best substitutes per se. Cellulase enzyme has been reported in numerous biotechnological applications including chemicals, single cell protein, food  and agriculture. Thus, increasing potential of cellulase applications prompts screening for isolation of newer cellulase producing microorganisms, which can meet the industrial demand. Keeping in view the potential applications of cellulases, the present min-review was undertaken to summarize the role of microbes in sustainable cellulase productions using diverse solid waste feedstock to make the process economically viable. Methods: Microbial information regarding underutilized plants was acquired from a literature exploration of diverse databases for instance Scopus, Google Scholar and Pubmed. Results: Earlier studies revealed that traditionally only wheat and rice based sources were used. However, with the advent of time many other solid wastes like  Coconut coir pith, Sweet sorghum silage, Sugar Cane, Round nut shell, Palm Kernel Cake, Rice bran,  Filter Paper Cornmeal, Soybean hull, Soybean hull, Corn cob residue and wheat, bran ,Corn silage digestate, Soybean hulls and wheat bran, Soybean hulls and wheat bran, Paper, wood, litmus paper Freshly ripe tomato fruit, Olive processing residue, Apple pomace, Sawdust, Bagasse. Conclusion: The biotechnological facet of cellulase research using solid waste feedstock and their future prospects are also elaborated.

[Arun Dev Sharma, Inderjeet Kaur. Sustainable Cellulases Production Using Solid Waste Feedstocks. Nat Sci 2021;19(5):1-18].ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190521.01.

Keywords: cellulose, cellulase, solid waste, feedstock, microbes

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The Methodological Basis of Geographical Tourism

Askar Nigmatullaevich Nigmatov ¹, Odiljon Kobiljon ugli Tobirov ²

^1. Doctor of Geographical Science, Professor of the Department of Ecology and Geography, Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan, nigmatov_an@mail.ru

^2. Doctoral student of the Department of Ecology and Geography, Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan, odiljon.tobirov@mail.ru

Abstract: The methodological basis of geographical tourism requires a systematic division of methods related to geography and tourism into research stages, taking into account the real political and environmental situation, economic opportunities, social conditions. This article describes the methodological basis of geographical tourism, taking into account the above requirements.

[Nigmatov A.N., Tobirov O.K. The Methodological Basis of Geographical Tourism. Nat Sci 2021;(5)19(5):19-25].

ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190521.02.

Keywords: geography, tourism, geographical tourism, method, methodology, geographical research methods, tourist research methods, geographical tourist research methods.

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Investigation on some Physical Properties of Dry Erase Ink Formulation Produced from Azardirachta indica and Carica papaya.

¹Mbong, E. O., ²George, U. U., ¹Ekott, E. J., ¹Okon, H. E.

¹ Department of Environmental Biology, Heritage Polytechnic, Ikot Udoata, Eket, Akwa Ibom State

²Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State

Email: ubonggeorge@aksu.edu.ng

Abstract: Inks are colored fluid suspensions formulated to reproduce colorful images on sorbent surfaces. The materials used in ink making may present their undesirable unique environmental hazards and challenges. Pigments and dyes used for commercial ink brands are expensive and sometimes contain toxic substances which if inadvertently ingested by humans, especially children, may be harmful to health. Also, conventional inks are less environmentally friendly hence the need for organic and eco-friendly substitutes. This study investigates the suitability of different plant-based formulations produced from Azardirachta indica and Carica papaya as substitutes for dry erase ink. The formulations were evaluated for colour, density, pH, drying time, colour stability and viscosity. Inks formed from A. indica were more stable than C. papaya.  A. indica inks recorded higher density (1.05-0.84 g/cm³) than inks made from C. papaya (1.02-0.87 g/cm³). Drying time ranged between 8 – 14 seconds in C. papaya and 6 – 12 seconds for A. indica. pH values were higher in C. papaya (6.8-7.5) but lower in A. indica (5.2-5.6). The viscosity was higher in C. papaya (8.55 -13.37kg/m^-1s^-1) but lower in A. indica (7.66 -12.87-kg/m^-1s^-1). Correlation and regression analysis reflected a common trend indicating that an increase in amount of plant extract led to a significant (P<0.05) decrease in drying time, water proof nature, density and viscosity but on the other hand it increased the pH of the formulation. Conclusively, the physical properties of these plant formulations compare favourably with standard commercial ink brands.

