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Effectiveness of plant extracts (lemon grass and tobacco) and Insecticide Spinosad against Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha Dominica

Laraib Sakhi¹, Bushra Moon¹, Muhammad Afsar Ali Shaker*², Muhammad Arslan³, Sana Rubab², Muhammad Shahzad³, Muhammad Awais³

¹Department of zoology wild life & fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

²Department of Entomology, Bahaudin Zakariya University, Multan.

³Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

Corresponding author’s email: Afsaraliagrarian@gmail.com

Abstract: Stored grain products are damaged by various types of insects during preservation of T. castaneum and lesser grain borer are most dangerous insect of preserved food. Rhyzopertha Dominica is inner feeder and influences the wide variety as good as high quality of grains. Spinosad insecticide are very potent to manipulate the stored grain pest. Current research work was performed in the Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Five concentrations 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05% along with one control treatment of Spinosad was formed in hundred ml of purified water from standard dilutions and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10% concentrations of each plants were prepared. Treatments were applied to check their possible toxic effects against T. castaneum and R. Dominica. The data were recorded after 24, 48 and 72 hours, treatment means were compared with the help of (THSD) test. Spinosad gave maximum mortality 89.77% as compared to plant extracts lemon grass and tobacco 38.55% and 40.00% against lesser grain borer. Spinosad gives maximum mortality 87.27% as compared to plant extract lemon grass and tobacco 34.55% and 29.09% against red flour beetle.

[Laraib Sakhi, Bushra Moon, Muhammad Afsar Ali Shaker, Muhammad Arslan, Sana Rubab, Muhammad Shahzad, Muhammad Awais. Effectiveness of plant extracts (lemon grass and tobacco) and Insecticide Spinosad against Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha Dominica. Nat Sci 2020;18(6):1-4]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180620.01.

Key words: Mortality, Spinosad, Red flour beetle, Lesser gain borer.

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Bioaccumulation Factors for Heavy Metals in the Muscles and Organ Tissues of Three Fish species from Baga, Lake Chad, Nigerian Sector.

Jonathan B.Y, Madu A.A. and Ibrahim, S.

Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, Baga, PMB 1060 Maiduguri, Borno State West Africa berny2025@yahoo.com; Telephone +2348066491547

Abstract: This study deals with bioaccumulation factors for heavy metals: Cadmium, (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) in the Muscles and Organ tissues of three fish species, Clarias gariepinus, (C. gariepinus) and Oreochromis nilotians (O.niloticus), and Water from Baga, Lake Chad, Nigerian Sector. The aim of this study was to determine the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for heavy metals in the Muscles and Organ tissues of three fish species. The concentrations of heavy metals in the Muscles and Organ tissues were determined using energy dispersive X-rays florescence (EDXRF) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to determine the heavy metals in water. The BAFs for heavy metals for heavy metals in the Muscles of three fish species are depicted in this pattern Cr> Pb> Cd> Mn> Zn> Cu. The presence of heavy metals in fish species are of great importance when their concentrations are not above the maximum permissible limits sets by World Health Organization (WHO). The essential heavy metals are accumulated with greater amount. The BAFs in the Muscles of Fish species are Cu (1446.00) and Zn (3240.00), and in the Organ tissues, Zn (1330.00) and Cu (1574.00). The values for the non-essential heavy metals are Cd (10.00) and Pb (11.60) in the Muscles and Cd (200.00) and Pb (4.20) in the Organ tissues of fish species.

[Bernard J.Y., Aviga M.A., Saidu, I. Bioaccumulation Factors for Heavy Metals in the Muscles and Organ Tissues of Three Fish species from Baga, Lake Chad, Nigerian Sector. Nat Sci 2020;18(6):5-8]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180620.02.

Keyword: Bioaccumulation Heavy Metal Fish; Muscles and Organ tissues; Lake

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Prevalence Of Hepatitis C Positivity In Apparently Healthy Individuals In Akure, Nigeria.

*Akande, E. B., Oladejo B. O., Oladunmoye M. K., Abodunrin T. F., and Ogunlana, D.O.

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State.

