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Aquatic Plant Diversity of Manawar Tawi River with special reference to Periphyton, Jammu And Kashmir, India

Adhfur Sherwani and Dr. Malik Mukhtar

^1.  Research Scholar, Department of Environment Science

^2.  Professor, Department of Entomology SKUAST-K

showkat80ahmad@gmail.com

Abstract: Plant diversity is an important biotic component of any aquatic ecosystem. Huge biodiversity is found in Manawar water system. The Manawar Tawi is one of the most important rivers of Jammu region. It is one of the major tributaries of the Chenab River. In this study Periphyton, Phytoplankton and Macrophyte diversity was estimated. Members of Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) of periphyton among aquatic plants were found to be one of the most dominant components of the aquatic biodiversity of Manawar Tawi River. These components of aquatic biodiversity can act as one of the most appropriate and efficient bio indicators of aquatic habitats during the present study.

[Adhfur Sherwani and Malik Mukhtar. Aquatic Plant Diversity of Manawar Tawi River with special reference to Periphyton, Jammu And Kashmir, India. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):1-8]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 1.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.01

Keywords: aquatic plant, diversity, manawar twai river, periphyton

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Is Einstein's Greatest Work Wrong

Manjunath R

Independent Researcher

#16/1, 8 ^Th Main Road, Shivanagar, Rajajinagar, Bangalore: 560010, Karnataka, India

manjunath5496@gmail.com, manjunathr1988@yahoo.in

Abstract: This paper concisely describes the invalidity of Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity (which explains how to interpret motion between different inertial frames of reference) and also highlights some basic aspects of bit of electromagnetic energy called photon and the dark star called the black hole.

[Manjunath.R. Is Einstein's Greatest Work Wrong. Is Einstein's Greatest Work Wrong. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):9-10]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 2.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.02

Keywords: mass; particle; photon; black hole; force.

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从量子信息到大量子论

----评王德奎解读郭汉英《我们的宇宙与德西特相对论》

刘月生

Recommended: 王德奎, y-tx@163.com

编者按：中国杰出的自然哲学家、新疆医科大学教授刘月生先生逝世一周年，为表示对他的怀念，特转发他生前2009年发表的长篇重要评论，以作纪念。

【摘要】二十一世纪使我们能站在一个统一相对论、量子理论和基因理论的新高度来看弦论与超弦，但这是需要气魄和胆识的。如果：只有从单量子论升华到多量子论才能找到与相对论的统一基准；或者只有把德西特相对论评价成更符合现代天文观测，才能用精确相对论修正传统的不符合宇宙常数而导致不平衡的相对论，那么，怎样看待这不完全相同的两种方案，就成了目前推进相对论发展的两大抉择之争。王德奎用点内空间与点外空间的关系与点内外相隔的膜，重新解读了德西特相对论的最新版本。用结构信息、交换信息、观控相对界比拟了点内空间、点外空间与膜；从大量子论高度把人们的传统球量子观过渡到环量子的点内空间观。由此看黑洞辐射，使霍金的黑洞蒸发的热力学熵过程和量子信息增值过程得到统一理解，其秘密就在于环量子的三旋运动观。把传统的粒子观转换成量子信息观，把量子信息发展为大量子观，重新看广义相对论和德西特相对论，就能理解王德奎的形象描述：长江河流上下游，变成了相对论，长江三峡大坝闸门的运作，变成点内空间与点外空间的观控相对界，进而由环量子导出的三旋间相作用的信息增值。最后D膜和反D膜都将从观控相对界得到新的解释。

[刘月生. 从量子信息到大量子论----评王德奎解读郭汉英《我们的宇宙与德西特相对论》. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):11-25]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 3.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.03

