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Teaching Aids: A Panacea for Effective Instructional Delivery in Biology

Iwu, Rosemary U., Ijioma, Blessing C, Onoja Abel .I, and Nzewuihe G.U

 Department of Biology, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri. Imo State, Nigeria.

rosykachi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The paper examines the role of teaching aids in effective instructional delivery. Teaching aids are those relevant materials utilized by the teacher during instructional process and they in turn affect the behaviour of the learner. To effectively utilize instructional materials in the teaching-learning process the following principles and requirements should be adhered to in the selection of teaching aids: Instructional tasks, target audience attributes, the economy, dynamic variables and environmental factors. The use of instructional materials should follow the following guidelines: specification of objectives, preparation and preview, maximal fit with instructional task, environmental situations and measure of outcome. The problems associated with the use of teaching aids include the following; teachers professional knowledge and technical know-how, time, finance and poor maintenance culture. In line with the above it is recommended that teachers should endeavor to commit themselves to effective use of teaching aids in all their instructional delivery. A forum should be created where teachers will endeavor to update their knowledge in the area of educational technology in order to expose themselves to modern technological apparatus and how to manipulate their functions amongst others.

[Iwu, Rosemary U., Ijioma, Blessing C, Onoja Abel .I, and Nzewuihe G.U. Teaching Aids: A Panacea for Effective Instructional Delivery in Biology. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):1-4] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net. 

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.01

Keywords: Teaching Aids, Panacea, Instructional delivery

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远古联合国及四川盆塞海地理形成初探

巴海

Recommended: 王德奎 y-tx@163.com

ZhangDongSheng zhangds12@hotmail.com

Abstract: 《死海古卷》（或称《死海经卷》、《死海书卷》、《死海文书》等），远在第一世纪以前大约一百年的时候，就被藏在死海西北的山洞中。此地离耶路撒冷约只有30公里路，于是人们称这本古卷为死海古卷。死海古卷也泛称1947～1956年间，在死海西北基伯昆兰旷野的山洞发现的古代文献。《死海古卷》中最重要的文献是希伯来文《圣经》抄本（即《旧约圣经》）。何拔儒是绵阳市盐亭县榉溪河畔珠瑙沟人，生于1862年。何拔儒和黄兴、张澜、陈润霖等四人到在日本留学，都是有为振兴中华的目的而来。黄兴、张澜、陈润霖当时只是20岁到30岁之间的青年人，他们很快投入与孙中山发起的中国同盟会的革命活动，并且确实改变了中国社会的面貌。而何拔儒当时已是40岁的中年人，他的目标是“拔儒”-----他说，列强打了我们这类老师，提醒我们社会革命任务之外，还有一个任务就是要“拔高”儒学：因为修身、齐家、治国、平天下决策，需要科学，但儒学的两大特点，一是把中华文明自称是农耕文明，以此早、好自居；二是把中华文明定位在人学、仁学，以此单一的和谐早、好自居。而拔高儒学，一是要强调中华文明是“海洋文明在先，农耕文明在后”，二是要强调中华文明是人与自然及天下的和谐持久双赢。因此何拔儒也秘密带着探讨“远古联合国及四川盆塞海地理形成”的思考来留学的。

[巴海. 远古联合国及四川盆塞海地理形成初探. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):5-13] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.02

Keywords: 死海; 耶路撒冷;《死海古卷》;《圣经》; 科学

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Patterns of activation of Neosartorya fischeri and Talaromyces flavus ascospores in phosphate buffers (pH6 and 7) and in distilled water at temperatures 70⁰, 75⁰ and 80⁰C.

N.J. Amaeze¹ and J.O. Ugwuanyi²

1. Department of biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria.

2. Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.

ngoziamaeze@yahoo.com.sg, jerryugwuanyi@yahoo.com

Abstract: Activation of ascospores of the two strains of N. fischeri designated E7 and 3C and two strains of T. flavus designated 2E and 5A were studied at three different temperatures (70^o ,75^o and 80^oC) in 0.1 phosphate compared to enumeration in the haemocytometer. The optimum temperature/time for activation of N. fischeri (E7 and 3C) were75^o/50min or 80^o/30min in PB(pH7) and 75^o/30min or 80^o/10min in PB(pH7) respectively. For T. flavus (5A and 2E) the optimum temperature/time for activation were 80^o/150min in PB (pH7) and 80^o/130min in PB (pH6) respectively. There are some very practical implications which can be drawn from these activation studies. The heat processing schedule used to manufacture some types of fruit products may result in activation of dormant mold ascospores. Low recoveries may indicate that the many spores were truly non-viable or that they are merely highly dormant and could not be activated by our activation and cultural conditions and that the means for breaking this dormancy remains to be discovered.

