scientific publication journal

Science Journal

Nature and Science

(Nat Sci)

ISSN: 1545-0740

Volume 8 - Number 11 (Cumulated No. 44), November 1, 2010

Cover (online), Cover (print), Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, ns0811

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CONTENTS

No.	Titles / Abstracts / Authors	Full Text	No.
1	Assessment of Water Quality Index of Ramganga River, Westen Uttar Pradesh (India) Using a Computer Programme Mohammad Alam ^1, J.K. Pathak ² 1. Hydrobiology Lab, P.G. Department of Zoology, Hindu College, Moradabad, 200441 Uttar Pradesh, India. 2. Hydrobiology Lab, P.G. Department of Zoology, Hindu College, Moradabad, 200441 Uttar Pradesh, India. Alam007c@yahoo.co.in, jugal28@yahoo.com Abstract: Rivers play a vital role in the development of nation and sustenance of life, which are being polluted due to speedy urbanization, industrialization and other developmental activities. For the rapid assessment of WQI in terms of pollution level and the quality of river Ramganga of western Uttar Pradesh India, a computer programme was prepared based on the eight physico-chemical parameters viz. pH, Biological Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Chloride. Water quality index (WQI) is a useful tool for quick estimation of quality of any water resource. The river water was classified into permissible, slight, moderate and severe on the basis of the pollution strength at six sampling stations selected from upstream to downstream of the river for a period of three years. The water of upstream sampling stations from SS1 to SS4 were found in between slight to permissible range of the pollution while downstream sampling stations SS5 and SS6 were excessively polluted ranged from severe to moderate. High pollution load in downstream was caused by the effluent drainage from sugar industry as well as electroplating units of brass industries located in Moradabad. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):1-8]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.01 Key words:* Computer programme, Water quality index, River Ramganga, Severely polluted, Electroplating units	Full Text	1
2	Ethnopharmacology of Some Important Medicinal Plants of Nanda Devi National Park (NDNP) Uttarakhand, India Charan S. Rana^a, Antima Sharma, Naveen Kumar, L.R. Dangwal and J.K. Tiwari Herbarium and Plant Systematics Laboratory, Department of Botany, HNB Garhwal, University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand- 246 174, India. E-mail: antimasharma82@gmail.com Abstract: Ethnopharmacology deals with the applied aspects of plants and has been emerged as an important discipline of traditional botany with modern sciences. With the increasing demands of vegetational resources in developing world, it has been attracted much attention in recent past. The paper presents few of the important medicinal plants present in alpine and sub alpine regions of core and buffer zone of Nanda Devi National Park (NDNP), district Chamoli, Uttarakhand. Since inhabitants and tribal communities have strong faith and belief in Indigenous Health Care system, they have been interviewed along with herbal practitioners, priests and shepherds during the entire study. Establishing small scale industry on medicinal plants may be helpful in capacity building of unprivileged inhabitants of this remote region. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):9-14]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.02 Key words*: medicinal plants; folk recipes; NDNP, U.K.	Full Text	2
3	In vitro Micropropagation of Oxystelma secamone (L) Karst-A Medicinal Plant Dharmendra^1,, M.S. Sudarshana² & M.H.Niranjan² 1. Department of Botany, Sir M. V. Govt. Science College, Bhadravathi-577 302. Shimoga dist, India 2. Department of studies in Botany, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006. India dharambotany@gmail.com, dharam_ptc@rediffmail.com Abstract: An efficient protocol has been developed for rapid mass propagation of Oxystelma secamone from stem derived callus. Optimum callus was developed from the cut ends of stem explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (0.5-2.0 mg l^-1). Subculturing the callus on BAP (2.5 and 5.0 mg l^-1) fortified medium resulted in embryogenic cultures and somatic embryos. Adventitious shoots were regenerated (85%) from the surface of the callus on MS medium supplemented with BAP (3.0 mg l^-1) and NAA (1.0 mg l^-1). Individual elongated shoots were rooted on half strength MS liquid medium containing IAA (1.0 mg l^-1). Regenerated plantlets with well developed shoots and roots were successfully transferred to soil. Histology confirmed different stages of development. The study demonstrated a dedifferentiated callogenic propagation route via adventitious shoot development in O.secamone, which could be useful for large scale multiplication of this medicinal plant. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):15-19]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.03 Keywords: callus culture, plant regeneration, somatic embryogenesis, Oxystelma secamone	Full Text	3
4	To Assess the Quality of Ground water in Malpura Tehsil (Tonk, Rajasthan, India) with emphasis to Fluoride Concentration Girja Shanker Tailor and C. P. Singh Chandel ^* Department of chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India * Email: chandelcps2rediffmail.com Abstracts: Fluoride is one of the critical chemical parameter, which influences the quality of ground water. Excess intake of fluoride through drinking water causes fluorosis on human beings in many states of India, including Rajasthan .This study aims to identify the hydro geochemical processes influencing the high fluoride concentration in ground water of Malpura Tehsil, Tonk (Rajasthan, India). For this purposes twenty six ground water samples were collected during the post monsoon session of 2008. The fluoride concentration along with physico chemical parameters in ground water samples was determined in various sampling sites of Malpura Tehsil, since in most of the sampling point it is only sources of drinking water. The Fluoride concentration in these sampling points varied from 0.08 to 11.30 mg/L with highest level at G7 sample (11.30 mg/L) and lowest at G8 sample (0.08 mg/L). Most people in these study areas suffer from dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis such as mottling of teeth, deformation of ligament, bending of spinal column and ageing problem. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):20-26]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.04 Key Words: Malpura Tehsil, Groundwater, Skeletal fluorosis, Dental fluorosis	Full Text	4
5	Metal Binding Proteins and Immunoglobulin Classes in the serum of Nigerian Cassava Processors Arinola O. Ganiyu, Akinosun M. Olubayo and Oniye H. A desola Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria drarinolaog64@yahoo.com, arinolaog@doctor.com Abstract: Cassava processing is an economically viable venture in tropical Africa where cassava is consumed in various forms, but cyanogenic glycosides that are contacted during cassava processing is known to have tremendous effects on nervous system but the effect of cyanogenic glycosides on immune functions of cassava processors is largely unknown. The objective of this study is to find out if aspects of humoral immune system are affected in cassava processors. This was achieved by measuring the levels of three immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA and IgM) and metal binding proteins (Transferrin, Caeruloplasmin, Alpha-2- Macroglobulin and Haptoglobin) in Nigerian cassava processors using principle of single radial immunodiffusion in immunoplates. The result shows that only the mean serum level of IgM was significantly increased in cassava processors compared with the controls (P=0.02). There were no significant changes in the mean levels of IgA, IgG, alpha-2 macroglobulin, caeruloplasmin and transferrin in cassava processors compared with the controls. It is the opinion of the authors that cassava processing has no tremendous adverse effect on some aspects of humoral immunity of cassava processors. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):27-34]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.05 Keywords: Cassava, Nigeria, acute phase proteins, Immunoglobulin classes	Full Text	5
6	Contributions To The Geneses Of Continental Waters In North Western Egyptian Sahara Using Landsat Images Elsayed Ahmed El Gammal National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Science- Cairo, Egypt Email< egammal@hotmail.com> Abstract - The present observation at northern Western Desert of Egypt is a downward migration of water in the lakes whilst the water increases in the springs. This paper delineate the geneses and behavior of the ground water in this region. Geomorphological landforms were interpreted from integrating geological data with visual analyses of Landsat TM images and the spatially variable reliefs from the DEM as well as field verifications. The Ed Defa limestone plateau retreated to the north as a result of E-W faults with southern 300 m downthrow followed by extensive weathering and karst phases. Ground water developed in mature horizontal subsurface canyon fluvial model. The collected water by this model supported the sandstone aquifer under Siwa and Qattara depressions, consequently the springs evolved in E-W depression. Besides to the karst water in lakes depression, Quaternary aquifer formed inside thick deposits by quick runoff across the plateau cliff but subjected to evaporation. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):35-43]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.06 Keywords: depression, springs, lake and fault	Full Text	6
