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Impact of Implementing Self-care Protocol on Improving Quality of Life of Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

Karima Fouad Elshamy^1*, Hanan Abo Bakr Mohammed¹ and Marwa Abdelhamid Mohammed¹

Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing-Mansoura University

* E-mail of corresponding author: Karima_elshammy2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Cirrhosis and its related complications remain a prominent global health concern despite advances in understanding and treating the disorder. Because of its chronic and irreversible nature, it needs self-care protocols to be developed according to patient's needs to increase patient's knowledge about self-care that reflect improvement of their quality of life. Aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of implementing self-care protocol on improving quality of life of patients with liver cirrhosis. Design: quasi-experimental research design was utilized. Setting: This study was conducted in the hepatology unit at the Specialized Medical Hospital and the tropical medicine unit at Mansoura University Hospital. Subjects: This study was carried out on 44 male and female adult patients with liver cirrhosis classified as class B on Child-Pugh classification. Tools: Data were collected using three tools; Demographic & Medical health status data sheet, Patient's knowledge about liver cirrhosis questionnaire sheet, and Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ). Results: The present study revealed significant improvement in both patient’s knowledge and quality of life score after implementation of the self-care protocol. Conclusion: there was a positive improvement of patient's quality of life as a result of improving their knowledge about self-care. Recommendations: providing liver cirrhotic patients in hepatology units with continuous education about self-care to overcome symptoms and complications of the disease and thus improve their quality of life.

[Karima Fouad Elshamy, Hanan Abo Bakr Mohammedand Marwa Abdelhamid Mohamme. Impact of Implementing Self-care Protocol on Improving Quality of Life of Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):1-11]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.01.

Key words: Self-care protocol, Quality of life, Liver cirrhosis

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Value of thrombocytic/Lymphocyte ratios in the Early Detection of Ovarian cancers

Prof. Dr. Abd El-monem Mohammad Zakaria¹, Dr. Ahmed Osama Abdel Mottal¹, Dr. Ahmed Ali Ali Assem² and Osama Farag Mohamed¹

¹Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.

²Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.

dr_enasalwa@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The present study aimed to detect the value of blood cell count as well as PLR/NLR parameters from CBC panels in the early detection of ovarian cancer. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved 100 patients having ovarian masses presented to Al-azhar university hospitals, Damanhour Oncology Center. Prior to the study, all benign and malignant cases were compared within their own groups and then the benign and malignant cases were compared to each other. For all cases, cut-off, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet and CA-125 parameters, and the results were compared in regards to the groups. Results: NLR, PLR, neutrophil, CA-125, and platelet values were higher in the malignant compared to the benign cases (p<0.01). The lymphocyte value was lower in the malignant cases (p<0.01). For CA-125, was of mean (226±132.9 u/ml) in the malignant cases while it was (25.91± 11.11 u/ml) in the benign group., respectively. For NLR, they were 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, and for PLR, 96.97%, 100%, 100%, and 94.4%. Conclusions: NLR and PLR appear to be useful methods that can be applied together with CA-125 due to the relatively high sensitivity values for the malign-benign differentiation of ovarian masses. Although the specificity of these parameters is lower than CA-125, especially in cases with early malignant ovarian pathology, their sensitivity being higher is promising for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. It can be used to detect ovarian malignancies in the early stages, and it will increase the treatment options and improve survival rates.

[Abd El-monem Mohammad Zakaria, Ahmed Osama Abdel Mottal, Ahmed Ali Ali Assem and Osama Farag Mohamed. Value of thrombocytic/Lymphocyte ratios in the Early Detection of Ovarian cancers. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):12-17]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 2. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.02.

Keywords: Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio - platelet lymphocyte ratio - ovarian mass - CA-125

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Enzyme inhibition, free radical scavenging and insecticidal activities of crude extracts and isolates from Laportea aestuans (Gaud)

Oloyede, G. K.^1*, Ali, M. S², Lateef, M.³, Alli, B. G.¹, and Balogun, K.Y¹.

¹Organic Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

oloyedegk@gmail.com/+234 803 562 2238

²HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi.

³Multi Disciplinary Research Laboratory, Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi

Abstract: Laportea aestuans (Gaud) belonging to the family Urticaceae is an herbaceous weed consumed as vegetable and used in traditional medicine. In continuation of our work on this plant, bioactive constituents were isolated using chromatographic technique and the structures of all isolated constituents were determined by spectroscopic techniques and comparison with literature data. Enzyme inhibition (urease and α-glucosidase inhibition activities), free radical scavenging and insecticidal activities of the crude extracts and isolates were also determined. Isolation and characterization afforded six known constituents among which are 5, 2', 4' trihydroxy 7, 8 dimethoxy flavones (LA4) (29.8± 0.15) and 15-hydroxycryptopleurine (LA6) (18.5± 0.54) that showed significant urease inhibition activity, 4-methoxy-8'-acetyl olivil (LA1) (14.9± 0.43) and 5, 2', 4' trihydroxy 7, 8 dimethoxy flavones (LA4) (14.6± 0.12) which had significant α-glucosidase inhibition activity. 5, 2', 4' trihydroxy 7, 8 dimethoxy flavones (LA4) (15.45±0.01), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4- dehydroquinolizidine (LA5) (20.27±0.00) and 15-hydroxycryptopleurine (LA6) (28.81±0.03) were the most active in the free radical scavenging assay when activities were compared with thiourea, 1-deoxynojiromycin hydrochloride (DNJ) and butylated hydroxylanisole used as standards in the three assays. This study therefore added more information to the ethnomedicinal importance of L. aestuans used in traditional medicine.