* akandeemmanuelb@gmail.com

Abstract: Hepatitis C (HCV) viral infections have remained recurring decimals in blood transfusion, vertical transmission, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Most of the published studies of the prevalence in Southern Nigeria are among HIV/AIDS patients. The need for vital information among apparently healthy population was the basis for this study. This study was conducted over a period of ten months (October, 2016 – July, 2017). During this period, a questionnaire (data collection sheet) was administered which covered social demographic characteristics and some risk factors. About 871 blood samples were collected among apparently healthy individuals attending State General Hospital, Akure, Nigeria. Rapid diagnostic tests were used to screen for anti-HCV antibodies. Of the 871 individuals screened, 121 were positive for the virus giving an overall prevalence of 13.89% in the study area. The prevalence was high in males (17%) than the females (14%) among the age group 18-30 years, generally males had higher prevalence when compared with female gender. Also, higher prevalence of the virus among individuals that are single especially in males with 21% and female with 18% when compared to married (10% and 9% male and female respectively) were noticed. Majority of the participants were unemployed, with the highest prevalence rate of 23% in age group 31-42 years. The higher prevalence of HCV in individuals with multiple sex partners was 23% in males and 22% in females when compared to those without multiple sex partners with prevalence rate of 10% and 9% in male and female respectively and this supports the claim that multiple sexual partners are a risk factor for contacting hepatitis C. The higher prevalence was observed among individuals with drug use with 54% and 40% in age group 31-42 years and18-30 years respectively. Whereas those that said no to drug use had lower prevalence, this supports the claim that the intravenous drug use (IDU) is a major risk factor for hepatitis C in many parts of the world. However it is suggested that a comprehensive survey of HCV prevalence should be conducted in Nigeria in no distant future to determine the national prevalence, regional prevalence differences, high risk groups, and the associated risk factors for contracting the disease. This will go a long way to help in articulating a deliberate national action plan to prevent the disease transmission and to treat those who are already infected.

[Akande, E. B., Oladejo B. O., Oladunmoye M. K., Abodunrin T. F., and Ogunlana, D.O. Prevalence Of Hepatitis C Positivity In Apparently Healthy Individuals In Akure, Nigeria. Nat Sci 2020;18(6):9-16]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180620.03.

Keywords: Hepatitis, Infection, Prevalence, Antibody, Questionnaire

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Examining the Role of Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Epigallocatechin-C-Gallate in Inhibiting Sugar-Induced Myoglobin Glycation: Scientific Gaps in Current Knowledge?

Mousa Numan Ahmad^1*, Amani Ibrahim Farah¹, Tareq Musbah Al-qirim²

¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Human Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Jordan, Amman11942, Jordan; ² Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan

^*Correspondence to: mosnuman@ju.edu.jo; mousanuman@gmail.com

Abstract: Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and epigallocatechin-c-gallate (EGCG) have been known to protect protein oxidation and lessen the pathogenesis of oxidative-related multiple metabolic diseases; however, understanding their role in mediating biochemical activities under glycemic pressures remains unclear. This article discusses the current literature addressing the role of ALA and EGCG in inhibiting myoglobin glycation and the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), highlights the gaps in current knowledge, and suggests future avenues of research. Glycation is a non-enzymatic reaction of free reducing sugars with free amino groups of proteins, nucleic acids, and compound lipids that eventually forms AGEs. The latter alter the structure of proteins resulting in altered physiological functions that may lead to a variety of pathophysiological complications mostly associated with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. This cascade of oxidative abnormalities can be lessened by antioxidants, particularly ALA and EGCG. Insight view through the studies on nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and natural products that contain these antioxidants reveal a marked gap in knowledge that may hinder understanding of the ALA and EGCG-mediated therapeutic effects on myoglobin glycation. The sugar media and level, the EGCG concentration that sets the balance of EGCG’s pro- and antioxidant activities under glycemic pressure, the reactions’ sequence and duration between the glycated protein and EGCG, and the hypothesis in which ALA augments the EGCG anti-glycation effect are the five scientific gaps in current knowledge that merit further investigations. [Ahmad MN, Farah AI, Al-qirim TM. Examining the role of alpha-lipoic acid and epigallocatechin-c-gallate in inhibiting sugar-induced myoglobin glycation: Scientific gaps in current knowledge? Nat Sci 2020;18(6):17-25]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180620.04.