7	The influence of ginger as a chemopreventive agent on proliferation and apoptosis in chemically induced oral carcinogenesis Dina S. Khater Lecturer of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine; Cairo University. Dina Khater@hotmail.com Abstract: Cancer chemoprevention is the use of natural, synthetic, or biologic chemical agents which suppress or prevent carcinogenic progression. One of the natural ingredients that plays a role in cancer chemoprevention is ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) .It has an anti-carcinogenic activities. Objective :The purpose of this study is to detect the chemopreventive effect of ginger on tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQ) with correlation to its anti-proliferative activity and induction of apoptosis. Materials and Methods: Twenty male albino rats were divided into two groups. 4-NQ was delivered to the two groups in the drinking water .The second group was given in addition, ginger tablets after grinding into fine powder added to the laboratory chow Tongue samples were obtained after thirty two weeks. Immunohistochemical staining for Caspase-3 was performed for detection of apoptosis and silver nitrate staining of nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) was done for estimating the proliferation of cells. The data were analyzed using Student's independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The first group (4-NQ treated group) revealed pathological evidence of carcinogenesis .However,the second group( the ginger treated group) revealed no invasion or carcinomas.Only hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis and dysplastic lesions were observed. Apoptosis detected by caspase-3 immunostaining was statistically highly significant in the ginger treated group (p<0.05) meanwhile proliferation estimated by AgNOR nuclear count was statistically highly significant in the 4-NQ treated group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Ginger may have a chemopreventive effect on oral carcinogenesis through induction of apoptosis and suppression of tumour growth and proliferation. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):44-51]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.07 Key words: Carcinogenesis, cancer chemopreventive agents,ginger	Full Text	7
8	The effect of immobilization on reconstruction of mandibular defect using free iliac crest bone graft in dogs El-Daharawy, M. H.1; Shekidef, M. H.1; Ahmed, I. H.1; and Zayed, M.2 1- Dept. of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Fac.Vet. Med. Suez Canal Univ. 2- Oral Histopathology Dept. Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine Misr International University Corresponding author: Zayed2@yahoo.com Abstract: Aim: Evaluation of the effect of two fixation devices (plates and fixation wires) for immobilizing of a free iliac crest bone graft in an induced defect in dog's mandible. Materials and Methods: Sample of this study was fourteen apparently healthy adult mongrel dogs. All cases showed normal appearance and function except two cases. Results: In these cases, the results were unsatisfactory. Radiographic evaluation revealed that the defective bone gaps appeared to be bridged by newly formed osseous tissue in 12 cases at one and three months postoperatively. Histologically, the bone defect was filled with newly formed bone trabeculae at three months postoperatively in comparison with the assessment at one month. Conclusion: no significant difference was found between both fixation devices (plates and fixation wires). Iliac crest bone graft could be used with great success to reconstruct the mandibular defects in dogs. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):52-58]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.08 Key words: fixation devices; iliac crest bone graft; radiographic evaluation	Full Text	8
9	Response of Klamata Olive Young Trees to Mineral, Organic Nitrogen Fertilization and Some Other Treatments Hassan, H. S. A. ¹; Laila, F. Hagag¹; M. Abou Rawash²; H. El-Wakeel²andA. Abdel-Galel¹ 1-Pomology Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt 2- Dept. of Hort. Fac. of Agric. Ain Shams Univ., Shobra El-Khiema, Cairo, Egypt Abstract: This study was carried out through two successive seasons (2007 & 2008) on Klamata olive young trees grown at the Research Station Farm of National Research Center, El Nobarya, El Behera governorate. The investigation aimed to study the effect of applying mineral, organic fertilizers and some other treatments on leaf mineral contents at the first two years of planting. Planting holes were prepared for control plants in the first season only. Each treatment received 100 g actual nitrogen/plant/year as recommended by M.A.R.L. (2007). The following treatments were applied: T1 : control (mineral nitrogen + planting hole preparation), T2 (100% mineral nitrogen), T3(100% organic N as cattle manure), T4 (50% mineral N + 50% organic N as chicken manure), T5 (100% mineral nitrogen + humic acid as soil application), T6(100% mineral nitrogen + activated dry yeast as soil application), T7 (100%mineral nitrogen + GA₃ spray) and T8 (100% mineral nitrogen + sea algae as soil application). At the end of each season, leaves dry weight per plant, and leaf mineral content were determined and recorded. The obtained results revealed that as follow: Leaves dry weight per plant the fifth treatment with humic acid showed higher value in the first season. In the second season, insignificant differences among treatments were found. Leaf nitrogen content with the second and fifth treatments showed the highest significant values compared with all other treatments in the first season. In the second season, the second treatment had higher significant value than those of the seventh and the eighth treatments. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):59-65]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.09 Key words: Klamata Olive; Nitrogen Fertilization; Mineral	Full Text	9
10	Evaluating Physical Properties of Potato by a Combined Tillage Machine M.A.Ghazavi¹, B.Hosseinzadeh¹, A.Lotfalian¹ ² Department of mechanical farm machinery,University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord 115 Iran Bahram_hs@yahoo.com Abstract: Potato is a complete and cheap food and can be considered as a source of starch. It medical, industrial and other usages have increased its importance. One the most important things about potato from customer's point of view is it appearance. Because its improper shapes raise problems for re-planting and other uses. One of the most important factors that affect shape and other properties of potato is soil preparation practices prior to seeding. Thus through experiments at educational farm located in Khurasegan Islamic Azad University, in form of complete random tests, four treatments of plows, moldboard, chisel, disk, and a new one made by Iran Plow Tools (a combination of chisel and disk plows), in three repetitions were compared. Parts of harvested products from each device's farm were divided and then tested. Through several experiments, skin area averages, tubers weight, tubers size, tubers quantity, and product performance (output) were measured and by a statistical analysis method were compared. In comparing products from moldboard plow and Iran Plow Tools' plow no significant differences were observed in tubers size and product performance, but for tubers quantity and tubers weight averages, the differences were significant. In comparing the new plow with other tested plows for above mentioned factors, mostly the differences were significant. Briefly, the results show that by means of the new combined plow, more uniform products can be obtained and it is a proper choice to replace moldboard plow nationwide. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):66-70]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.10 Keywords: Potato, tillage, tuber weight, tuber shape, tuber skin area	Full Text	10
11	Trophic Relationship Of Littoral Oligochaetes, And Demersal Fish: Prey – Predator Hypothesis Shailendra Shrama Department of Zoology, Shri Umiya Girls College, Indore ABSTRACT: The littoral benthic organism in tropical ecosystem has different prey-predator relationship than in the case of temperate lake ecosystem. “The hypothesis suggested in this communication is more predator more food species.” The oligochaetes form the principle food chain of shore birds and demersal fish. When birds and demersal fish increase in large number during post monsoon cold period there is phenomenal increase of oligochaetes population which is adapted to breeding and food habit. It is suggested that while multiplication predator population of littoral organisms, it is not certain that food species chain would remain the same and thus desired result of water quality may not be the same as recorded in temperate lake. It is concluded that the ‘niche’ concept proposed for temperate lake is not applicable to tropical shallow lakes, as suggested by Belsare (1982, 1994). [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):71-74]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.11 Keywords: littoral benthic organism; tropical ecosystem; predator; oligochaete; bird; fish	Full Text	11