[Oloyede, G. K., Ali, M. S, Lateef, M., Alli, B. G., and Balogun, K.Y. Enzyme inhibition, free radical scavenging and insecticidal activities of crude extracts and isolates from Laportea aestuans (Gaud). Nat Sci 2019;17(8):18-25]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 3. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.03.

Keywords: Enzyme inhibition, free radicals, insecticidal, Laportea aestuans, alkaloids, terpenoids

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Correlation of Fetal Abdominal Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness by Ultrasound to Predict Birth Weight

Prof. Abd Elmonem M. Zakarya, Dr. Ahmed O. Abd Elmotaal, Hesham S. M. Bryk

Obstetrics and Gynecology Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Egypt

mrhisha@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Fetal growth abnormality is correlated with the variation of the soft tissue mass, which was reduced in growth limited fetuses and improved in macrosomia. Objective: To correlate fetal abdominal subcutaneous tissue thickness (FASTT) measured by ultrasound at term and birth weight. Methods: FASTT was measured at the anterior 1/3rd of abdominal circumference by U/S after 36.0 weeks and the weight of the fetus determine after delivery. Results: It was found that a positive significant relation between FASTT and weight of fetus. FASTT of 8.0 mm was good cut off value to predict large for gestational age (LGA) fetus and had a reasonable negative predictive value; FASTT measurement for prediction of small fetus with birth weight less than 2500 gms was not sensitive. Conclusion: FASTT is a good predictor as an additional indicator to estimate large for gestational age babies along with other known birth weight parameters.

[Abd Elmonem M. Zakarya, Dr. Ahmed O. Abd Elmotaal, Hesham S. M. Bryk. Correlation of Fetal Abdominal Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness by Ultrasound to Predict Birth Weight. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):26-30]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 4. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.04.

Key words: Fetal Abdominal Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness – Ultrasound- Birth Weight

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Comparative study between fluoroscopy guided lumbar facet joint injection versus ultrasound guided injection in patients with low back pain due to facet syndrome

Marwa A Abogabal, Hala M Elgendy, Ayman A Yousef, Hesham I Eltatawy

Department of Anesthesiology, surgical intensive care and pain medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt

Corresponding author: Marwa Ahmed Abogabal

Mailing address: No 54 kahera street, El Mahalla Elkubra, Elgharbeya governorate, Egypt

Tel: 0201004190210

E-mail: dr_mora1985@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background of this study was to compare between fluoroscopic guided lumbar facet joint injection versus ultrasound guided injection in patients with facet syndrome. Facet joint pain is characterized by back pain and paraspinal tenderness, associated with groin and thigh pain not extending beyond the knee, and increase with spine extension and rotation. Injections are usually administered under fluoroscopy. ultrasonography is a portable imaging modality with moderate cost which is not associated with radiation exposure. Methods: Eighty patients with low back pain admitted for lumbar facet joint injection were randomly divided into two equal groups; fluoroscopic guided facet joint injection group (group 1) and ultrasonic guided facet joint injection group (group 2). Both groups received intra-articular injection of with a mixture containing 0.5 ml of 0.25 % bupivacaine and 0.5 ml (20mg) methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrol; Pfizer). Result: Visual Analogue Score and Oswestry disability index significantly improved after injection in both groups in comparison with pre- injection scores. The duration of injection in fluoroscopic guided group was shorter than the ultrasound guided group (p=0.003). There was higher success rate in fluoroscopic guided group (p=0.021). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of complications between both groups (p=0.5). Conclusion: Ultrasonography guided facet joint injection is feasible and effective method for pain relief in comparison with fluoroscopy guided facet joint injection for patients with lumbar facet syndrome.

[Marwa A Abogabal, Hala M Elgendy, Ayman A Yousef, Hesham I Eltatawy. Comparative study between fluoroscopy guided lumbar facet joint injection versus ultrasound guided injection in patients with low back pain due to facet syndrome. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):31-36]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.05.

Key words: Low back pain, ultrasound, facet syndrome, facet joint injection

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Comparative Study between Bupivacaine, Bupivacaine Plus Dexamethasone and Bupivacaine Plus Dexmedetomidine in Caudal Anesthesia for Pediatric Patients Undergoing Inguinoscrotal Surgery

Shaimaa W. Zahra, Prof. Dr. Mohammad E. Okab, Prof. Dr. Ahmed A. Eldaba and Dr. Hisham E. Elashry

Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care and Pain Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.