Keywords: Advanced glycation end-products; alpha-lipoic acid; epigallocatechin-c-gallate; diabetes complications; protein glycation; antioxidants.

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Physico-chemical properties of concrete pond water used for Clarias gariepinus aquaculture

Ifeoma Laeticia Okoliegbe, Carol Nchedo Ariole and Gideon Chijioke Okpokwasili

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Corresponding Author’s E-mail: laetymaria@yahoo.com

Abstract: The world population is increasing every day and so is the need for food security. The increasing demand for fish can only be met by geometric expansion and sustainable development in aquaculture. The success of aquaculture to a large extent depends on water quality. Samples of rearing water collected from three concrete fish ponds located far from each other within Port Harcourt metropolis were analyzed using standard analytical methods. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA. Temperature, pH, salinity, alkalinity, conductivity, turbidity, total hardness and Chlorine were within the water quality criteria for aquaculture while total dissolved solids, phosphate, iron and ammonia did not conform to water quality criteria. Pond 2 contained high levels of most of the parameters measured while Pond 3 was low on most of the parameters analyzed. The values of total dissolved solids, phosphates, iron and ammonia were higher than permissible limits of FEPA. Better water quality and consequent increased fish productivity can be achieved if pond water is changed more frequently and contamination of water source by industrial effluents is effectively controlled.

[Okoliegbe, I. L., Ariole, C. N. and Okpokwasili, G. C. Physico-chemical properties of concrete pond water used for Clarias gariepinus aquaculture. Nat Sci 2020;18(6):26-33]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180620.05.

Keywords: Physico-chemical, aquaculture, temperature, fish pons, Clariasgariepinus

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[Nat Sci 2020;18(6):34-39]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6.

withdrawn

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Biosorption of Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺from wastewater by dead biomass of Streptomyces cyaneus KW42

Maryam Mustafa¹, Sabha El-Sabbagh ², Walaa Salah El-din¹, Karam wafy¹

^1. Central laboratory for environmental quality monitoring, National water research center, El-kanater El-khairia 13621, Egypt.

^2. Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Menoufia University Shibin El-kom 32511, Egypt.

walaasalaheldin@yahoo.com

Abstract: Environmental contamination by toxic heavy metals is causing a serious problem through the worldwide due to their incremented accumulation in food chain and continued persistence ecosystem. Sixty-six isolates of actinomycetes were isolated from different drains in Egypt. The eleven isolates which removed any studied heavy metals (Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺) singly above 70% was selected to remove metals from ternary mixture. The biosorption by dead biomass for all isolates was higher than living biomass. The highest removing percentage was recorded by Kw42 isolate. It was removed 81.7%, 88.6% and 69.2% from Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ respectively. The 16S rRNA analyses and phylogenetic data of kw42 concluded that Kw42 was member of streptomyces genus and kw42 was deposited in the Gen Bank Database under accession number MK020765. The results of biosorption by the dead biomass of Streptomyces cyaneus Kw42 for Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ under the optimized conditions pH-8 at 40°C for 3 hours with 0.3% biosorbent dosage was found to be as follows: Pb²⁺ (83.4%) > Cu²⁺ (74.5%) >Cd²⁺ (68.4%). By Electronic Microscope investigation the surface dead biomass of Kw42 became more smoothly after binding with metal ions. Also, the EDX charts after biosorption had cupper peak at 8 Kev, lead peak at 2.8 Kev and cadmium peak at 3.1 Kev. Treatment of real wastewater by dead biomass of Streptomyces sp. Kw42 recorded complete bio-removal for all studies of heavy metal ions after 120 min as a maximum contact time.

[Mustafa M, El-Sabbagh S, Salah El-din W, Wafy K. Biosorption of Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ from wastewater by dead biomass of Streptomyces cyaneus KW42. Nat Sci 2020;18(6):40-48]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180620.07.