12	Floristic Inventory of Woody Plants in Fresh Water Wetland of Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India Seema* Junior Research Fellow, Forest Ecology & Environment Division, P.O. New Forest, Forest Research Institute Dehradun, Uttarakhand (India)-248006; Email: Seema.Fri@Gmail.Com Dr. Prafulla Soni Scientist G & Head, Forest Ecology & Environment Division, P.O. New Forest, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand (India)-248006; Email: sonip1405@gmail.com; Contact No. +91-135-2752674 Dr. Mridula Negi Scientist B, Forest Ecology & Environment Division, P.O. New Forest, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand (India)-248006; Email: mridula@icfre.org; Contact No. +91-135-2224417 S.K. Kamboj Forest Ecology & Environment Division, P.O. New Forest, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand (India)-248006 B.B. Rana Forest Ecology & Environment Division, P.O. New Forest, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand (India)-248006 Abstract: In order to study the floristic diversity of woody plants in fresh water wetland of Doon Valley of Uttarakhand, India, four transect lines were set along moisture gradients using belt transect method. Floristic inventory and plant community was evaluated using standard techniques. Diameter at breast height (dbh) for all woody plants (>1 cm dbh) was recorded at 1.3m height. A total of 738 woody plants belonging to 28 families, 46 genera and 51 species were recorded. Species diversity as calculated using Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.82 for trees and 3.52 for shrub and basal area was 441.2 m2 ha-1 for trees and 5.601 m2 ha-1 for shrubs. The most abundant species was Trewia nudiflora, Linn (Euphorbiaceae), which accounted for 37% of the total sampled stems. Albizia lebbeck, Benth had the highest basal area with (313.23 m2 ha-1.) Moraceae was the dominant family accounting for 7% of the stems. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):75-81]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.12 Key words: Doon Valley, wetland, fresh water, species diversity, floristic inventory	Full Text	12
13	Trophic Relationship Of Littoral Oligochaetes, And Demersal Fish: Prey – Predator Hypothesis Shailendra Shrama Department of Zoology, Shri Umiya Girls College, MANDLESHWAR (M.P.), INDIA shailendra.b.sharma@gmail.com ABSTRACT: The littoral benthic organism in tropical ecosystem has different prey-predator relationship than in the case of temperate lake ecosystem. “The hypothesis suggested in this communication is more predator more food species.” The oligochaetes form the principle food chain of shore birds and demersal fish. When birds and demersal fish increase in large number during post monsoon cold period there is phenomenal increase of oligochaetes population which is adapted to breeding and food habit. It is suggested that while multiplication predator population of littoral organisms, it is not certain that food species chain would remain the same and thus desired result of water quality may not be the same as recorded in temperate lake. It is concluded that the ‘niche’ concept proposed for temperate lake is not applicable to tropical shallow lakes, as suggested by Belsare (1982, 1994). [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):82-85]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.13 Keywords: littoral benthic organism; tropical ecosystem; predator; fish; oligochaetes	Full Text	13
14	Comparison of Synthetic and Natural Adsorbent for Sorption of Ni (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution A.G. El-Said, N.A. Badawy, and A. Abd El Pasir Chemistry Department. Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. Abstract: Removal of Ni (II) ions from wastewater is obligatory in order to avoid water pollution. In the present study, the sorption of Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution was investigated by using lewatite S-100 (strongly cation-exchange resin) and new sorbent potato peels which are normally discarded as solid waste. In a batch adsorption system as a function of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration of metal ion was evaluated. The sorption isotherms were studied using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The results obtained show that the lewatite S-100 strong cation-exchange resin and potato peels (PPC) performed well for the removal of Ni (II) ions. The present study suggest that PPC as a low adsorbent can be used beneficially in treating industrial effluents containing heavy metals). [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):86-94]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.14 Keyword: Cation-resin Lewatite S-100, Potato peels, Ni (II) solution-Isotherm and Kinetics	Full Text	14
15	Kinetic study and Equilibrium Isotherm Analysis of Reactive Dyes Adsorption onto Cotton Fiber A. M. Gamal, S. A. Abo Farha, H. B. Sallam, G. E. A. Mahmoud and L. F. M. Ismail* Al-Azhar University - Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. Lailafmi@yahoo.com Abstract: This study was to evaluate the adsorption capability of cotton fiber to reactive dyes (C.I. Reactive Red 120 (RR120) and C.I. Reactive Black 5 (RB5)) in aqueous solution. The experiments were carried out in a batch system to optimise operation variables: dye concentration, pH, and temperature. In addition, adsorption of reactive dyes onto cotton fabrics with using sodium edate (SE), sodium citrate (SC) and sodium sulphate (SS) was also investigated and the results obtained were compared. The results show that the presence of organic salts (SE and SC) significantly enhance the dye uptake (high Q, b and Q_f values) onto cotton fiber compared with the results obtained in aqueous and in the presence of sodium sulphate. Thus, presence of organic salts (SE and SC) is an alternative way to subsequently increase the affinity between RR120 and RB5 dyes and the cotton fiber. Moreover, the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms at different operation parameters and isotherm constants were determined. The Langmuir model agreed very well with experimental data. The applicability of the Langmuir isotherm suggests monolayer coverage of the two reactive dyes on surface of cotton fiber. The kinetics of the adsorption with respect to the initial dye concentration, temperature, pH and different salts were investigated. The pseudo-first-order, second-order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion model were used to describe the kinetic data and the rate constants were evaluated. The dynamical data fit well with the second-order kinetic model. Intra-particle diffusion studies revealed that the adsorption rates were not solely controlled by the diffusion step. Further thermodynamic investigations showed that the adsorption is an endothermic process. The activation energies (E_a) for the pseudo second-order kinetics and intraparticle diffusion kinetics for RR120 and RB5 are energetically favorable with different salts at different dye concentration and the adsorption process is a combination of chemical and diffusion processes that, N fertilization supported with pruning improved growth, fruit set and fruit quality). [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):95-110] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.15 Key words: Adsorption; Cotton fiber; Isotherm; Kinetics; Thermodynamics	Full Text	15
16	Bamboo plantation diversity and its economic role in North Bihar, India Nirmal Ram, Lal Singh, Pramod Kumar Forest Ecology and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Dehradun, India Email: ramn@icfre.org; lalsingh@icfre.org Abstract: To understand the cultivation potential of bamboo in Araria district, North Bihar a study was carried out in ten villages in 2002-03. Seven species of bamboo were cultivated in the farmer’s fields. Bambusa bambos (Ban Bans) was dominated being cultivated in nine villages followed by Bambusa nutan (eight villages) Bambusa tulda (six villages), Bambusa balcooa (three villagers) whereas Dendrocalamus giganteus, Melocanna baccifera and Bambusa strictus were planted by one village each. The productivity of Dendrocalamus giganteus per year per clump was maximum (55) followed by Bambusa strictus (18 clums / clump/ year). Bambusa bambos (Ban Bans) (15 clums/clump/year), Bambusa balcooa (13 clums/clump/year). Bambusa nutan (12clums/clump/year) respectively. Undergrowth study was also carried out and it was observed that the under story sheltered many medicinal plants viz, Tinospora cordifolia, Eclipta alba, Centella asiatica etc. It is evident that Dendrocalamus giganteus is dominating in productivity whereas this species is planted by only one village. This species need motivation to adopt by every villager for mass cultivation and to use bamboo under story to cultivate medicinal and other economical plants to boost their economy. [Nirmal Ram, Lal Singh, Pramod Kumar. Bamboo plantation diversity and its economic role in North Bihar, India. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):111-115] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.16 Key words: Bamboo cultivation, village, clump, productivity, under growth	Full Text	16