shimaawaheed137@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Caudal block is a popular and safe regional anesthesia method in pediatrics to provide intra and post-operative analgesia. Dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine may prolong caudal block with minimal side effects. Aims: The aim of the present study was to compare between the effects of bupivacaine, bupivacaine plus dexamethasone and bupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine in caudal block for pediatrics undergoing inguinoscrotal surgery. Settings and Design: double blinded randomized controlled study. Methods:105 patients, 1-6 y, ASA physical status classes I and II, < 25 kg, undergoing inguinoscrotal operations with duration > 100 minwere randomly divided into 3 equal groups (n=35) and received caudal block with 0.5 mL.kg^-1 bupivacaine 0.5%: Group I: no additives, Group II: bupivacaine plus dexamethasone (0.1 mg.kg^-1) and Group III: bupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine (1µg.kg^-1). Results: HR, MAP and BIS were comparable among the 3 groups. Postoperative modified objective pain scale was comparable till 3 hours, but it was significantly lower in dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine than control group at 4, 6 hours and lower in dexmedetomidine than dexamethasone group at 8, 10, 12, 16 hours. Time of 1st analgesia was delayed, and behavior score was significantly lower in dexmedetomidine than other two groups and in dexamethasone than control group. Sedation score showed a significant increase in dexmedetomidine compared to other groups, but no difference between dexamethasone and control group. Consumption of inhalation anesthesia was lower in dexmedetomidine than other groups to achieve the same level of BIS. Conclusion: Adding dexmedetomidine to caudal block prolongs postoperative analgesia with more sedation, less agitation and less inhalational anesthetic consumption compared to dexamethasone. Also, adding dexamethasone prolongs postoperative analgesia and decreases vomiting compared to bupivacaine alone.

[Shaimaa W. Zahra, Mohammad E. Okab, Ahmed A. Eldaba and Hisham E. Elashry. Comparative Study between Bupivacaine, Bupivacaine Plus Dexamethasone and Bupivacaine Plus Dexmedetomidine in Caudal Anesthesia for Pediatric Patients Undergoing Inguinoscrotal Surgery. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):37-45]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 6. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.06.

Keywords: Dexmedetomidine, Dexamethasone, Bupivacaine, Caudal Anesthesia.

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The Potential Role of Hydrocortisone in Acute Phosphide Poisoning: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Ghada A. Abd El- Hamid, Mona M. Abo El-Noor, Abdel Moty M. Kabbash, Mona S. Elgohary

Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

gh_attia@hotmail.com

Abstract: Metal phosphide poisoning is a worldwide health problem due to its high mortality and no evident specific antidote. Phosphide poisoning is one of these stress conditions that affects adrenal cortex. Hydrocortisone has been proved to have an evident role in treating critical illness- related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI). Reference wise and according to the best of our recent knowledge, this is the first clinical trialevaluating the role of hydrocortisone as an adjuvant therapy in the management of patients with acute phosphide poisoning. This was a single blinded randomized clinical trial conducted on 30 patients with acute aluminium phosphide poisoning (ALP) who were admitted to the Poison Control Unit in Tanta University Emergency Hospital, Egypt with acute phosphide poisoning from September 2016 to September 2017. Interventions included intravenous hydrocortisone (200mg/day) as an adjuvant to the standard treatment versus the standard treatment plus placebo. Outcome measures were assessed regarding mortality, need for mechanical ventilation, and amount of vasopressors needed for normalization of blood pressure, arterial blood pressure at time of discharge and duration of hospital stay. Sociodemo graphic, toxicological and baseline clinical data as well as serum cortisol and plasma ACTH levels measured at time of admission were of no significant difference between both groups. Mortality and need for mechanical ventilation were insignificantly decreased in hydrocortisone treated group. Survivors on hydrocortisone therapy required significantly less norepinephrine doses and less hospitalization period than those who received standard treatment. It was concluded that hydrocortisone administration to AlP poisoned patients could improve hemodynamic state with significant decrease in the dose of norepinephrine required and the length of hospital stay.

[Ghada A. Abd El- Hamid, Mona M. Abo El-Noor, Abdel Moty M. Kabbash, Mona S. Elgohary. The Potential Role of Hydrocortisone in Acute Phosphide Poisoning: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):46-53]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.07.

Keywords: Potential Role; Hydrocortisone; Acute Phosphide; Poison; Randomized Clinical Trial

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Role of Pentraxin 3, Ischemia-modified albumin, and Myeloperoxidase in Predicting Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Outcomes

Nadia Ezzat Helal, Magdy Mohamed Ashmawy, Khaled Mahmoud Saad and Eman Ebrahim Draz

Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt

dr_nadia_helal86@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a worldwide leading cause of mortality. It is well-known to be associated with delayed outcome. Among which are delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae (DNS) which are frequently attributing to direct cellular hypoxic damage, free radicals generation, postischemic reperfusion injury as well as widespread systemic inflammatory response. Objectives: This study aim was to assess the role of pentraxin 3 (PTX3), ischemia modified albumin (IMA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in predicting acute CO poisoning outcomes. Patients and Methods: Fifty five acutely-carbon monoxide intoxicated patients admitted to Tanta Poison Control Centre, Tanta University Emergency Hospital, Egypt and fifty five non exposed volunteers served as controls were recruited in the current study during the period from start of December 2016 to the end of November 2017. Diagnosis was confirmed by carboxyhemoglobin level (COHb%) blood level on admission. Acutely-CO intoxicated patients were further subdivided into two groups as follows: delayed neurosychiatric sequelae (DNS) (group I= 32) and non-DNS (group II= 23). Levels PTX3, IMA and MPO were measured on admission. Blood samples also underwent analysis for measurement of (Arterial blood gases (ABG), electrolytes, complete blood count, Random blood glucose, liver and renal functions. Results: The mean plasma PTX3, mean serum level of IMA and the median plasma MPO level were highly significantly elevated in CO-intoxicated patients compared with control group (P<0.001**, each). Moreover, the mean plasma PTX3 level and serum levels of IMA and MPO were significantly elevated in DNS-complicated group relative to non-DNS one (P=<0.05*, each). Receiver operation curve was done to evaluate the diagnostic value of these biomarkers in prediction of CO-related DNS. Conclusion: The studied markers (PTX3, IMA and MPO) levels on admission could be employed as useful biomarkers for predicting the acute CO poisoning outcome including development of DNS or not.