Keywords: Actinomycetes; Dead biomass; Heavy metals; Living biomass; Streptomyces

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1D Modelling Of Healing Agent In Self Healing Concrete Using Finite Element Method

Emadeldeen Ahmed Elrasoul, Mohd Ridza Mohd Haniffah

School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Technology Malaysia 81310, Malaysia

aaaeemadeldeen2@live.utm.my

Abstract: The stability and safety of structures are always in the heart of civil engineering disciplines. Thus, the formation and healing of concrete cracks are crucial in terms of monitoring or predicting the subsequent effects. Computational or numerical modelling in the field is still lacking and in the development stage despite the fact of its ability to obtain faster and cost-saving data or results as compared to the experimental approach. This study represents a numerical model to imitate the diffusion of urea into the water-filled crack and then of precipitation of calcite, generated from the hydrolysis process of urea. The precipitation of calcite is a solid that will close the crack. The process depends on the existence of urea in the form of capsules and with the existence of bacteria, water, nutrients and calcium in the crack domain, calcite will be induced. This study aims to provide mathematical modelling using MATLAB to have an accurate simulation of bacteria-based healing and the time required to heal a crack. The model can be developed by discretising Partial Differential Equations using Galerkin Finite Element. The model is developed in 1D with linear elements having 2 nodes each. Then, the assembly of global matrices takes place by overlapping of corner nodes from local matrices. Moreover, initial and boundary conditions are provided to the model. The results are validated with past literature. Hence, it is shown that with initial urea concentration, c₀ of 333 mole/m³ that is diffusing through the crack with a length, L of 20 mm, a healing ratio, S of 60% can be achieved within 500 days.

[Emadeldeen Ahmed Elrasoul, Mohd Ridza Mohd Haniffah. 1D Modelling Of Healing Agent In Self Healing Concrete Using Finite Element Method. Nat Sci 2020;18(6):49-56]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180620.08.

Keywords: Self-Healing Concrete; Finite Element Method; Urea; MATLAB; Galerkin Finite Element.

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Study On Major Reproductive Health Problem On Dairy Cattle In West Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia

Umer Seid^1*; Yesihak Yusuf², Muner Ahmadnur¹

^1.Department of Animal Science, Oda Bultum University, Chiro, Ethiopia

^2.School of Animal Science and Randge Land, Haramaya University, Haramaya

Correspondence: Umer Seid, collage Agriculture, Animal Science Departement, Oda Bultum University, Chiro, Ethiopia, Tel: 251-913-765-578. E-mail: omerseid76@gmail.com

The research is financed by Oda Bultum University.

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was undertaken to identify the prevalence of major reproductive health problems of dairy cattle and its associated risk factors in selected sites of west Haraghe Zone (Oda Bultum, Chiro and Miesso) from January, 2017 to September, 2018 was conducted. A total of 137 respondents were interviewed in this study and the finding showed that the most frequent occurred problems are anestrous, repeat breeding, retained fetal membranes, prolapse, mastitis and abortion as responded by 25.5%, 21.4%, 19.1%, 17.8%, 11. 2% and 5% of the interviewee respectively. Similarly a record of 396 dairy cows was examined to determine the reproductive health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors, and follow up study for their last three months (last trimaster) was conducted on 17 pregnats cows simultaneous. From the total of 413 cows examined, 102 (24.7%) were having at least one of the reproductive problems identified by either retrospective (n=396) or regular follow up (n=17) of individual cows. The major reproductive health problems identified in the present study were retained fetal membrane (RFM, 8.23%, n=34/413), repeat breeding (6.05%, n=25/413), dystocia (3.39%, n=14/413), abortion (3.39%, n=14/413), prolapsed (1.94%, n=8/413) and anestrous (1.69%, n=7/413). The prevalence of reproductive problems reaveled significant difference (p<0.05) with respect to age, breed, districts and parity of dairy cows while management system was not statistically significant (p>0.05) on the occurrence of the reproductive problems of cows. As laboratory results indicated that mastitis had great roles in reproductive health problems of dairy cows in the study area with prevalence rates of 21.1%, whereas the prevalence of brucellosis were 0.26%. Generally the current finding revealed that several reproductive health problems like: RFM, repeat breeding, dystocia and abortion are mostly prevalent in dairy cows in West Hararghe zone.

[Seid U, Yusuf Y, Ahmadnur M. Study On Major Reproductive Health Problem On Dairy Cattle In West Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia. Nat Sci 2020;18(6):57-70]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180620.09.

Keywords: Dairy cows, Reproductive health problems, RFM, West Hararghe

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Groundwater quality assessment with focus on fluoride in different parts of Haryana State, India.