17	The Effects of Financial and Economic Crisis of Some Arab Country Ezzat Awad Zaghloul , Hamdi Abdo Sawalhy and Afaf Zaki Othman Department of Agricultural Economics, National Research Centre, Egypt. Abstract: The world has passed many dilemmas in the previous years, which started with the global nutrition crisis followed by the latest global financial one. However, the latter differed from any previous dilemmas because of its complicated reasons, geographical expansion and economic as well as non-economic reflections on many countries worldwide. Therefore, countries were unable to probe into its real reasons and to answer the question, whether the crisis is real or not. Consequently, this study aimed to define the crisis, attempt to find its reasons, in addition to examining the consequences it left on some Arab and international countries via analyzing some major economic indicators with high influence on the crisis such as the inflation rate, the total national production, the individual share of it, besides the change in the prices of some goods on both the Egyptian and global levels. The results have shown an increase in the inflation rate in all the studied Arab countries during the years: 2007 compared to 2006 and 2008, compared to 2007, Bahrain being the lowest and Egypt being the highest. As for the relative increase in the national production, the highest was in Libya, and the lowest was in Saudi Arabia in the first year of the comparison while in the second Qatar came first, and Tunisia came last. Moving to the relative change in the individual share of the national production, Algeria alone underwent a decrease in the first year while the share in the rest of the countries went up. This was reversed in the second year when Algeria achieved the highest share, and Yemen came lowest. Examining the relative change in the prices of some nutrition goods as wheat, corn, rice, sugar and soya oil on both the Egyptian and the international levels, the study shows a relative increase in the prices in the covered years when in the first the highest rate was in corn in Egypt (about 18.5%) while wheat made the highest rate of the increase in the second (77.2%). Globally, rice came first in the second year by about 61%. Consequently, the former results reflect the amount of loss the Egyptian economy witnessed because of the increase in the prices of wheat only, especially, as it comes as the first strategic good in Egypt. This has resulted in an increase in the imbalance in the Egyptian financial budget. Even though the crisis had major disadvantages on the global economies in general and the Egyptian one in specific, there were some benefits that can be further invested and developed; for example, the relative increase in the total national production from 21.4% to about 24.4% as well as the increase in the individual share of it from about 16.3% to 20% during the two years of comparison, respectively. Furthermore, the crisis should be considered as an eye-opener that self-sufficiency in strategic goods as wheat, rice, and corn should replace dependency on foreign ones. Therefore, there should be an increase in the agricultural investments and exploiting the plots of desert under cultivation to increase the cultivated land. [Ezzat Awad Zaghloul, Hamdi Abdo Sawalhy and Afaf Zaki Othman. The Effects of Financial and Economic Crisis of Some Arab Country. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):116-121] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.17 Keywords: world; dilemmas; nutrition; crisis; Egypt; financial; budget; investment	Full Text	17
18	Impact of Climatic Changes in Egypt on Degree Day’s Units and Generation Number for Tomato Leaf miner Moth Tuta absoluta, (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera gelechiidae) Abolmaaty S.M; M.K. Hassanein; ^A.A. Khalil and A.F Abou-Hadid Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ^{alaa_armka@yahoo.com} Abstract: The environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity are factors are influencing insect physiology and behavior; such as temperature and relative humidity. The aim of this study is predicting degree day’s unit and annual generations of the tomato leaf moth Tuta absoluta under current and expected future climate by using the relationship between the accumulated thermal heat units expressed as degree-days unit (DDU) and the population fluctuations. Evaluated how temperature influence the annual generation in four governorates in Egypt using the climate change data output from the HadCM3 model for A1 scenario proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The obtained results indicate that population of the Tuta absoluta in Qena governorate gave the highest number of generation as compared to other locations (EL Beheira, Giza and Fayoum governorates) under current climate. Generation numbers of T. absoluta under climate change conditions increased especially in Qena governorates. However, the expected generation numbers of the pest at 2050 and 2100 are be 12-14 and 13-15 generations per year, respectively. [Abolmaaty S.M; M.K. Hassanein; A.A. Khalil and A.F Abou-Hadid. Impact of Climatic Changes in Egypt on Degree Day’s Units and Generation Number for Tomato Leaf miner Moth Tuta absoluta, (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera gelechiidae). Nature and Science 2010;8(11):122-129] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.18 Keywords:, Climatic changes, Degree day unit, Generations, Leaf Miner, Tuta absoluta	Full Text	18
19	*A Review on Pongamia* Pinnata (L.) Pierre: A Great Versatile Leguminous Plant** Savita Sangwan, D.V. Rao and R.A. Sharma Biotechnology lab, lab no.5, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. E.mail:- savita.sagwan@gmail.com Correspondence author: SAVITA SANGWAN Institute address: - Biotechnology lab, lab no.5, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. Residence address: - B-130, L.S. Nagar, Vidhyadhar Nagar, Jaipur. E-mail:- savita.sagwan@gmail.com; Phone: - 9928195351 Abstract: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre [family: Leguminosae] is a medium –sized glabrous tree popularly known as Karanja in Hindi, Indian beech in English and Pongam in Tamil. It is adaptable tree for tropical and sub-tropical regions which requires excellent drainage and a sunny location. It grows easily from seed. Historically, this plant has long been used in India and neighboring regions as a source of traditional medicines, animal fodder, green manure, timber, fish poison and fuel. Extract of the plant possess significant anti-diarrhoeal, anti-fungal, anti-plasmodial, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Its oil is a source of biodiesel. It has also alternative source of energy, which is renewable, safe and non-pollutant. This article briefly reviews the botany, distribution, ecology, uses of the plant and as a source of biodiesel. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspect of Pongamia pinnata and its potential use as a source of biodiesel. [Savita Sangwan, D.V.Rao and R.A. Sharma. A Review on Pongamia Pinnata (L.) Pierre: A Great Versatile Leguminous Plant. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):130-139] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.19 Keywords: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Biodiesel, Traditional medicines, Anti-diarrhoeal, Anti-ulcerogenic, Anti-inflammatory	Full Text	19
20	Biosorption of Cesium-134 from Aqueous Solutions using Immobilized Marine Algae: Equilibrium and kinetics H. A. Omar¹; A.S. Abdel-Razek²; M.S. Sayed ² ¹Radiation Protection Dept. - Nuclear Research Center - Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt. ²Radiation Protection Dept. - Hot Laboratories Center- Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt. hodaatom@yahoo.com alasayabdelr@yahoo.com Abstract: Marine green algae Enteromorpha torta (Wulfen) J. Agardh (Chlorophyta: Ulvales) collected from western Alexandria coast was investigated for the removal of ¹³⁴Cs from aqueous solutions. Different dry weights of E. torta (0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025g) were immobilized using 10 ml of 4% calcium alginate. The equilibrium sorption studies for ¹³⁴Cs were done using 2g (50 beads) of control Ca-alginate (CA) and immobilized algal biomass (IAB) beads. The experimental data have been analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The results showed that the maximum capacity was 4.32, 3.77, 3.51, 4.6, 10.55 and 12.6 mmol/g dry weights for control, 0.2, 0.15, 0.1, .05 and 0.025g of E. torta, respectively. The mean free energy was 18.9, 19.03, 21.13, 22.71, 23.47 and 23.59 KJmol^-1 for the same samples. Moreover, sorption kinetics was performed and it was observed that the equilibrium reached in three hours, which could be described by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The maximum biosorption of ¹³⁴Cs was investigated at pH 7 for all sorbents. Column experiments were also carried out to investigate the capacity of IAB beads for cesium-134. [H. A. Omar; A.S. Abdel-Razek; M.S. Sayed. Biosorption of Cesium-134 from Aqueous Solutions using Immobilized Marine Algae: Equilibrium and kinetics. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):140-147] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.20 Key words: biosorption; green algae; calcium alginate; ¹³⁴Cs; kinetics.	Full Text	20