 [Mbong, EO., George, UU., Ekott, EJ., Okon, HE. Investigation on some Physical Properties of Dry Erase Ink Formulation Produced from Azardirachta indica and Carica papaya.  Nat Sci 2021;19(5):26-31].ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  3.doi:10.7537/marsnsj190521.03.

Keywords: Plant extracts, Ink, Viscosity, Alcohol, A. indica, C. papaya.

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EARLY GROWTH OF Pterocarpus Santalinoides L’Hérit. Ex DC SEEDLINGS AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT GROWTH MEDIA

*Fredrick C., Omokhua, G.E., Alex, A and Wali,  C.N.

Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

*Corresponding author Email: charity.fredrick@uniport.edu.ng

Abstract: This study investigated the impact of growth media on the early growth of Pterocarpus santalinoides. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design involving three replicates. Ten (10) seedlings per sowing media including topsoil, sharp sand, topsoil and sharp sand, topsoil and sawdust, and topsoil and poultry droppings were selected and transplanted into a polybag. Growth parameters (seedling height, collar diameter and leaf number) were determined and subjected to analysis of variance. Seedlings of P. santalinoides displayed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in height at month 1, in collar diameter at month 2 to 4 and 6 and in leaf number at month 3 and non-significant differences (p > 0.05) in height at month 2 to 12. In collar diameter at months 1, 5 and 7 to 12 and in leaf number at months 1and 2 and 4 to 12.Average seedling height from month 1 to 12 was highest in topsoil and lowest in mixture of topsoil and sharp-sand. Average collar diameter from month 1 to 12 was highest in topsoil and lowest in mixture of topsoil and poultry dung. Average leaf production from month 1 to 12 was highest in topsoil and lowest in mixture of topsoil and sawdust and mixture of topsoil and poultry dung. Survival rate was 90% in seedlings grown in topsoil and sharp-sand mixture and 100% in topsoil, topsoil and sawdust mixture, and topsoil and poultry dung mixture. Topsoil was observed to be the most suitable growth media for raising seedlings of P. santalinoides and is therefore recommended for growth of the species.

 [Fredrick C., Omokhua, G.E., Alex, A and Wali,  C.N. EARLY GROWTH OF Pterocarpus santalinoides L’Hérit. ex DC SEEDLINGS AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT GROWTH MEDIA.  Nat Sci 2021;19(5):32-37].ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190521.04.

Keywords: Pterocarpus santalinoides, sowing media, early growth, seedling height, survival rate

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Quality of Life in Medical Services of the Republic of Karakalpakstan

Turdimambetov Izimbet Rakhmetovich^*, Oteuliev Medetbay Orinbayevich^**, Karimbaev Qoylibay Konisbayevich^***

^* DSc., Associate Professor, Economic and Social Geography Department, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan. izimbet76@karsu.uz

^** Doctoral Candidate, Economic and Social Geography Department, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan. o.medetbay@karsu.uz

^*** Assistant Teacher, Natural Geography and Hydrometeorology Department, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan. k.qoylibay@karsu.uz

Abstract: Health is an integral indicator of the quality of life in its objective manifestations. The extreme ecological situation that has developed over the past decades in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, has led to significant pathological changes in the health of the population. Territorial differences in the healthcare system in the Republic of Karakalpakstan are significant. For example, the average level of inpatient care in the country is 38.56 per 10,000 populations. This figure was 92.56 in Nukus, 32.68 in Ellikkala district, 20.79 in Beruni district, 52.19 in Nukus district, 20.07 in Turtkul district, 34.26 in Kungrad district and 37.74 in Muynak district. This article analyzes the problems of staffing in clinics, hospitals and other stationary health care institutions, the current state of the health care system of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and gives some recommendations for their improvement.

[Turdimambetov Izimbet Rakhmetovich, Oteuliev Medetbay Orinbayevich, Karimbaev Qoylibay Konisbayevich. Quality of Life in Medical Services of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Nat Sci 2021;19(5):38-43].ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  5.doi:10.7537/marsnsj190521.05.