【关键词】德西特相对论  量子信息  大量子论

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震惊世界的光量子

谭天荣

青岛大学 物理系 青岛 266071, China, ttr359@126.com

内容提要：按照光子论，光波同时又是一束称为“光子”的粒子，而光电效应则是如下过程：当光照射金属表面时，在金属中静止的电子了吸收一个光子，获得光子的能量，并将这一能量转化为自身的动能，从而离开金属。这种解释有一个极为初等的错误：按照能量动量守恒定律，当电子吸收一个光子时，不仅会得到光子的能量，而且会得到光子的动量。因此，一个静止的电子在吸收一个光子成为“光电子”以后，将沿光波的传播方向运动。可是，在显示光电效应的实验中，光波传播方向与光电子逸出方向明显不一致。这个错误也可以表成如下形式：根据相对论，吸收与发射的对立是绝对的：如果对某一参照系而言，一个物体经历了一个吸收过程，则对任何其他参照系来说，该过程也是吸收过程；但加速与减速的对立却是相对的：如果对某一参照系而言，一个物体经历了一个加速过程，则对其他参照系来说，该过程却可能是减速过程。可见一个物体不可能依靠吸收来加速，或者说，不可能经历一个只有吸收和加速而没有第三种效果的过程。按照光子论，光电效应正是这样的过程。由此可见，光子论对光电效应的解释违背了相对论。其实，光电效应可在经典物理学的框架中说明如下：电子是一个“带电粒子”从而它将激发一个电磁场，这是该电子的“固有电磁场”，而电子的状态经久不变表明它的这两个组成部分保持着动态平衡。当电子进入光波时，将经历一个从真空中的平衡过渡到光波中的平衡的过程。在这一过程中，电子吸收了一份光波，从静止进入等速直线运动状态，还有第三种效果：从真空进入光波。正是因为未能表现这一“第三种效果”，光子论所描述的光电效应其实不满足能量动量守恒定律。如果电子离开光波进入真空，则它将经历一个与从真空进入光波效果相反的过程，其效果为：电子发射了一份光波；改变整体运动的状态；从光波进入光波真空。如果电子进入光波以后，接着又离开光波，则它将经历上面两个过程的合成过程，其总的效果为：电子吸收了一份光波，又发射了一份光波；从静止进入某种等速直线运动状态。这就是康普顿效应。由于电子在该过程的初态与终态都在真空中，没有被光子论所忽略的“第三种效果”。因此，与光电效应不同，即使从光子论的角度看来，康普顿效应也满足能量动量守恒定律。光波的波源是“物质”，而物质是由一个一个分立的原子组成的，相应地，物质发射光波的过程是由一个一个的分立的“原子发射光波”的过程合成的。原子的能量是有限的，因此原子发射光波只能是一个有始有终的有限过程。在这个有限过程中，原子只能发射一份有限能量的光波。许多同样的原子各自经历同样的有限过程将各自发射一份同样的光波。于是，在物质发射光波的过程中，光波的能量将一份一份地跳跃地增加，而普朗克所说的“能量子”，就是单个原子在某一有限的发射过程中所发射一份光波。由此可见，普朗克的辐射量子论乃是原子论的必然结论：“辐射的‘量子性’起源于辐射源的‘原子性’。”

[谭天荣. 震惊世界的光量子. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):26-33]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 4.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.04

关键词：电子论；量子现象；光子；光电效应；康普顿效应；能量动量守恒定律；辐射量子论；普朗克；电子的固有电磁场；观察者

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Light Quantum Shocking the World

TAN Tianrong

Department of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, ttr359@126.com