21	Variation in the Quantities of three Macro-Nutrients (N:P:K) in the Leaf Prunings of three Indigenous Agroforestry tree Species I. M.Etuk¹, N. U. Ndaeyo,² andO. Olajide¹ ¹Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, Nigeria ²Department of Crop Science, University of Uyo, Nigeria Corresponding author’s e-mail: dr_nundaeyo@yahoo.com Abstract: A study was conducted at the University of Uyo, Forestry Arboretum to assess the quantities of three macro-nutrients (N, P, K) in the leaf prunings of three agroforestry tree species of Anthonata macrophylla, Dactyladenia barteri and Lonchocarpus griffonianus. The tree species were of two age series of three and six years. Results obtained revealed that nutrient elements’ contents in the three year age series were: Anthonatha macrophylla (N: 1.61%, P: 0.20% and K: 0.90%), Dactyladenia barteri (N: 1.47%, P: 0.26% and K: 0.08%), and Lonchocarpus griffonianus (N: 4.69%, P: 0.22% and K: 0.80%), while in the six year age series it was: A. macrophylla (N: 1.12%, P: 0.22% and K: 0.70%), D. barteri (N: 1.75%, P: 0.24% and K: 0.05%) and L. griffonianus (N: 3.36%, P: 0.24% and K: 0.06%). This suggests that these agroforestry trees can be used intercropped with arable crops and the prunings used by farmers to improve soil fertility for sustainable soil fertility management. [I. M.Etuk, N. U. Ndaeyo,andO. Olajide. Variation in the Quantities of three Macro-Nutrients (N:P:K) in the Leaf Prunings of three Indigenous Agroforestry tree Species. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):148-151] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.21 Key Words: Agroforestry Trees, Leaf Prunings, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium	Full Text	21
22	Chromatograph interfaced to a Mass Spectrometer Analysis of Cinnamomum verum ¹Hema R., ¹S. Kumaravel and ²T. Devi Martina ¹Food TestingLaboratory, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Thanjavur ²Dept. of Microbiology^,PRIST University, Thanjavur e-mail: hema.scientist@gmail.com Abstract: Due to uniqueness of Cinnamomum verum property in curing different ailments this part was selected for the study. Hence the present investigation was carried out to determine the possible chemical components from Cinnamomum verum by GC-MS. This analysis revealed that Cinnamomum verum contain mainly Cinnamaldehyde, (E)- [61.57%] and Coumarin [11.60%], which were used in curing oral bacterial growth caused due to Environmental Pollution of Water. [Hema R., S. Kumaravel and T. Devi Martina. Chromatograph interfaced to a Mass Spectrometer Analysis of Cinnamomum verum. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):152-155] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.22 Keywords: Cinnamomum verum, GC-MS analysis, Cinnamaldehyde, (E)- [61.57%] and Coumarin [11.60%], Curing oral bacterial growth caused due to Environmental Pollution of Water	Full Text	22
23	Pigeonpea / Sorghum Intercropping in Southern Guinea Savanna: Effects of Planting Density of Pigeonpea. Egbe, Onyilo Moses And Bar-Anyam, Mary Ngumalen. Department of Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria. onyiloegbe @ yahoo.co.uk Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two years (2008-2009 and 2009-2010 cropping seasons) at the National Root Crops Research Institute Sub-station, Otobi and at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture, Makurdi in Benue State, all located in Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. The experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of increased population densities of intercropped pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) on its yield performance and that of the sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) component in Southern Guinea Savanna region of Nigeria with the aim of improving the productivity of this intercropping system. Intercropping decreased the number of pods per plant, dry pod weight and grain yield of the pigeonpea component as well as the panicle length, panicle weight and dry grain yield of the sorghum component. Pigeonpea canopy width, number of pods per plant, dry pod weight and grain yield decreased with increased density of pigeonpea in both sole and intercropped situations in both locations and in both years. A reverse trend was observed for length of the pod-bearing portion of pigeonpea. Pigeonpea proved more productive under intercropping than in sole systems as indicated by LER (1.31-1.33) and LEC (0.39-0.41) values. Intercropping pigeonpea at 33,000.00 plants/ha (P33) with sorghum produced higher number of seeds/plant, dry pod weight and grain yield of pigeonpea than at the other population densities tested. Similarly, the panicle length, panicle weight and grain yield of sorghum were higher when intercropped with P33 than at the other population densities tested .Competitive ratio (CR) values were lowest at P33,suggesting that both intra- and inter-specific competitions were least at this population density of pigeonpea. Pigeonpea equivalent yield values suggested that pigeonpea was more productive at Otobi than Makurdi, although this was not significant. [Egbe, Onyilo Moses And Bar-Anyam, Mary Ngumalen. Pigeonpea / Sorghum Intercropping in Southern Guinea Savanna: Effects of Planting Density of Pigeonpea. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):156-167] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.23 Key words: intercropping, planting density, pigeonpea, sorghum, competition	Full Text	23
24	*Aspects of the Biology of Sickle fin mullet, Liza falcipinnis* (Valenciennes, 1836). from Badagry creek, Lagos, Nigeria** ^1LAWSON, Emmanuel O., ²AKINTOLA, Shehu O. and ³OLATUNDE, Oluwaseun A. ^1,2,3Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria. P.O. Box 001, LASU Post office, Lagos, Nigeria. ollulawson@yahoo.com Abstract: Biologic aspects of Sickle fin mullet, Liza falcipinnis were investigated in Badagry creek, Lagos, Nigeria between July 2006 and June 2007. L. falcipinnis is a commercially valued fish species in Nigeria and West African sub-region. Its importance lies in its fisheries especially in the creeks, estuaries and lagoons. Of recently the catch per unit of effort of this and other fishes have reduced drastically due to poor management of the water resources. Overfishing, household and industrial discharges, logging and dredging activities and other human activities are the contributory factors. Four hundred and forty-four (444) individuals of his species were collected with gill and cast nets at depths between 0 and 25 m. The morphometric and biometric data were collected from the fish. Length frequency analysis and length-weight relationships (LWR) were determined from the data. Diet composition of the fish was determined by macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the stomach contents. Sex and stages of maturity were ascertained by naked eye examination of the gonads. Specimens that were classified as immature were those with gonads whose sex can not be ascertained as males or females. The morphometric data included: 6-12 mm for ED, 18-49 mm for HL, HD was 13-45 mm, and BD, 22-85 mm. The fish ranged from 100-290 mm TL and weighed between 12.0 and 241.0 g BW respectively. The fish matured at 116 and 121 mm TL for males and females respectively, both ripe at 90 mm TL. The LWR was LogW=-3.63+2.31LogL(r=0.79) for immature, LogW=-3.91+2.48LogL(r=0.87) for males and LogW=-4.89+2.91LogL(r=0.89) for females. The mean K values were 7.9 x 10^-4(immature), 8.7 x10^-4(males) and 9.7 x10^-4(females). The species consisted of 123 juveniles, 173 sub-adults and 148 adults, constituting 27.72, 38.96, and 33.33% of the fish population respectively. The diet included 13 different food organisms that were grouped into 4 categories and 7 classes. The species was both detritus and benthic feeder; an herbivore that fed on algae, a piscivore by feeding on fish and possessed carnivorous tendency. There were variations in numbers and occurrences of these items in the stomachs of fish. Its diet varied from the microscopic algae to macroscopic fish fry. The overall sex ratio was 1 male: 1.13 females (X²=11.36>X²_{1, 0.05}=3.84). The population was in favour of females. There was a significant departure from the theoretical 1male:1female. The mean GSI values were 0.382±0.20 for and 0.737±0.23% for females. In the present study, the morphometric measurements, growth patterns, diet composition, and aspects of reproductive biology of L. falcipinnis were investigated for the purpose of providing biological data as baseline data for carrying out further investigations on the ecology of this species, and management and conservation of the fisheries resources in Badagry creek. [LAWSON, Emmanuel O., AKINTOLA, Shehu O. and OLATUNDE, Oluwaseun A. Aspects of the Biology of Sickle fin mullet, Liza falcipinnis (Valenciennes, 1836). from Badagry creek, Lagos, Nigeria. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):168-182] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.24 Key words: morphometric, piscivorous, gonadosomatic index, mugilidae, condition factor, estuaries, lagoon, creeks	Full Text	24