[Nadia Ezzat Helal, Magdy Mohamed Ashmawy, Khaled Mahmoud Saad and Eman Ebrahim Draz. Role of Pentraxin 3, Ischemia-modified albumin, and Myeloperoxidase in Predicting Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Outcomes. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):54-63]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 8. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.08.

Keywords: Carbon monoxide, delayed neuropsychiatric manifestations (DNS), pentraxin 3 (PTX3), ischemia modified albumin (IMA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and outcome.

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Secondary fibromyalgia in different rheumatic diseases

Ayat Mahmoud Mohmad, Prof. Mervat M. Abdul Hakim, Prof. Neven Shaker, Dr. Mohja Ahmed El-Badawy

Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University

midoheart2004@gmail.com

Abstract: Objective: To assess for the presence of secondary fibromyalgia in some rheumatic diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) SLE, Primary knee osteoarthritis (OA) and Anklyosingspondyolitis (AS) in Egyptian patients. Patients and methods: The present cross sectional study included 56 patients; 20 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 15 with primary knee osteoarthritis (OA), 11 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 10 with ankylosingspondoylitis (AS) patients. Disease activity was assessed using disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) for RA, SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) for osteoarthritis patients and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) for AS patients. Severity in FMS cases was estimated using the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score (FIQR). To diagnose fibromyalgia,2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR 2010) had to be fullifiled. OA patients were subjected to Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questions (DN4) questionnaire. Results: In the RA, SLE, OA and AS patients, FMS was found in 25%, 18.2%, 20% and 30% respectively. In RA patients, DAS28 was significantly higher in those with FMS (p=0.001) and presence of x-ray erosions was significantly higher in those without FMS (p=0.05). In SLE patients, SLEDAI showed no significant difference between patients with FMS and those without (p=0.175). In OA patients, WOMAC was significantly higher in those with FMS (p=0.039) and DN4 was significantly higher in those with FMS (p=0.001). In AS patients, BASDAI was significantly higher in those with FMS (p=0.026). Conclusion: Some rheumatic disease including RA, SLE, OA and AS could be associated with FMS. FMS in RA, OA and AS could be related to higher disease activity. Recognition of secondary FMS is important for the optimal assessment and treatment of these diseases.

[Ayat Mahmoud Mohmad, Mervat M. Abdul Hakim, Neven Shaker, Mohja Ahmed El-Badawy. Secondary fibromyalgia in different rheumatic diseases. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):64-70]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 9. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.09.

Keywords: Secondary fibromyalgia; different rheumatic; disease; Rehabilitation

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Heterosis study of agronomic characters of Brassica napus L.

Hafiza Hadiqa Anum¹, H.M. Waseem^2*, Muhammad Awais¹, Javaria Tabusam³, Barira Shoukat Hafiza⁴, M. Asim Raza⁵, Muhammad Hadi Abbas¹

¹Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

²Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

³Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

⁵Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

*Corresponding author’s email: waseem3606uaf@gmail.com

Abstract: The present research was conducted to find out genetic basis and heritability estimates of yield contributing traits of Brassica napus L. Seven lines ZM-R-10, OSCAR, ZM-R-30, ZM-R-16, ZM-R-17, ZM-R-5, ZM-R-21 and three testers Hyola-401 and Winer of Brassica napus were crossed in Line x Tester scheme. Twenty one crosses and their parents were evaluated in field by following randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were recorded on quantitative traits i.e. plant height, number of silique per plant, number of seeds per siliqua and 1000 seed weight. The recorded data were subjected to analysis of variance. Data for the traits showing significant genotypic difference were subjected to Line x Tester analysis for estimation of heterosis effects. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for all the traits in crosses parent, lines, and testers. It indicated the existence of considerable genetic variability in breeding material. Plant height ranged from 251cm to 142cm, number of silique per plant from 235cm to 61cm, number of seeds per silique 30 to 16 and seed weight from 7.04g to 4.04g. Narrow sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.01 to 0.45. Plant height, and 1000 seed weight had low heritability. Number of siliquae per plant, number of seeds per silique showed medium heritability. Phenological traits were also showed variation in growth habit, leaf shape, siliqua shape, siliqua colour and seed colors.

[Hafiza Hadiqa Anum, H.M. Waseem, Muhammad Awais, Javaria Tabusam, Barira Shoukat Hafiza, M. Asim Raza, Muhammad Hadi Abba. Heterosis study of agronomic characters of Brassica napus L. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):71-78]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 10. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.10.

Key words: Heritability, heterosis, Brassica napus L.

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Pattern of Acute Poisoning in a Sample of Elderly Egyptians

El-Hawary Amira E., El-Mehallawi Inas H., El-Kelany Rabab S. and EL-Maddah Enas I.

Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

Abstract: Acute toxicity is globally considered as a major health problem affecting different populations. The demographics of human population all over the world are completely different now from 100 years ago. Worldwide, the fraction of individuals aged more than 60 years increased from 9.2% in 1990 to 11.7% in 2013 and expected to reach 21.1% by 2050. Therefore, the danger of elderly poisoning is increasing all over the world, and the clinical profile of acute poisoning in the elderly is expected to be different from younger adults. Hence, the aim of this work was to reveal the pattern of acute poisoning in elderly patients. This study was a cross sectional study conducted on elderly patients aged more than 60 admitted to Toxicology Unite, Tanta Emergency University Hospital with acute poisoning throughout the period from 1^st of January 2011 to the 31^th of December 2017. The age of included poisoned elderly patients ranged from 60 to 80 years, with increased incidence of toxicity among males. More than half of the poisoned elderly patients were mild (53.1%) at the time of admission. Unintentional poisoning was more common with significant association between the manner of poisoning and the type of poison involved in toxicity. 11 patients (11.2%) were admitted to the ICU; four of them (4.1%) needed mechanical ventilation, which ended eventually by death in all of the four cases.

[El-Hawary Amira E., El-Mehallawi Inas H., El-Kelany Rabab S. and EL-Maddah Enas I. Pattern of Acute Poisoning in a Sample of Elderly Egyptians. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):79-85]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 11. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.11.

Keywords: Pattern; Acute Poison; Sample; Elderly Egyptian

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L-Carnitine in Acute Phosphide Pesticide Poisoning: A Randomized, Clinical Trial

Heba A. Mabrouk¹, Arwa A. Abuelfadl², Elkelany R.S.², Sahar Eldakroory³ and Anas M. El-Bassuony²

¹Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt,

²Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt,

³Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

Abstract: Metallic phosphides are extremely toxic pesticides & phosphides poisoning is commonly encountered in emergency departments in most developing countries. Research interest in L-carnitine has grown among increasing evidence of the role of oxidative stress in phosphides poisoning. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of L-carnitineas an adjuvant treatment in patients with acute phosphide poisoning. This was a randomized, controlled, parallel-group trial on 50 patients suffering from acute phosphide poisoning, who were admitted to the Poison Control Center (Emergency Hospitals, Tanta & Mansoura Universities), Tanta and Mansoura, Egypt, between January 2016 to January 2018. Interventions included intravenous L-carnitine (1 g/ 8 hours) as an added treatment to the conventional measures versus only the conventional treatment. Outcome measures included mortality, duration of hospitalization and the need for mechanical ventilation. No significant difference was found between both groups regarding demographic characteristics, toxicological and clinical data as well as routine laboratory investigations. No adverse effects to L-carnitine therapy were reported. Malondialdehyde significantly decreased and reduced glutathione & total antioxidant capacity significantly increased only in the LC-treated patients. The length of hospital stay showed significant difference between both groups. From this study, it could be concluded that LC had a good antioxidant effect and can safely be used as a promising adjuvant therapy in the treatment of acute phosphide poisoning.

[Heba A. Mabrouk, Arwa A. Abuelfadl, Elkelany R.S., Sahar Eldakroory and Anas M. El-Bassuony. L-Carnitine in Acute Phosphide Pesticide Poisoning: A Randomized, Clinical Trial. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):86-91]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 12. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.12.

Keywords: Phosphide; poisoning; L-carnitine; oxidative stress; malondialdehyde; total antioxidant capacity; reduced glutathione.

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Is There Association between Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia and Hepatitis C Virus Infection? 

Reham Refaat Shabana, MSc, Aiman Abdel Tawab Hashish, MD, Amr Mahmoud Awara, MD, Osama El Saied Shalaby, MD.

Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.

dr_rehamshabana@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Background: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a term used to describe neoplastic epithelial changes of the conjunctiva, the cornea and the limbus ranging from squamous dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. In recent times, OSSN is not uncommon and seems to be on the rise in Egypt. Aim: To detect if there is association between OSSN and HCV infection. Design: Prospective interventional case series. Patients and methods: This study included 58 eyes of 54 patients presented to the outpatient clinic of Tanta University Eye Hospital who were suspected clinically to have OSSN over a period of two years from January 2016 to January 2018. Results: The age of the studied patients ranged from 8 years to 74 years with the mean 52.9 years. Males were predominantly affected accounting for 88.9 %. 57.4% of the patients were HCV positive and 16.1% of the HCV positive patients were first discovered to have the viral infection. Conclusion: OSSN was observed more in older males and with outdoor occupations. Papillomatous lesion was the most common variety. HCV positive individuals had an increased incidence of OSSN. OSSN may be the first manifestation of underlying HCV infection.

[Reham Refaat Shabana, Aiman Abdel Tawab Hashish, Amr Mahmoud Awara, Osama El Saied Shalaby, Is There Association between Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia and Hepatitis C Virus Infection? Nat Sci 2019;17(8):92-96]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 13. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.13.