Abstract: According to Einstein’s photon theory, the light wave is concurrently a bunch of particles called “photons”; and photoelectric effect can be explained as follows: A metal irradiated with light, an electron stilling in the metal absorbs a photon and obtains its energy; and transfers which into kinetic itself, and thereby it separates itself from the metal and becomes “photoelectron”. Such an explanation makes an error at the very start: According to the law of conservation of momenta and energies, while absorbing a photon, an electron not only obtains the energy of the photon, but also obtains its momentum. So, a still electron absorbs a photon and becomes a photoelectron will certainly move along the light propagation direction. However, in the photoelectric effect experiment, the direction that the light propagates is clearly different from that the photoelectron removes. This error can also be expressed as follows: According to relativity, the antithesis between absorption and emission is absolute, namely, if a substance is absorbing with regard to a certain reference frame, then it sure to be absorbing to any other reference frame. However, the antithesis between accelerate motion and decelerate motion is relative, and thus it is possible that a body in motion is speeded up to one reference frame and speeded down to another reference frame. As a result, a body cannot be quickened by means of absorbing, in other words, it is impossible that an object both speeds up and absorbs without the third effect. But by photon theory, photoelectric effect is just such a process. Actually, photoelectric effect can be explained naturally in the frame of classical physics as follows: an electron is a charged particle so that it excites an electromagnetic field，which is the “intrinsic electromagnetic field” of the very electron. Therefore, an electron has two component parts, a charged particle and an intrinsic electromagnetic field. Considering that the state of the electron is prolonged unchanged, these two component parts must be in a dynamic equilibrium state. Entering into light wave, an electron will from the equilibrium state in vacuum transits to that in light wave. In this process, there are three effects: Firstly, the electron absorbs a portion of light wave; secondly, its entirety motion velocity changes, from one constant velocity motion state becomes another; thirdly, it enters into light wave from the vacuum. Among them the third effect disappears in photon theory. Precisely so, photoelectric effect explained by photon theory actually violates the law of conservation of momenta and energies. Similarly, departing from light wave, an electron will undergo a process with the opposite effects: emitting a portion of light wave; changing the entirety motion velocity; and the third effect: entering into the vacuum from light wave. If an electron enters into and later on departs from light wave, then it will undergo the synthetic process of the above two processes, of which the total effect can be summed up as follows: absorbing a portion of light wave; emitting a portion of light wave; twice changing its entirety motion velocity, in the final analysis, from one constant velocity motion state transiting another. That is just Compton effect. For such a synthetic process, both the initial state and the final state of the electron are in the vacuum; so that there is not the third effect neglected by photon theory. As a result, even as viewed from photon theory, Compton effect obeys the law of conservation of momenta and energies. The source of light wave is material, while material consists of discrete atoms. Therefore, a radiation process of a substance consists of the radiation processes of its atoms. The energy of an atom is finite, so the radiation process of an atom has a beginning and an end, namely, it is a limited process, in which the atom can only radiates a limited portion of light wave. Undergoing a similar radiation process; each atom of a same substance will radiate a similar portion of light wave respectively. As a result, in the radiation process of the material, the increase of the energy of light wave will be noncontinuous, a portion by a portion. Such a portion of light wave is exactly Planck’s “energy quantum”. It is thus seen that Planck’s radiation quantum theory is an inevitable outcome of atomic theory; the quantum character of radiation stems from the atomicity of the source of radiation.

[Tan Tianrong. Light Quantum Shocking the World. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):26-33]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 4.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.04

Key words: electron theory; quantum phenomenon; photon; photoelectric effect; Compton effect; the law of conservation of momenta and energies; radiation quantum theory; Planck; electron’s intrinsic electromagnetic field; macro observer

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Vermicomposting of Parthenium hysterophorus with different organic wastes and activators

Satish Kumar Ameta*, Rakshit Ameta, Dipti Soni and Suresh C. Ameta

Department of Chemistry, PAHER University, Udaipur-313003 (Raj.), India

Email: skameta@yahoo.com

Abstract: Parthenium has become a menacing weed throughout the world. Although various attempts have been made for its control and reducing its hazards; but, these are insufficient. Presently there is a growing concern about adverse impacts of chronic use of pesticides for controlling weeds. A lot of work has also been reported on the adverse impacts of chemical fertilizers on soil fertility in long term. Controlling Parthenium weed by composting and providing nutrients to the desired crops will be an ecofriendly step. Compost of this weed has been made using different methods with variety of organic wastes. In present work, compost of the weed has been prepared using earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in addition with different organic wastes (cow dong, sawdust, dry leaves, wheat straw, wood ash, etc.), activators (old farm yard manure, Trichoderma viride, etc.) and rock phosphate to reduce the time of decomposition and to obtain more nutrient rich compost. Importance of use of an activator in composting process was also observed for the partial decomposition of the feedstock simultaneously.