25	Influence Of Different Cyanobacterial Application Methods On Growth And Seed Production Of Common Bean Under Various Levels Of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization Amal Z. Hegazi. ¹, Soha S. M. Mostafa ²and Hamdino M. I. Ahmed ¹ 1 Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. 2 Soils, Water& Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Corresponding author amalhegazi2000@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Nowadays, pollution is considered as the most important problem in Egypt. Moreover using of mineral fertilizers in agricultural production has resulted in serious problems in the soil and contaminates the underground water. It is also accumulated in food chain causing hazard effects. Many solutions were suggested to reduce the previously mentioned problems, out of them using blue green algae (cyanobacteria) such as Nostoc muscorum, Nostoc humifusum, Anabaena oryzae, Wollea sp, Phormedium and Spirulina platensis can decrease using the mineral form of nitrogen fertilizer. The field experiment was carried out during the two successive summer seasons of 2008 and 2009 at Kaha Research Station, Kalyiobia governorate, Egypt to investigate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants to seed inoculation and/or soil drench with cyanobacteria mixture under different nitrogen levels, i.e., 50 or 75 of recommend mineral nitrogen. Most studied traits of bean such as vegetative growth, seed yield and its attributes, NPK and seed sugar (total and reducing) content showed positive significant effects when used the tow different applications. Cyanobacteria also enhance the soil biological activity in terms of increasing the total bacterial, total cyanobacterial counts, CO₂ evolution, dehydrogenase and nitrogenase activities. Results suggested that 1/4 or 1/2 of the recommended dose of nitrogen mineral fertilizer could be saved by using some species of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. Obtained results emphasized the prospects and potentials of using cyanobacteria biofertilizers as renewable natural nitrogen resources for bean. They are none polluting, inexpensive, utilize renewable resources in addition to their ability in using free available solar energy, atmospheric nitrogen and water. [Amal Z. Hegazi, Soha S. M. Mostafa and Hamdino M. I. Ahmed. Influence Of Different Cyanobacterial Application Methods On Growth And Seed Production Of Common Bean Under Various Levels Of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):183-194] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.25 Keywords: common bean, nitrogen fertilizer, cyanobacteria, blue green algae, soil properties	Full Text	25
26	An Economic Study on the Red Meat in Arab Republic of Egypt Yehia Mohamed Metaly, Karima Awad Mohamed and Haitham B. A. Hassan Department of Agricultural Economics - National Research Centre Abstract: The red meat Represents a cornerstone in the style of food protein for human in Egypt, as the average capita consumption or the rate of calories given to the person in a year is one of the criteria’s development and a measure of difference between progress and backwardness. The lack of availability of these criterions to the extent equivalent of the calories to the standard requests, it is a burden and population pressure. The problem of the study in Egypt difficult for the individual on the animal protein needed for good health because of the high prices of meat in general and in particular, the high prices of red meat and its substitutes and low awareness of food, with a lack of niche markets for red meat animals. The study aims to achieve a sustainable development of fleshy red production on standard methods with the study of the reasons for the low production of red meat, and stand on the most important economic and social factors affecting the natural production of red meat, and also factors influencing the consumption and marketing of red meat. The study relied on published and unpublished data. The achievement of the objectives of the study was based on methods of descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis of the data (using statistical methods and economic analysis), the simple regression and stepwise regression, where the main analysis was used. The study in the first part of the annual increase in the production of red meat during the study period (1995-2009) was estimated at 19.62 thousand tons, while the annual growth rate in the Egyptian consumption of red meat at about 39.04 thousand tons, thus achieving an annual rate of the increase of the gap meat to 19.4 thousand tons and the rate of the increase in the import of red meat at 12.5 thousand tons. While, the second part shows that, most influential factor on the production of red meat of Egypt, is the amount of alfalfa sustained ton (x2), the amount of straw (x3) and the amount of dry feed (x4), as an increase in each factor separately by the Unit. This leads to change the production of red meat increased by 0.0076, 0.064, 0.0063 tons). Nevertheless, the third part was among the most important influential factor on the consumption of red meat is the average per capita income (x2), and the price of poultry (x4), and the price of fish (x5), as an increase in each factor separately by 1%, this can lead to change consumption of red meat by the Republic of 0.444%, 0.914%, 0.453%, while the price of red meat, 1% would lead to lack of quantity consumed by 0.357%, and this function is statistically significant at the level (0.01) and consistent with economic logic. However, the fourth part has made it clear that the rate of the annual increase for the price of the product and a wholesaler and retailer was about 4.49, 1.59, 1.7 pounds / kg during the study period. While, addressing the fifth port of the study the distribution of pounds spent during the period (1995-2009), where indicated a low efficiency marketing decline in the share pounds of consumer product where low to less than half years 1998.1999, 2008, while the rest of the half-year exceeds the time series for the period (1995-2009), but it is not beyond the 61.99% in 2003. [Yehia Mohamed Metaly, Karima Awad Mohamed and Haitham B. A. Hassan. An Economic Study on the Red Meat in Arab Republic of Egypt. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):195-201] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.26 Keywords: Egypt; alfalfa; straw; capita	Full Text	26
27	Study the Possible Protective and Therapeutic Influence of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Against Neurodegenerative Disordersand Alzheimer's disease Induced by Aluminum Chloride in Cerebral Cortex of Male Albino Rats Enas, A.Khalil Department of Histology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, 12553Cairo, Egypt enasamk@hotmail.com Abstract: Several studies reported many neurodegenerative disorders and Alzheimer's disease induced by aluminum chloride on cerebral cortex of male rats. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a plant among others which improve blood circulation to the head, impart mental concentration and memory capabilities. Coriander, both its leaves and its seeds are grown as spice group all over the world. The present investigation aims to clarify the role of coriander seed aqueous extract as a protective and therapeutic agent against neurodegenerative disorders and Alzheimer's disease induced by AlCl₃on the pyramidal cells in cerebral cortex of male albino rats. 24 Adult male albino rats were divided into four groups 6 for each, control, (300mg/kg p.o) AlCl₃treated group for a month, (300mg/kg p. o.)AlCl₃plus (0.5gm/kg p. o) aqueous seed coriander extract treated group for a month and (0.5gm/kg p. o.) aqueous seed coriander extract treated group after stopping aluminum chloridetreatment each for a month. Specimens from cerebral cortex were processed for haematoxylin and eosin, toluidine blue and Nauta stains. Aluminum chloride treatment showed dilatation of blood capillaries and presence of many shrunken pyramidal cells, the cells are pale and chromatolytic, the fibers appear detached and irregular in thickness. Aluminum chloride and coriander treated group restore the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex to normal. The treatment with coriander for a month after stopping AlCl₃ treatment restores the pyramidal cells to nearly normal. In conclusion coriander eedsaqueous extract showing protection and an improvement in therapeutic action on pyramidal cells in cerebral cortex against neurodegenerative disorders and Alzheimer' disease induced by aluminum chloride treatment. [Enas, A.Khalil. Study the Possible Protective and Therapeutic Influence of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Against Neurodegenerative Disordersand Alzheimer's disease Induced by Aluminum Chloride in Cerebral Cortex of Male Albino Rats. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):202-213] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.27 Key words: coriander, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral cortex, aluminum chloride, rat	Full Text	27
28	Biosorption of Cesium-134 from Aqueous Solutions using Immobilized Marine Algae: Equilibrium and kinetics H. A. Omar¹; A.S. Abdel-Razek²; M.S. Sayed ² 1. Radiation Protection Dept. - Nuclear Research Center - Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: hodaatom@yahoo.com 2. Radiation Protection Dept. - Hot Laboratories Center- Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: alasayabdelr@yahoo.com Abstract: Marine green algae Enteromorpha torta (Wulfen) J. Agardh (Chlorophyta: Ulvales) collected from western Alexandria coast was investigated for the removal of ¹³⁴Cs from aqueous solutions. Different dry weights of E. torta (0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025g) were immobilized using 10 ml of 4% calcium alginate. The equilibrium sorption studies for ¹³⁴Cs were done using 2g (50 beads) of control Ca-alginate (CA) and immobilized algal biomass (IAB) beads. The experimental data have been analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The results showed that the maximum capacity was 4.32, 3.77, 3.51, 4.6, 10.55 and 12.6 mmol/g dry weights for control, 0.2, 0.15, 0.1, .05 and 0.025g of E. torta, respectively. The mean free energy was 18.9, 19.03, 21.13, 22.71, 23.47 and 23.59 KJmol^-1 for the same samples. Moreover, sorption kinetics was performed and it was observed that the equilibrium reached in three hours, which could be described by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The maximum biosorption of ¹³⁴Cs was investigated at pH 7 for all sorbents. Column experiments were also carried out to investigate the capacity of IAB beads for cesium-134. [H. A. Omar; A.S. Abdel-Razek; M.S. Sayed. Biosorption of Cesium-134 from Aqueous Solutions using Immobilized Marine Algae: Equilibrium and kinetics. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):214-221] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.28 Key words: biosorption; green algae; calcium alginate; ¹³⁴Cs; kinetics	Full Text	28