Keywords: Association; Ocular Surface; Squamous; Neoplasia; Hepatitis C Virus; Infection

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Ultrasound Measurement of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter for Detection of Increased Intracranial Pressure in Adult Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury in Emergency Department

Mohamed Bosily Mabrouk¹*, Sohair Mostafa Soliman ², Ashraf Mohamed Farid³ and Rasha Mahmoud Dawoud⁴

¹Department of Emergency Medicine and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

²Department of Anesthesiology, Surgical Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

³Department of Neurosurgery Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

⁴Department of Radiodiagnosis, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

mohamed.bosily@med.tanta.edu.eg

Abstract: Background: Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a common phenomenon in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Aim: This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement using ultrasound (US) to detect elevated ICP in adults with TBI in the Emergency Department (ED). Patients and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 patients aged above 18 years, of both sexes, who had TBI and were referred to brain CT scanning from ED of Tanta University Hospitals. Bedside, bilateral ONSD measurements were obtained within 15 minutes after brain CT. Based on the CT findings, patients were divided into two groups; group A: 40 patients without findings of increased ICP and group B: 40 patients with findings of increased ICP on CT brain. Mechanism of injury, GCS, TBI classification, clinical features of increased ICP, mean ONSD of both eyes by USG and brain CT findings of increased ICP were recorded. Results: The present study found significant lower GCS in group B compared with group A. Mean ONSD was significantly higher in group B compared with group A. The cutoff value of ONSD for diagnosing increased ICP was >4.95 mm with sensitivity of 100 %, specificity of 95 %, PPV of 95.2%, NPV of 100% and accuracy of 99.6%. There was a significant strong inverse correlation between the mean ONSD and the GCS. Conclusion: ONSD measurement via bedside ocular US is a useful, non-invasive method for early diagnosis of elevated ICP with optimal cut-off point at>4.95 mm achieving 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity in adult patients with TBI in the ED.

[Mohamed Bosily Mabrouk, Sohair Mostafa Soliman, Ashraf Mohamed Faridand Rasha Mahmoud Dawou. Ultrasound Measurement of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter for Detection of Increased Intracranial Pressure in Adult Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury in Emergency Department. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):97-103]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 14. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.14.

Keywords: Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter, Increased Intracranial Pressure, Traumatic Brain Injury, Emergency Department

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[Nat Sci 2019;17(8):104-109]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 15.

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Effect of defatted wheat germ supplemented cookies on the protein quality parameters of rats.

M. Fahad Latif¹, S. M. Taqi Naqvi^1*, Neelum Shahzadi¹, Talha Riaz¹, Asad Sohail¹

¹National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

*Corresponding author’s email: strnaqvi18@gmail.com

Abstract: The biological assay of DFWG supplemented cookies was carried out to assess the changes in physical parameters like feed intake and body weight along with protein quality parameters i.e. true digestibility (TD), net protein utilization (NPU), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and biological value (BV) in the rats. The effect of diets was observed to be significant on feed intake and body weight of rats. The diets containing DFWG supplemented cookies along with casein were consumed higher than that comprised of 0% DFWG. The highest feed intake (31.43 g/day) was found in the rat group fed on casein diet followed by the rat group fed on diet prepared from supplementation of 15% DFWG (31.17 g/day). Similarly, the rats group fed which were fed on both of these above said diets showed relatively higher overall body weights at the end of study period. The body weight of rats increased progressively with the increase in the duration of experiment, while the maximum increase was observed during first 6 days. The rat group fed with protein free diet showed decline in the overall body weight rather than increase throughout the experimental period. The true digestibility of the diets was found to be the highest in the rat group fed on diets containing casein (93.45%) and cookies containing 15% DFWG flour (92.61%). Moreover, non-significant differences existed between both of these diets for true digestibility (TD). The lowest true digestibility was recorded in the rats group fed on cookies of control treatment. Similar trend was observed among different diet groups for net protein utilization (NPU), biological value (BV) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of rats. The rats fed on casein and 15% DFWG supplemented cookies possessed significantly higher values for NPU, PER and BV while the diet containing 0% DFWG showed the lowest values for these nutritional parameters. The protein quality parameters improved by increasing the level of DFWG supplementation in the cookies.

[M. Fahad Latif, S. M. Taqi Naqvi, Neelum Shahzadi, Talha Riaz, Asad Sohai. Effect of defatted wheat germ supplemented cookies on the protein quality parameters of rats. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):110-116]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 16. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.16.

Key words: DFWG (defatted wheat germ), net protein utilization (NPU), protein efficiency ratio (PER)

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Early Pregnancy Serum Adiponectin and Serum Triglycerides Level For Detection of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Prof. Dr. Hesham Fekry Abou Senna¹, Dr. Adel Aly Elboghdady¹, Dr. Mohamed Essayed Abo-Ghabha², Ahmed Mohamed Kamal Bakr¹