[Satish Kumar Ameta, Rakshit Ameta, Dipti Soni and Suresh C. Ameta. Vermicomposting of Parthenium hysterophorus with different organic wastes and activators. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):34-38]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 5.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.05

Key words: Compost; earthworms; Eisenia fetida; environment; nutrients; Parthenium; soil; vermicompost; weed

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宇宙边界和时间的相对性 —— 膨胀的“时间球”

作者：郭丙善

中国河北石家庄人，1970年10月10日出生， 男， 工程师职称。 电话： 15032050368， Email：gbs3218@163.com

Recommended: 张洞生 (Zhang Dongsheng), ZDS@Outlook.com; 王德奎 y-tx@163.com

摘 要：揭示宇宙空间问题是一件庞大的认识工程。“距离是一个时间概念” “时间是三维的”，通过改变人们对“距离”、“时间”概念的固有认识，建立了“时间球”宇宙模型。从“时间球”角度揭示了宇宙是什么样子的，何为宇宙的中心和边界。同时指出了时间在时空中的相对性的原因，阐述了光线运动轨迹问题、光线弯曲及曲率函数问题，解释了背景辐射现象和光速不可叠加现象。并且根据“时间球”宇宙模型对宇宙现象作出了一些推论和解释。

[郭丙善. 宇宙边界和时间的相对性——膨胀的“时间球”. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):39-55]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 6.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.06

关键词：宇宙边界、“时间球”、时间流逝相对性、速度叠加原理、光速不变

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Refuting Darwinism

Dr. Bhakti Niskama Shanta

sb.ibc@cbs.dk; Online_Sadhu_Sanga@googlegroups.com, googlegroups.com

Abstract: Under a wrong influence (politics and funding agencies) majority of scientific community take for granted that the real goal of science is to defend/establish materialism and thus the entire scientific research is centered around wrong presumptions like abiogenesis, insentient view about lower species (like animals, plants, bacteria and so on), bodily evolution theories (macroevolution), genetic determinism, AI (sentient robots, creativity of mechanical systems like computers and so on) and so on. YES I AGREE Science journals also follow the same trend and do not allow any honest expression of truth (which is against materialism) that scientists realize from their own research works

[Bhakti Niskama Shanta. Refuting Darwinism. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):56-59]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 7.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.07

Keywords: politics; funding agencies; scientific community; materialism

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Darwin’s theory of evolution

Bhakti Vijnana Muni, PhD

googlegroups.com

Abstract: Darwin’s theory of evolution has been around for more than 150 years. However today it is being challenged and there are many foundational and problematic issues that have led scientists to deviate from the many of its original formalism of the theory. The predictions of Darwin’s theory do not show up in the actual field.

[Bhakti Vijnana Muni. Darwin’s theory of evolution. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):60-65]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 8.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.08

Keywords: Darwin; theory; evolution; formalism

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Why Biology is Beyond Physical Sciences?

Biological Intelligence and the Human Faculties

(Why Biology is Beyond Physical Sciences?' – Published in Journal 'Advances in Life Sciences')

Robert Wallace

Narayan Kachhara via Sadhu-Sanga Under the holy association of Spd. B.M. Puri Maharaja, Ph.D

Bob@robertmwallace.com, Online_Sadhu_Sanga@googlegroups.com

Abstract: Many biological processes in organisms are said to take place intelligently. Modern biology now admits that living organisms are dynamically complex functional entities not reducible to simple mechanical-chemical descriptions. Barbara McClintock [1] showed that organisms can engineer their DNA. Shapiro [2] claims that the whole organism engineers the modification of its genetic structure in response to stress or to achieve a goal. He concludes that cognitive intelligence is necessary to properly explain the behavior of cellular and genetic processes. It can, therefore, be deduced philosophically from the Science of Logic that cognition, consciousness or sentience is the immediate existential Concept of life and intelligence is a necessary feature of organisms. Jainism distinguishes between the body of a living organism, called sachit, and the body of a dead organism, called achit, meaning thereby that the sachit body has consciousness or intelligence like features.