29	Financial and Economic Analysis for Agricultural Projects (West Delta Irrigation Project Case) Mahmoud A. Abd El Aziz; Karima Awad Mohamed; Alaa El Deien.M. Safaan and Haitham B.Aly National Research Centr and Agricultural Research Centre Abstract: The project aimed to increase the water productivity and efficiency. Therefore, the main objective of the current study is to evaluate both the financial and economic viability of installing irrigation water connections and facilities through RC pipelines. The results indicated that the project will need to inject capital till year 4, in that it will be financially sustainable beginning from year 5 of operation. In spite of the fact that the project is not financially viable where IRR (8%) < WACC (10%), it is sustainable in that it is capable of covering cost of operation and is also economically viable (17%). However, it is advised to adopt alternative one where ERR (25%) much exceeds ERR of alternative two (17%) and where IRR (16%) would attract capital investment. [Mahmoud A. Abd El Aziz; Karima Awad Mohamed; Alaa El Deien.M. Safaan and Haitham B Aly. Financial and Economic Analysis For Agricultural Projects. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):222-233] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.29 Keywords: West Delta Project, Financial Analysis, Economic Analysis, Internal Rate of Return, Agricultural Projects	Full Text	29
30	Effect of Zizyphus Leaves Extract on Mice Suffering from Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Amal I. Hassan^* and Eman I. Abdel-Gawad Radioisotopes Department, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt. ^amal IQ_Q, aml_h@hotmail.com Abstract:* The present study was concerned with the pharmacological potency of zizyphus leaves extract towards antitumor in the form of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) model in female albino mice. Ascites tumor was introduced into mice by inoculation of 2 x 10⁶viable tumor cells/mouse. After 10 days of transplantation, the extraction of zizyphus leaves was given daily for 21 days via intraperitoneal route at a dose level of 200mg/kg body weight (b.w.) to mice bearing EAC cells. Then, the blood samples and tissues of liver, kidney, spleen, small and large intestine were collected from treated and control animals for biochemical and histopathological examination. The therapeutic role of zizyphus leaves extract against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma appeared, to a great extent, in retardation of animal body weight as well as improvement of corticoesterone level and immune markers such as monocytes chemoattractant protein- 1(MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interlukin-10 (IL10). The enhancement of antioxidant status in extract treated animals was appeared in restoration of serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) and total antioxidants values. Regarding to histopathological results, treatment with zizyphus leaves extract diminished most of the pathological alterations induced by EAC cells in mice and confirmed the biochemical results. Thus, zizyphus leaves extract may be utilized to reduce EAC tumor and it could be recommended with attempts to integrate from animal studies, and considers their possible application in human. [Amal I. Hassan and Eman I. Abdel-Gawad. Effect of Zizyphus Leaves Extract on Mice Suffering from Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):234-244] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.30 Keywords: Effect; Zizyphus; Leave; Extract; Mice; Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma	Full Text	30
31	The Possible Use of Diluted Vinasse as A Partial Replacement with Mineral Fertilizers Source on Wheat Yield and Nutritional Status on Sandy Soil Mona, A. Osman Soils, Water and Environ. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt Abstract: A field experiment was carried out using wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L., CV. Giza 168) grown on sandy soil at Ismaillia Agric. Res. Station, Agric. Res. Center (ARC), to evaluate the use of vinasse as a partial replacement of mineral fertilizers. The following three rates from diluted vinasse (V1) 2.5, (V2) 5 and (V3) 10 % were sprayed on surface soil layer once a week, with or without enrichment by 2 % N, P and K nutrients, after wheat cultivation. Control treatment was received the full doses of the mineral fertilizers. On the other hand, the effect of applications, 0, 50 and 75 % from the recommended dose of mineral fertilizers were combined with the previous three levels of diluted vinasse with or without enriched with macronutrients on the sandy soil and wheat plants were also investigated. The obtained results indicate that applied, Zero, 50 or 75 % from the mineral fertilizers in combination with or without vinasse led to slightly decrease pH values by increasing the rate of vinasse alone (V) or enriched with macronutrients (Ve) at both tested seasons. However, EC values in soil were generally increased by increasing the rate of vinasse (V) or (Ve). Moreover, Enriched vinasse with macronutrients (Ve) led to significantly increase the EC and available N, P and K nutrients in the soil than the other tested treatments. Moreover, application of mineral fertilizers at 50 and 75 % from the recommended dose led to significant increases N, P and K uptake in straw and grains of wheat than vinasse without mineral fertilizers (MF) treatments. The highest N, P and K uptake values were 55.6, 22 and 96.8 Kg/ fed and 77.4 , 24.1 and 13.1 Kg/ fed in wheat straw and grains, respectively. These values were significantly higher than that recorded by treatment V2 +75 % MF enriched by N, P and K. However, N, P and K uptake were decreased significantly by increasing the rate of Ve application in case of Ve3+75%MF treatment. Concerning the yield of wheat, it was gradually increased by increasing the rate of vinasse amendment, especially for vinasse enriched with macronutrients combined with 50 % MF while the application of 75 % MF with V3 led to significant decrease but still over the control in both two seasons. However, the highest significant increases in yield components (straw and grains) were obtained with application of V2 enriched with macronutrients and 75 % MF at both tested seasons as compared to the control treatment. [Mona, A. Osman. The Possible Use of Diluted Vinasse as A Partial Replacement with Mineral Fertilizers Source on Wheat Yield and Nutritional Status on Sandy Soil. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):245-251] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.31 Keywords: Vinasse; Mineral; Fertilizer; Wheat; Yield; Soil	Full Text	31
32	Molecular and Biochemical Marker of Some Vicia faba L. Cultivars in Response to Broomrape Infestation Abo El-kheir, Zakia A¹., M.S. Abdel-Hady², El-Naggar, Hoda M.H.² and Abd El-Hamed, Asmaa R.² Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science Al-Azhar University. Department of Botany, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Abstract: This study was conducted to compare some faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars (Giza 843, Nubaria 1 and Misr 1) on their reaction to Orobanche infestation by analyzing M1 generation using ISSR-PCR and protein electrophoresis techniques. Gamma ray at 25 Gy was selected, based on preliminary and experimental results, to create possible beneficial effects on the host-parasite relationship between the tested cultivars and Orobanche. Data obtained by ISSR and protein electrophoresis showed that there were considerable genetic variation and different genetic responses between the three studied cultivars, irradiation and cultivars and cultivar /infection /irradiation. Some clear reproducible polymorphic products per ISSR primers were detected, such bands could be considered cultivar specific markers, and sequencing of these bands is the aim in future studies. On the other hand, the results obtained showed that it should be considering genetic structure and cultivar typing on designing the crop for increasing faba bean yield and also the importance of gamma-rays to induce distinctive genetic effects for breeding proposes. [Abo El-kheir, Zakia A., M.S. Abdel-Hady, El-Naggar, Hoda M.H. and Abd El-Hamed, Asmaa R. Molecular and Biochemical Marker of Some Vicia faba L. Cultivars in Response to Broomrape Infestation. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):252-260] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.32 Key words: faba bean, ISSR, protein, gamma rays, mutation, broomrape	Full Text	32