¹Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

²Clinical pathology Department, Faculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

ahmedbakr19888@gmail.com

Abstract: Pregnancy is associated with profound alterations in hormonal metabolism. These changes include hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance together with large increases in the concentrations of cortisol, estrogen, progesterone and human placental lactogen. The first two trimesters of pregnancy are considered to be predominantly anabolic, and pregnant women normally deposit a certain amount of fat stores. The last trimester of pregnancy is characterized by increased catabolism, increased lipolysis, elevations of the concentrations of free fatty acids, minimal or no fat deposition, and significant increases in triglyceride concentrations. Gestational diabetes mellitus, defined as a carbohydrate intolerance of varying severity, is the most frequent metabolic disorder of pregnancy, affecting 2-3% of all pregnancies. Although most of the women with GDM return to normal glucose tolerance after delivery, they have increased risk of developing diabetes, mainly type 2 diabetes mellitus, later on, with an incidence ranging from 6-62%, depending on the population examined and the length of the follow up considered. The offspring of women with GDM are prone to adverse side effects such as macrosomia, which is strongly associated with fetal death, prematurity, birth trauma and respiratory distress syndrome and equally important, these offspring have a high risk of developing obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Cytokines, through their ability to interfere with insulin signaling, have been implicated in insulin resistance in GDM. So adipokines secreted by adipose tissue are required for a number of physiological and metabolic processes. Despite the potential importance of these agents as mediators of metabolic disorders, they have implicated in GDM and macrosomia. Adiponctin is adipocytokine that produced by adipose tissue and also the placenta, could play a role in complicated interactions involving the regulation of appetite and fat metabolism in human pregnancy. Adiponctin level have been reported to be decreased. The aim of this study was to assess the relation of early pregnancy serum adiponectin, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol levels and the risk of GDM. The study was conducted upon 115 pregnant women from anti natal clinic at El Shatby maternity university. The results of this study showed that: 75.5% (n=87) of the cases were GCT<140 while 24.3% (n=28) had GCT>140. adiponectin was statistically significantly different between the two groups (p<0.01). Based on this significance, the researchers used ROC analysis to estimate a cut-off point for serum adiponectin, TG and HDL-cholesterol level. The research detected that adiponectin level <5.5 μg/ml, triglycerides concentrations >155 mg /ml and HDL concentration < 68 ng /ml measured, on average, 11-14 weeks pregnancy were associated with a 3.4-fold increased risk of developing GDM with 96.43% sensitivity and 98.85% specificity positive prediction (AUC=0.985, p<0.001). In conclusion: We found adiponectin levels have been shown to be lower in cases with high triglycerides level and lower HDL level and these all are associated with increased risk (3.4 fold) of GDM. Recommendations: we recommend for measuring serum adiponectin, serum triglycerides and HDL-Cholesterol in early pregnancy as an early screening for GDM.

[Hesham Fekry Abou Senna, Adel Aly Elboghdady, Mohamed Essayed Abo-Ghabha, Ahmed Mohamed Kamal Bak. Early Pregnancy Serum Adiponectin and Serum Triglycerides Level For Detection of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):117-124]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 17. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.17.

Keywords: Early; Pregnancy; Serum; Adiponectin; Serum; Triglyceride; Gestational; Diabetes; Mellitus

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First Data on Zooplankton Community Structure and Abundance of Kankelaba River in Côte d’Ivoire (Bagoe Tributary, Basin Niger)

Siaka Berté, Raphaël N’Doua Etilé ^*, Marius Tanoh Kamelan, Paul Essetchi Kouamelan

Hydrobiology and Water Eco-technology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Felix Houphouët-Boigny University (Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire)

22 Box 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire

ndoua_et@yahoo.fr, ndouaetile@gmail.com

Abstract: This study constitutes a contribution to produce baseline data on zooplankton diversity of Bagoe tributary in Côte d’Ivoire (Kankelaba River). A total of 31 taxa were inventoried for the first time in the Kankelaba River which is a tributary of Bagoe River in Côte d’Ivoire. This community belongs to copepod (5 taxa), rotifer (20), cladocera (5) and chironomid larva (1). Rotifera was the most diversified group represented by 20 taxa belonging in 8 families and 12 genuses. Brachionidae presented the highest genus diversity, with 4 genuses and 9 species. Zooplankton community was marked by numerical dominance of rotifers (55-61% of total zooplankton abundance), following by copepods (31-44%). Keratella tropica was the main species (25-39% of total zooplankton abundance). Zooplankton community abundance showed spatio-temporal variation with dry season values always highest (17-149 ind.L^-1) than during the wet season (4-67 ind.L^-1). The highest total zooplankton densities were always obtained in the sampling site Sobala (67-149 ind.L^-1) while lowest abundance was obtained in the sampling the others sampling, with < 40 ind.L^-1.

[Siaka Berté, Raphaël N’Doua Etilé, Marius Tanoh Kamelan, Paul Essetchi Kouamelan. First Data on Zooplankton Community Structure and Abundance of Kankelaba River in Côte d’Ivoire (Bagoe Tributary, Basin Niger). Nat Sci 2019;17(8):125-135]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 18. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.18.

Keywords: Kankeleba River, Bagoe tributary, Zooplankton Composition and Abundance, Spatio-temporal variation.