Key words:  Service, healthcare institutions, doctors, nurses, outpatient clinics, public healthcare

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Functional Integrity Of Oasis Landscapes And Their Study As Dynamic Geotisym

Mirzahmedov Ismoiljon Karimjon ugli¹, Abbasov Subkhon Burkhonovich², Boymirzayev Karimdjon Mirzakhmedovich³

^1,3Department of Geography Namangan state University, Samarkand 140104, Uzbekistan,

²Department of Geography, Samarkand State University, Uychi street 160136, Uzbekistan

mirzahmedovismoil@mail.ru

Abstrack: The article describes the dynamic changes in the landscapes of the Fergana Valley oasis, their study as a separate geosystem. It also provides recommendations on landscape – environmental processes in the oases and their elimination.

[Boymirzaev K, Abbasov S. Functional Integrity Of Oasis Landscapes And Their Study As Dynamic Geotisym.Nat Sci 2021;19(5):44-45].ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190521.06.

Keywords: Oasis, landscape, geosystem, landslide, suffocation, reclamation, agrophytocenosis, degradation

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Production Scale and Manure Management of Pig Farmers in Ifo Local Government Area of Ogun State

¹Omowumi A. Olowa, ¹Olatomide W. Olowa and ¹Umoru John Issah

                                            ¹Department of Agricultural Science, Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka

Owolowa@gmail.com

Abstract: Over the years, structural changes in pig production has led to obvious increase in scale of   production through the establishment of medium to large industrial sized pig farms. This has given rise to monumental increase in pig dung with attendant waste management challenges that need to be addressed. This study analyzed the effects of fundamental changes in pig management and how they affect manure fructification practices. Data were collected from three hundred pig farmers in Ifo local Government Area using well-structured questionnaire. These data were analysed using mean, standard deviation and multinomial logit regression. The results showed that the proportion of pig production has an important effect on how farmers device use for the ensuing pig dung or manure. Clearly, the results from descriptive statistics and multinomial estimation show that smaller holders are more likely to use pig manure in their farms, while larger scale pig producers have higher probability of trading the manure or find other ways to deal with it. Unleashing agnate environmental policies that stimulate manure treatment prescriptions is advocated.

[Olowa, Omowumi A, Olowa, Olatomide W. and Umoru, John I. Production Scale and Manure Management of Pig Farmers in Ifo Local Government Area of Ogun State. Nat Sci 2021;19(5):46-52].ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  7.doi:10.7537/marsnsj190521.07.

Key Words: Pig manure, Environmental Management, Farmers, Production Scale

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A critical review: impacts of salinity on yield and fiber quality traits of cotton

Qamar Farooq¹, Saira², Ali Farzand³, Mawra Nadeem⁴, Misbah Zulfqar^5*

¹Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

²Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

³Institute of Business Management sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

⁵Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

⁴Oilseeds Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad, Pakistan

*Corresponding author’s email: misbahzulfqar@gmail.com

Abstract: Cotton has moderately tolerance against salinity and it can tolerate up to 7.7 dS m⁻¹, but salinity decrease the growth rate and fiber production. The osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, essential nutrient deficiency, reduced photosynthetic rates and oxidative stress in cotton plants are associated with salinity stress which affects water uptake. Salt stress significantly inhibits the growth, development, and productivity of cotton because of osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stresses. It also decreased the seedling emergence, vegetative and reproductive growth which reduce the yield at mild to high salt stress. The moderate and higher level of soil salinity also cause reduction in seedling emergence, decrease vegetative and reproductive growth and ultimately decrease the cotton yield and fiber quality. This crop is very sensitive to salinity at germination and seedling stage. Salt stress adversely affects the biomass production and ultimately brings about decrease in seed cotton yield. Depressed activities of metabolic enzymes viz: acidic invertase, alkaline invertase and sucrose phophate synthase leads to fiber quality deterioration in salinity. With the emergence of functional and comparative genomics, transgenic techniques have become a major part of modern research. It is suggested that future research may be carried out with the combination of conventional and advance molecular technology to develop salt tolerant cultivars.