[N.J. Amaeze and J.O.Ugwuanyi. Patterns of activation of Neosartorya fischeri and Talaromyces flavus ascospores in phosphate buffers (pH6 and 7) and in distilled water at temperatures 70⁰, 75⁰ and 80⁰C. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):14-26] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.03

 Key words: Neosartorya fischeri, Talaromyces flavus, ascospores, yield, temperature

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从丘成桐《内空间之形》看中国（摘要）

王丹红

Recommended: 王德奎 y-tx@163.com

Zhang DongSheng, zhangds12@hotmail.com

 Abstract: 2010年9月，美国正式出版丘成桐和科学作家史蒂文·纳第斯，合著的新书《内空间之形——弦理论和宇宙隐藏维度之几何学》），打开了宇宙的命运和几何学自身的命运的联系。2010年12月16日，《科学时报》发表王丹红同志的文章，介绍丘成桐总结证明“卡拉比-丘流形”的《内空间之形——弦理论和宇宙隐藏维度之几何学》）一书。自然界的基本粒子和基本作用力是极小微小的“弦”振动的结果。而该书正好能理解弦理论所需要的数学，同时也介绍了丘成桐证明“卡拉比-丘流形”后，在数学和物理学领域的巨大影响。

[王丹红. 从丘成桐《内空间之形》看中国. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):27-] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.04

Keywords: 美国; 丘成桐; 科学; 内空间; 弦理论; 宇宙; 几何

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否定法拉第定律、麦克斯韦旋度理论和爱因斯坦狭义相对论，充分证明了绝对时空观的牛顿力学、伽利略相对性原理和广义洛伦兹磁力

曾清平

 sciencesum@yahoo.cn

摘要: 本书（ISBN978-7-5352-4288-4）归纳总结前辈物理学家们的实验，梳理自然科学原理中存在的问题，全面分析电磁感应纠纷、光速纠纷和时空纠纷的根结所在。概括地讲，本书否定了狭义相对论的论点、论据、推导过程及其历史遗留的相关问题。前五章否定了狭义相对论的第一个论据(相对性原理)，第八章否定了狭义相对论第二个论据(光速不变原理)，第六章否定了狭义相对论的论点(相对论运动学、相对论动力学、相对论电磁学、相对论时空观)，第七章否定了狭义相对论的数学工具(洛仑兹变换)。全书共十章，其中第1章论证了广义洛仑兹磁力的普适性，第2章论证了麦克斯韦旋度场与工程实践不符，第3章否定了麦克斯韦旋度场理论体系，第4章建立了独立发收场模型，第5章论证了电波本性不是能量，与实验一致，第6章否定了狭义相对论的论点，第7章否定了狭义相对论的数学工具(洛仑兹变换)，第8章论证了光速叠加原理，第9章重新解释了历史上重大异议的物理实验(包括Michelson-Morley实验和Compton散射实验)，第10章进一步论证了牛顿-伽利略时空观的正确性。总之时间是绝对的且是一维流逝的，空间是绝对的且是各向同性的，光速是可叠加的，广义洛仑兹磁力是正确的，电场波与磁场波是独立辐射的，爱因斯坦的狭义相对论和自由空间的旋度场方程是错误的。此外特别指出，Compton的伦琴射线散射实验遵循牛顿定律；光速是矢量，Michelson-Morley实验遵循伽利略相对性原理；电波辐射矢量场守恒，接收场在广义洛仑兹力的作用下形成的信号强度服从距离平方反比率。

[曾清平. 否定法拉第定律、麦克斯韦旋度理论和爱因斯坦狭义相对论，充分证明了绝对时空观的牛顿力学、伽利略相对性原理和广义洛伦兹磁力. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):30-32] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.05