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Intravenous dexmedetomidinevs intravenous tramadol for control of postspinal shivering in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial

Hesham M. Elazzazi, Ibrahim M. Esmat, Amr A. Kassem, Ahmed A. Ahmed

Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care & Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt

Ahmed.ashroo6@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Shivering, the rate of which in regional anaesthesia is 39%, is an undesired complication seen intra and postoperatively. Aim: this study aimed to compare the ability of preventing post spinal anesthesia shivering by i.v. dexmeditomedine and tramadol. Methods: A total of 75 patients with ASA I – II, aged 18-60 years and undergoing elective knee arthoscopy surgery under spinal anesthesia were divided into three groups randomly, before spinal anesthesia by 20 minutes 0.5 mcq/kg dexmeditomedine i.v was applied to D group (n=25), 0.5 mg tramadol i.v. was applied to T group (n=25) and 0.9% normal saline was applied to group C (n=25) in 10 minutes. The hemodynamics, oxygen saturation, axillary temperature, shivering, sedation score and side effects were evaluated and recorded intraoperatively every 5 minutes. Results: there was significant difference between group D and T in compare with C group as regard the incidence of shivering (p= 0.031) and there were significant differences between D group and other groups as regard grade of shivering (p=0.01), there was significant difference between D group and others as regard sedation score it was higher in D group. Nausea and vomiting was significant higher in T group in compared to other groups. Conclusion: The current study revealed that prophylactic i.v. dexmeditomedine 0.5 mcq/kg was effective as i.v. tramadol 0.5mg/kg in prevention post spinal shivering in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy compared to the control group.

[Hesham M. Elazzazi, Ibrahim M. Esmat, Amr A. Kassem, Ahmed A. Ahmed. Intravenous dexmedetomidinevs intravenous tramadol for control of postspinal shivering in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):136-142]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 19. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.19.

Key words: Arthoscopic surgery, dexmeditomedine, tramadol, shivering, spinal anesthesia

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A Comparative Study Of Topical Skin Adhesive Or Sutures For Closure Due To Episiotomy Or Perineal Tears Following Child Birth

Hossam Al-Din Hussein Kamel, Adel Aly El Boghdady, Mohamed Abdelrahman Hassan Ahmed

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.

m.abdelrahmn90@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Episiotomy is a surgical enlargement of the vaginal orifice by an incision to the perineum during the last part of the second stage of labour or delivery. Objective: To compare the use of skin adhesives e.g.,: liquib and versus suturing of the skin when repairing a first and second- degree perineal tear or episiotomy. Patients and Methods: This comparative study was conducted in El Sayed Galal University Maternity Hospital, in the period from September 2018 to March 2019. This study included 100 pregnant patients admitted for labor, were primigravidae and multigravida and were underwent an episiotomy after vaginal delivery. Results: The results showed that there was highly statistically significant difference could be detected between continuous and tissue glue groups as regard time of wound suturing that tissue glue group had less time of wound closure compared to continuous group. The results showed that there was highly statistically significant difference could be detected between continuous and tissue glue groups as regard perineal pain at 12 hours 48 hours measured by VAS scales that continuous group had a lower VAS scores compared to tissue glue group, but there is no significant difference after ten days. Conclusion: In this study we found that skin adhesive devices are more expensive than stitches and so far, no unequivocal demonstration of important clinical advantages has been demonstrated for the former in episiotomy repair.

[Hossam Al-Din Hussein Kamel, Adel Aly El Boghdady, Mohamed Abdelrahman Hassan Ahmed. A Comparative Study Of Topical Skin Adhesive Or Sutures For Closure Due To Episiotomy Or Perineal Tears Following Child Birth. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):143-148]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 20. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.20.

Keywords: Visual analogue scale, diabetes mellitus, cesarean section

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The prevalence and factors associated with Facebook addiction among the sixth year medical students of Umm Al Qura University in Makkah, 2016

Dr. Sultan Abdullah Al- Essa*²: Dr. Khalid Abdullah Al-Masaodi¹: Dr. Suhil Sami Himayda²: Dr. Hashem Mohammed Malki²

¹Consultant of Family Medicine

²MBBS, SBFM Family Medicine Specialist

Email:sultanaleesi@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: The awareness of internet addiction and recently SNSs (Social Networking Sites) addiction started to draw the attention as a result of the enormous spread of smartphones and the availability of internet services which keep the user always online. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and evaluate the associated factors of Facebook addiction among the sixth year medical students of Umm Al Qura University in Makkah, 2016. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among sixth-year medical students of Umm Al Qura University, Makkah. Self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection. They included demographics and the 6-items version of the BFAS (Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale) to identify Facebook addiction. Results: The study included 137 medical students. Their age ranged between 21 and 28 years with a mean of 23.0 and (±SD) of (±0.9) years. Slightly more than half of them (50.4%) were males. All students ever used Facebook and used it in the last year. Almost two-thirds of students (62.7%) checked their Facebook account daily whereas 5.1% checked it within a one-hour interval. Overall, based on the BFAS cut-off level, Facebook addiction was identified among 13 students representing 9.5% of the participants. Addiction was more reported among older students, p=0.038 and those who spent between 21 and 40% of their Facebook time in work –related issues, p=0.034. Conclusion: Relatively a higher rate of Facebook addiction was reported among medical students, Umm AlQura University compared to most of the reported rates elsewhere. The age and percentage of work-related time spent on Facebook were the only factors significantly associated with Facebook addiction.

[Sultan Abdullah Al- Essa: Khalid Abdullah Al-Masaodi: Suhil Sami Himayda: Hashem Mohammed Malki. The prevalence and factors associated with Facebook addiction among the sixth year medical students of Umm Al Qura University in Makkah, 2016. Nat Sci 2019;17(8):149-155]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 21. doi:10.7537/marsnsj170819.21.

Keywords: Addiction, Facebook, social media

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