[Qamar Farooq, Saira, Ali Farzand, Mawra Nadeem, Misbah Zulfqar. A critical review: impacts of salinity on yield and fiber quality traits of cotton. Nat Sci 2021;19(5):53-62].ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 8.doi:10.7537/marsnsj190521.08.

Key words: salinity, cotton, fiber

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An Econometric Analysis of the Oil Crops Food Gap in the Arab Region 

Dr. Ekram Ahmed El Sayed  Abd El Rahman  and Dr. Rania Abd-Allah El-Saied Tolba

Agricultural Economic Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt

ekram_9375@yahoo.com

Abstract: The agricultural sector in the Arab world, had natural and human resources, Was able to provide most of the population's food needs until the beginning of the seventies of the twentieth century, Then food ability have changed dramatically in the Arab countries and suffer from a deficit in ability to obtain food security, Especially from strategic food commodities such as vegetable oils. The problem of achieving food security is one of the most important problems facing the Arab world, Represent in a steady gap in many food commodities, and the food gap for commodity groups has increased, The value of vegetable oils represents about 8.5% of the value of the food deficit in 2018, and it is expected Increasing the oil gap, As the percentage of self-sufficiency in oil crops in the Arab world 35.9% year 2018. The research aims to study the current situation of production, consumption and the food gap of oil crops in the Arab world, to analyze the inter-trade structure of oil crops, and applied An econometric analysis for the most important variables affecting the oil gap in the Arab world, Predicting the future of the oil gap in the Arab world. Identify the most important problems facing the expansion of oil production in the Arab world, According to published studies and research to overcome and increase opportunities to reduce oil gap in the Arab world.

[Ekram Ahmed Elsayed Abd El Rahman , Rania Abd-Allah El-Saied Tolba. An Econometric Analysis of the Oil Crops Food Gap in the Arab Region Nat Sci 2021;19(5):63-77].ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature  9.doi:10.7537/marsnsj190521.09.

Keywords: food gap, oil crops, A Simultaneous Equations models, ARIMA model.

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The role of ultrasound in the prognosis of first trimester pregnancy outcome

Marwa Gaber Ahmad Ahmad¹, Dr. Hossam Hassan El-Ktatny², Dr. Ahmad Abd-Elhamid Ahmad saleh²

¹Resident of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Sohag General Medical Center, Egypt

² Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

Email: marwagaber688@gmail.com 

Abstract: Background: Ultrasonography is a useful method for determining the status of early pregnancy. First trimester sonography is useful for dating, assessing a number of gestation, establishing location, and even detecting some early Malformation. In addition to documenting normal development, ultrasonography has high sensitivity for showing abnormalities of the gestational sac, yolk sac, and embryo that predict poor outcome. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether yolk sac diameter and early embryonic heart rate could serve as prognostic factors in evaluating pregnancy outcome. Methods: This prospective cross sectional study that carried out on 150 patients in Al-Azhar university hospital Assuit, outpatient clinic and obstetrics and gynecology department in un complicated singleton pregnancy. Detailed history was taken to rule out medical & surgical complication which can affect our study. General and physical examination was done. For each sonographic parameter, nomograms were created; were calculated for each measurement, and the values were compared between miscarriage and ongoing pregnancy groups. Results: Abortion rate in relation to the total number of the study was (9.7%) Mean value of yolk sac among miscarriage Group was smaller than ongoing pregnancy groups. Mean value of gestational sac among miscarriage group was smaller than ongoing pregnancy groups. Mean value of embryonic heart rate among miscarriage group was smaller than ongoing pregnancy groups. These smaller values of yolk sac, gestational sac and embryonic heart rate are predictors for miscarriage.

Conclusion: Smaller values of yolk sac, gestational sac and embryonic heart rate are prognostic factors for miscarriage.

[Marwa Gaber Ahmad Ahmad, Hossam Hassan El-Ktatny, Ahmad Abd-Elhamid Ahmad saleh. The role of ultrasound in the prognosis of first trimester pregnancy outcome. Nat Sci 2021;19(5):78-87]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj190521.10.

Keywords: Ultrasonography -yolk sac diameter-gestational sac diameter -embryonic heart rate prognostic factors

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