Keywords: 法拉第定律; 麦克斯韦旋度; 爱因斯坦; 相对论; 时空; 牛顿; 伽利略; 洛伦兹

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美国保持繁荣的根本途径

万宝

 Brooklyn， New York， USA

wanbao2009@gmail.com

摘要：几年来，美国在世界的相对实力在明显的下降，其根本原因是财富创造的小数量低效率高成本及财富使用的高支出，其实就是实体生产成本过高同时数量过少。很简单，人靠消耗财富来维持生存并得到生活幸福和社会繁荣。美国现在对财富创造的少、消耗的多，不产生危机才不正常。所以，对危机根本的解决办法自然是财富创造的大数量低成本及财富使用的低支出。所以，面对现实，美国保持继续繁荣发展的根本出路是：尽可能的降低生产成本及增大生产数量，并减少支出。

[万宝. 美国保持繁荣的根本途径. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):33-34] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.06

关键词：美国；世界；财富；效率；成本；支出；生产；生活；繁荣

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21世纪新弦学概论

----从弦到流形及场的算术代数几何

申之金

摘要：微观基元的弦的某些而行为类似我们人类，而且弦和人已真构成物质演变的两极。如果把现代的许多基础理论比作国家，21世纪新弦学就类似联合国，它的任务是在打造未来的科学，且具体着眼于21世纪科学和社会面临的困境，从自己的一极在寻找出路。

[申之金. 21世纪新弦学概论. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):35-42] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.07

关键词：弦论 射隐几何 整体还原全息互补原理

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宇宙黑洞的演化过程、宇宙原初小黑洞M_bom » 10¹⁵g和大数假说

 张 洞 生

 1957年毕业于北航，即现在的北京航空航天大学

Email: zhangds12@hotmail.com

【前言】。早在1971年，霍金首先提出了《‘微型黑洞’的概念，认为宇宙形成初期，一些小团块物质在’宇宙浴缸’的巨大压力下，会收缩成为不同尺度的黑洞，（作者注：准确的说，并非收缩，而是会膨胀出不同尺度的黑洞）有的是由一座山收缩而成的，其体积仅相当现在的一颗基本粒子，在宇宙大爆炸发生之际，各种质量的黑洞都是有可能生成的；因此，宇宙空间里目前仍可能存在着’微型黑洞’，这也就是‘宇宙原初小黑洞M_bom » 10¹⁵g》。在70年代，科学家们曾费力地力求在宇宙空间找到这种宇宙原初小黑洞M_bom，但一无所获。 本文将探讨和计算宇宙中7种大小不同类型的黑洞的性能参数，1；论证M_bom » 10¹⁵g的原初宇宙小黑洞不可能在现今的宇宙空间存在；2；按计算出的黑洞的数据证明许多10³⁹的神秘大数并无在宇宙中存在的神秘性，只不过是偶然得出来的结果。3；霍金黑洞熵公式的重要物理意义。4；宇宙黑洞的合并膨胀演化过程。

[张洞生. 宇宙黑洞的演化过程、宇宙原初小黑洞M_bom » 10¹⁵g和大数假说. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):43-48] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.08

【关键词】。黑洞；最小黑洞；微型黑洞；宇宙原初小黑洞M_bom» 10¹⁵g；10³⁹大数

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从庞加莱猜想到黑洞战争

----21世纪新弦学概论（1）

申之金

摘要：量子三旋可以使每个基本粒子本身变成类似一个麦克斯韦妖，这是庞加莱猜想定理能证明的；从而对结束黑洞战争也是一个弦学补充。

[申之金. 从庞加莱猜想到黑洞战争. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):49-57] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net. 

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.09

关键词：黑洞战争 持球跑进 庞加莱猜想

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Pattern Of Adverse Drug Reaction Observed By Resident Doctors In Tertiary Health Centers In Nigeria

^*1Iribhogbe O.I, ²Agbaje E.O. 

¹Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and ²Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos.

Correspondence to: Dr Iribhogbe O.I,

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State.