[Robert Wallace. Why Biology is Beyond Physical Sciences? Biological Intelligence and the Human Faculties. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):66-76]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 9.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.09

Keywords: biological process; organism; intelligently; Modern biology

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关于应力波的几点认识

Chun-Xuan, Jiang (蒋春暄)

Institute for Basic Research, Palm Harbor, FL34682-1577, USA

And: P. O. Box 3924, Beijing 100854, China (蒋春暄，北京3924信箱，100854)

jiangchunxuan@sohu.com, cxjiang@mail.bcf.net.cn, jcxuan@sina.com, Jiangchunxuan@vip.sohu.com, jcxxxx@163.com

摘要：我不同意‘物质’有引力，我也不同意宇宙间有黑洞，但是；我赞成‘空间是弯曲的’，但是；空间弯曲的原因不是‘引力’，而是‘能量’。能量产生空间及其形态是有它的实践和实验根据的。

[Chun-Xuan, Jiang (蒋春暄). 关于应力波的几点认识. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):77-78]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 10.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.10

关键词：‘物质； 引力； 宇宙； 黑洞； 空间

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英国数学家怀尔斯获2016年度阿贝尔奖

Chun-Xuan, Jiang (蒋春暄)

Institute for Basic Research, Palm Harbor, FL34682-1577, USA

And: P. O. Box 3924, Beijing 100854, China (蒋春暄，北京3924信箱，100854)

jiangchunxuan@sohu.com, cxjiang@mail.bcf.net.cn, jcxuan@sina.com, Jiangchunxuan@vip.sohu.com, jcxxxx@163.com

Abstract: 费马大定理由法国数学家费马提出，内容很简单：当整数ｎ＞２时，关于Ｘ、Ｙ、Ｚ的不定方程Ｘ^ｎ＋Ｙ^ｎ＝Ｚ^ｎ没有正整数解。这个定理自提出后３００多年里，长期没能得到证明，吸引了大量数学家的努力，是数学史上最精彩的谜题之一。

[Chun-Xuan, Jiang (蒋春暄). 英国数学家怀尔斯获2016年度阿贝尔奖. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):79-79]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 11.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.11

Keywords: 费马大定理; 法国; 数学; 费马

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Proximate and Microbiological evaluation of the West African dried Meat product, Kilishi sold in three major cities of Nigeria

Segun G. Jonathan^a, Odunayo J Olawuyi^b, John A. Odebode^c Busayo J. Babalola^a and Ayodele O. Ajayi^d

^aMycology & Biotechnology Unit, Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria;

^bGenetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria;

^c Mycology Unit, Department of Botany, University of Lagos, Akoka Nigeria;

^dDepartment of Microbiology, Federal University of Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria;

Corresponding author: sg.jonathan@ui.edu.ng

Abstract: The proximate and microbial evaluation of Kilishi, a West African dried meat product was carried out in this study, samples collected from three major cities in Nigeria were evaluated from May- November 2013. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS version 16, while means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test at P<0.05. The result on the microbial analysis shows that the growth response of fungi isolated in Kilishi obtained from Ibadan and Minna cities were non- significantly different from each other but significantly different from of fungi isolated in Kilishi obtained from Lagos city. The location effect is highly significant (p< 0.01) for crude protein and ash content but non significantly different for moisture content while the location effect were significant for the ether extract. The ANOVA showed that Kilishi obtained from Lagos and Ibadan cities was similar in crude protein with a value ranging from 19.44 – 23.55. This study shows that ash content was highest in Kilishi obtained from Ibadan city and significantly different from Kilishi obtained from Minna and Lagos cities. There are non significant differences in the ether extract of Kilishi obtained from Minna and Ibadan cities. The result of correlation coefficient of location, day after inoculation and replicate shows that the growth area was positive and highly correlated with day after inoculation (p<0.01; r=0.43) but non associated positively with replicates. Fungi species isolated from the samples were A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum, Neurospora crassa, Penicillum notatum and P. chrysogenum. The highest occurring fungus in all the locations were Aspergillus sp. and significant amount of Aflatoxin B1 from mouldy Kilishi was also detected. The result of this study shows the potential of Kilishi as a high protein product. However, the increase in crude protein content found in Kilishi obtained from Lagos and Ibadan cities are related to the growth of fungi isolated from the samples. The presence of these fungi is unusual and it compromises the safety of the Kilishi for human consumption Therefore, proper hygiene practices should be observed during handling and marketing process for food safety.