Pooja¹, Abhishek Awasthi¹, Mukesh Rani², Jabrinder Singh ^3*

¹School of Basic and Applied Sciences, MAU, Baddi-174103, India.

²Dept. of Chemistry, Govt. College, Kaithal-136027, India.

³Dept. of Environment and Chemistry, DIT University, Dehradun-248009, India.

*Corresponding author: Email: drjabrinder.singh@dituniversity.edu.in, Ph. 91-9812428464.

Abstract: A systematic physico-chemical assessment of the groundwater at eight different locations in Haryana, India has been taken up to evaluate its suitability for drinking purpose. The data revealed considerable variations in the water samples with respect to chemical composition. The samples at eight sites were collected in triplicate at 3 different depth levels. Overall water quality was found unsatisfactory for drinking purposes. Some parameters viz. Hardness, Chloride and Fluoride were above the permissible limits of drinking water standards. The fluoride concentration varies from 0.27 mg/l to 2.87 mg/l. All the samples at the depth > 40 m bgl exceeded the BIS standard prescribed limit of 1.0 mg/l fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride contamination increases as we move from shallow to deep aquifers. Among the study area, 46 percent samples have more than maximum permissible limit (1.5 mg/l) of fluoride concentration. High concentration of fluoride in underground water may be attributed to geological (fluoride-bearing rocks) and anthropogenic (brick-kiln industries, phosphatic fertilizers) environment of the area. Sustainable and economic treatment techniques and good diet (calcium & vitamin c enriched) can control the adverse effects of fluorosis epidemic in this region.

[Pooja, Abhishek Awasthi, Mukesh Rani, Jabrinder Singh. Groundwater quality assessment with focus on fluoride in different parts of Haryana State, India. Nat Sci 2020;18(6):71-78]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180620.10.

Keywords: Fluoride, Geology, Groundwater, Haryana, Permissible limit, Quality

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Improving the Pre Hospital Care Of Road Traffic Injuries in Saudi Arabia

Shammah Ahmed Ali¹; Baha'a Alddin Hani Yousef Nasser²; Abdulrahman A Hassanein²; Abdulaziz F Al Sowat²; Abdullah A Al Ghamdi²; Ibraheem H Al Shahrani²and Faisal SAl Malki²

¹Departmentof Clinical Technology, Facultyof Applied Medical Science, EMS, Umm AL-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.

²Emergency Medical Services Student, EMS, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arab

ahghamdi2@gmail.com

Abstract: Road traffic injuries cause enormous morbidity and mortality worldwide and place heavy burdens on global and national economies. Although all regions are affected, low- and middle-income countries share a disproportionate burden. The significance of this public health threat is growing in Saudi Arabia, where current estimates show that 10.0 percent of all deaths in the country are due to RTIs and it is the second cause of death [World Health Organization, 2010]. Improvements in emergency medical services and prehospital trauma care can help minimize mortality and morbidity from road traffic injuries (RTIs) worldwide, particularly in a high rate country of RTIs such as Saudi Arabia. The current study aimed to explore pre-hospital trauma care process for RTI victims in Saudi Arabia and to identify potential areas for improvements based on the experience and perception of pre-hospital trauma care professionals. A qualitative study design using a grounded theory approach was selected. The data, collected via in depth interviews with 20 pre-hospital trauma care professionals, and by accessing public record irrespective of form (e.g. Photograph, painting, biography, television broadcast, news report, survey, government or organizational document, etc.) Were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Public education and six categories emerged to describe the factors that improve pre-hospital trauma care process: (1) staff qualifications and competences, (2) availability and distribution of resources, (3) communication and transportation, (4) involved organizations, (5) laypeople and (6) infrastructure.

[Shammah Ahmed Ali; Baha'a Alddin Hani Yousef Nasser; Abdulrahman A Hassanein; Abdulaziz F Al Sowat; Abdullah A Al Ghamdi; Ibraheem H Al Shahraniand Faisal SAl Malki. Improving the Pre Hospital Care Of Road Traffic Injuries in Saudi Arabia. Nat Sci 2020;18(6):79-87]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180620.11.

Keywords: RTI, Pre hospital care, Road traffic injuries, Trauma

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