33	Response of Okra to Organic and Inorganic Fertilization M.O. Akande¹, F.I. Oluwatoyinbo², E.A. Makinde², A.S. Adepoju²and I.S. Adepoju² ¹ Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, PMB 5029 Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria ² Federal College Agriculture, PMB 5029 Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria Address correspondence to: M.O. Akande. Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, PMB 5029 Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: michealojoakande@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Problem Statement. Continuous use of mineral fertilizer in tropical soils is associated with reduced crop yield, increased soil acidity and nutrient imbalance. A combination of organic materials and mineral fertilizer is better fertilizer management for these soils. Approach: Performance of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Moench) was assessed using synthetic NPK fertilizer alone, organic materials alone, or a mix of the two. Results: Application of 60 kg N + 2.5 Mt·ha^-1 organic fertilizer produced the tallest plants, 57 cm. Application of 60 kg N + 2.5 Mt·ha^-1 poultry manure (PM) and with Gliricidia leaves produced plants of 53 and 51 cm, respectively. Stem circumference and leaf area followed the same trend. Application of 60 kg N + 2.5 Mt·ha^-1 Organic-based Fertilizer (OBF) produced the highest yield, 3.58 Mt·ha^-1 which was similar to 3.29 and 3.20 Mt·ha^-1 from applications of 60 kg N + 2.5 Mt·ha^-1 PM and Gliricidia leaves, respectively. Okra leaf N and P contents were increased by 37 and 130% respectively, with Gliricidia leaves. Conclusion: Complementary application of 2.5 tonnes OBF and 60kg N as NPK 20-10-10 most favoured Okra growth and yield. [M.O. Akande, F.I. Oluwatoyinbo, E.A. Makinde, A.S. Adepoju and I.S. Adepoju. Response of Okra to Organic and Inorganic Fertilization. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):261-266] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.33 Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus, fertilizer, manure, soil nutrients, yield	Full Text	33
34	A Phase II Single Institution Study of Docetaxel in Patients with Recurrent and/or Metastatic Non-Nasopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Refractory to a Platinum-Based Chemotherapy *Abdel Halim Abo Hamar; Hanan Shawky^ and Mohamed Alam El-Deen** Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt ^{hannshawky@yahoo.com} Abstract:* Background/Aim: The taxanes has been proved to be active for treatment of many cancers. We conducted a phase II study to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of weekly docetaxel in patients with platinum-refractory recurrent and / or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Patients & Methods: Patients with metastatic or recurrent SCCHN and adequate hematologic, renal and hepatic function and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0–2 were enrolled. Prior platinum-based chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy were permitted with 4-week interval. The regimen was weekly docetaxel (30 mg/m2) administered for 4 weeks every 5 weeks for a maximum of 6 cycles. Patients with disease progression or unacceptable toxicity were excluded from the study. Results: Fifty-five patients with a median age of 53 years (range, 39 –73 years) were accrued. Previously, most patients had received radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and a majority of patients had treatment-free interval of < 6 months. All patients who were entered on the study were assessable for toxicity and response of docetaxel. There was 9 clinical responses (16.4%, {95% confidence interval, 8. 9 - 28.3}) and another 16 (29.1% {95% confidence interval, 18.8-42.2}) had stable disease. Disease control rate was 45.5% (95% confidence interval, 33.1-58.5). No Grade 3–4 toxicities were recorded. The most common hematological toxicity was grade 1-2 anemia in 46 patients (83.7%), and non-hematological toxicities were mild and manageable. The estimated median progression-free and median overall survival times were 4 (95% confidence interval, 3.1-4.9; SE: 0.46) and 8 months, (95% confidence interval, 5.9- 10.1; SE: 1.1) respectively, and the 1-year overall survival rate was 12.7%. There was no treatment-related death. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that, in the population with platinum-refractory, recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, weekly docetaxel regimen had good clinical activity with an acceptable toxicity. [Abdel Halim Abo Hamar; Hanan Shawky and Mohamed Alam El-Deen. A Phase II Single Institution Study of Docetaxel in Patients with Recurrent and/or Metastatic Non-Nasopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Refractory to a Platinum-Based Chemotherapy. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):267-274] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.34 Key words: head and neck carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, platinum refractory, recurrent/ metastatic tumor, weekly docetaxel, chemotherapy	Full Text	34
35	Agricultural land Monitoring in Egypt using NOAA-AVHRR and SPOT Vegetation Data ¹Shalaby, A. and ²R. R. Ali ¹National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), 23 Joseph Tito Street, Cairo, Egypt. ²Sois and Water Use Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt adel_shalaby@hotmail.com, bediertop@yahoo.com Abstract: Land cover change detection is one of the most important trends in which remote sensing data could be used to assist strategists and the planners to decide the best land use policy. Two images of NOAA-AVHRR and SPOT vegetation acquired in November 1992 and 2000 were used to assess the changes of Agricultural lands in Egypt. A supervised classification together with two change images derived from classification result and NDVI were used to evaluate the trend and form of the change. It was found that agricultural areas increased by about 14.3 % during the study period in particular around the River Nile Delta and near the Northern Lakes of Egypt. The new cultivated lands were extracted mainly from the desert and from the salt marches areas. At the same time, parts of the agricultural lands were turned into non-cultivated land because of the urban expansion and soil degradation. An analysis of these changes and how much they affect the total agriculture map of Egypt were discussed in details. [Shalaby, A. and R. R. Ali. Agricultural land Monitoring in Egypt using NOAA-AVHRR and SPOT Vegetation Data. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):275-278] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.35 Key Words: Agricultural lands - Change detection- NOAA-AVHRR- SPOT vegetation	Full Text	35
36	Potentials of the Economic Expansion in the Production and Export of Egyptian Garlic Khairy, H. ELeshmawiy, Laila M. ElSharif, Haitham B. Hassan and Alaa El-din M. Saafan Department of Agricultural Economics - National Research Center, Giza, Egypt Abstract: The Current research aim is to identify the empowered to increase the production and export of Egyptian garlic as one of the most important export crops, in order to achieve that, studying the status quo for production of garlic and specific factors of production, in addition to examine the main importing markets and factors affecting them have to be considered. The study indicated that the import of garlic reached its lower quantity during the period (2007-2009), representing the relative importance of about 1.5% (282 thousand tons) of the total domestic production of garlic. Moreover, the study demonstrated that, the most important factors affecting the area planted with garlic are the farm price and productivity of garlic. Furthermore, the net revenue per acre of onion crop the rival of garlic cropping in the agricultural cycle. The results clarify that, the EU is one of the most important importers of fresh garlic Egyptian, with relative importance estimated at 70.8%. Whereas, Germany and Italy are the most important markets for fresh garlic, they imported 27.2% and 20.1%, respectively. Nevertheless, the Arab free trade's zone is the most important economic bloc’s importers of Egyptian garlic powder with relative importance of about 46.7%. The market of Syrian and Moroccan markets are the most important importer of Egyptian garlic powder with relative importance of 25.5% and 20.4%, respectively, during the study period. The results showed that, there is no benefit from preferences granted to agreements with many of the various economic blocs, especially EU countries. Furthermore, the most important factors affecting the exports of garlic is the export price and the average export price of the world. As it turns out that, the most important problems facing producers and exporters of Egyptian garlic is the lack of high-productivity of garlic and the prices of seedlings available to farmers, and lack of interest sorting out and grading, as well as the lack of the adequate information storage process, which leads to increase losses and higher marketing costs. In addition to, the exploitation of producers and traders, especially small-scale farmers and get their produce at prices less than 40% of the price of the consumer. Therefore, the study recommends that, the need to develop high-yielding varieties and qualities of garlic (i.e. Chinese), which accepted by Egyptian consumer. With the work on the provision of instructional information and the delivery of the farms, and open new markets for Egyptian garlic. In addition to the removal of all obstacles hindering the export process and in particular export Egyptian garlic. [Khairy, H. ELeshmawiy, Laila M. ElSharif, Haitham B. Hassan and Alaa El-din M. Saafan. Potentials of the Economic Expansion in the Production and Export of Egyptian Garlic. Nature and Science 2010;8(11):279-287] (ISSN: 1545-0740). doi:10.7537/marsnsj081110.36 Keywords: Economic Expansion, Export of Egyptian Garlic, Production of garlic	Full Text	36