[Segun G. Jonathan, Odunayo J Olawuyi, John A. Odebode Busayo J. Babalola and Ayodele O. Ajayi. Proximate and Microbiological evaluation of the West African dried Meat product, Kilishi sold in three major cities of Nigeria. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):80-87]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 12.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.12

Keywords: Kilishi, proximate, microbial, aflatoxin B1, dried meat, protein, food safety

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一本初探中国的书 -- 读陈奎先生的长篇小说《古水井》

王德奎

y-tx@163.com

Abstract: 《古水井》以主人公石德贵为主线，以郝兴林为见证人，记录了从1911年到2005年94年间，发生在中国历史变革转型的一些活生生的大事件。首先《古水井》以石德贵参加四川保路运动开头，书中标明石德贵1911年是15岁。他虽是农村里的一个穷孩子，但也能认便条，写简单的家信。以此作为坐标，能把陈奎先生书中列出的一些重大事件和记录的石德贵的岁数，换算列出编为年谱，成为中国特色社会主义的编年史料书。

[王德奎. 一本初探中国的书--读陈奎先生的长篇小说《古水井》. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):88-94]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 13.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.13

Keywords: 《古水井》;中国; 历史变革转型; 农村; 史料书

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致杨振宁教授、邵逸夫科学奖基金会与中国数学学会的公开信

Chen I-wan: An Open Letter to Prof. Yang Zhen-ning, The Shao Yi-fu Science Prize Foundation, and to The China Mathematics Society

陈一文(Chen I-wan )

英籍华人 (A British-Chinese)

cheniwan@263.net

摘要: 蒋春暄对于费马大定理的证明1992年3月在中国发表〔蒋春暄，费马大定理已被证明，潜科学，2，17-20〔1992〕；而后于1994年在美国以英文出版〔蒋春暄，代数·群·几何，11, 371-377〔1994〕〕。 蒋春暄于1992年初并再次于1993年将600多份蒋春暄对于费马大定理的证明的预印本邮寄发给中国与世界无数数学家，包括怀尔斯工作的普林斯敦大学。蒋春暄实现所有这些远在怀尔斯1995宣布自己最终证明费马大定理之前。 因而，如果怀尔斯，和／或支持怀尔斯的任何其它国外或中国的数学家，声称怀尔斯为世界上第一个证明费马大定理的人，那么，怀尔斯，或者他们，必须首先否定1992年初已经发表的蒋春暄对于费马大定理的证明。

Abstract: Jiang’s proof of FLT was published in China in March 1992 (Jiang Chun-xuan, Fermat’s Last Theorem has been proved, Potential Science, 2, 17-20 (1992)); and later published in English in the USA in 1994 (Jiang Chun-xuan, Algebras, Groups and Geometries, 11, 371-377 (1994)). In early 1992 and again in 1993, Jiang mailed over 600 copies of preprints of Jiang’s proof of FLT to numerous mathematicians in China and the world, including the Princeton University where Wiles worked. Jiang accomplished all of this was far before Wiles made his final announcement that he has eventually proved FLT in 1995. Therefore, if Wiles, and/or other mathematicians abroad or in China supporting Wiles, claim that Wiles was the first in the world to prove FLT, then, Wiles, or they, must first disprove Jiang Chun-xuan’s above mentioned prove of FLT published in early 1992.

[陈一文 (Chen I-wan). Chen I-wan: An Open Letter to Prof. Yang Zhen-ning, The Shao Yi-fu Science Prize Foundation, and to The China Mathematics Society. Academ Arena 2016;8(4):95-102]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 14.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj080416.14

Keywords: 蒋春暄; 费马大定理; 证明; 数学; 怀尔斯; 普林斯敦大学

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