Email: oignis@yahoo.com; GSM: +2348065794437

ABSTRACT: This cross sectional survey was designed to ascertain the pattern of adverse drug reaction observed by resident doctors in the course of their training in different specialty of Medicine and Surgery. The survey was carried out via structured questionnaires administered to 350 respondents between June and November 2007 in 4 tertiary health centers in Nigeria (Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, University of Benin Teaching Hospital and Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital respectively). Result showed that 305 (92.4%) of the respondent observed adverse drug reaction in the course of their training. 164 (49.7%) and 82 (24.8%) of the cases were severe and mild adverse reactions respectively. The pattern of systemic involvement in adverse drug reaction revealed that dermatological involvement were more pronounced (27.8%) while the least involved system was the musculoskeletal system (5.9%). Conclusively, there is need to pay greater attention to adverse drug reaction monitoring as this will enhance better case management of patients.

[Iribhogbe O.I, Agbaje E.O. Pattern Of Adverse Drug Reaction Observed By Resident Doctors In Tertiary Health Centers In Nigeria. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):58-61] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net. 

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.10

Key Words: Adverse Drug Reaction, Systemic Involvement, Monitoring, Pharmacovigilance

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美国保持繁荣的根本途径

万宝 

Brooklyn， New York， USA

wanbao2009@gmail.com

摘要：几年来，美国在世界的相对实力在明显的下降，其根本原因是财富创造的小数量低效率高成本及财富使用的高支出，其实就是实体生产成本过高同时数量过少。很简单，人靠消耗财富来维持生存并得到生活幸福和社会繁荣。美国现在对财富创造的少、消耗的多，不产生危机才不正常。所以，对危机根本的解决办法自然是财富创造的大数量低成本及财富使用的低支出。所以，面对现实，美国保持继续繁荣发展的根本出路是：尽可能的降低生产成本及增大生产数量，并减少支出。

[万宝. 美国保持繁荣的根本途径. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):62-62] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net. 

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.11

关键词：美国；世界；财富；效率；成本；支出；生产；生活；繁荣

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关于定域性原理的另一判决性实验

谭天荣 

青岛大学 物理系青岛 266071

 ttr359@126.com

内容提要：法国物理学家G.洛查克已经指出：贝尔不等式来自经典概率论，因此，上世纪关于贝尔不等式的实验，只不过再一次显示量子力学概率不同于经典概率，与定域性原理无关。本文提出一个判定量子力学中的“远程相互作用”观念与相对论的“定域性原理”孰是孰非的新实验。考虑一个连续地发射成对电子的电子源，让每一对电子都精确地朝相反的方向运行，从而形成相向运动的两个电子束。现在，让这两束电子各自经历一个双缝衍射过程，使得其中的一束的电子通过某一条缝当且仅当其配偶通过对应的缝，让右边的双缝同时打开而左边的双缝轮流打开，则从左边的双缝衍射实验我们能间接地知道右边的每一个电子经过的是哪一条缝。按照定域性原理，右边的双缝衍射实验的干涉条纹不会消失，而按照量子力学，则会消失。我预言这一实验将取得有利于定域性原理的结果。

[谭天荣. 关于定域性原理的另一判决性实验. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):64-67] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.12

关键词：贝尔不等式；经典概率论；定域性原理；G.洛查克；双缝衍射过程

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Chemical composition and antibacterial activity studies on calli of Fagonia arabica L.

Eman, A. Alam*; Gehan, H. Amin**; Yassin, M . ElAyouty** and Mohamed, S. Abdel-Hady*

 *, Botany Department, National Research Centre, Dokki,Giza, Egypt.

**, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt.

Abstract: Callus cultures obtained from leaf, hypocotyle and terminal bud explants of Fagonia spp. (Fagonia arabcia, Fagonia indica and Fagonia bruguieri) were studied. This study revealed that leaf of F. arabica was the most suitable explant to induce calli especially on MS medium supplemented with 5mg/l kinetin + 1 mg/l NAA, this medium gave the highest percentage of calli induction, while the highest amount of calli was obtained using 5mg/l kinetin + 1 mg/l 2,4-D after six weeks, while MS medium supplemented with 6 mg/l kinetin+ 2 mg/l NAA represented the maintenance medium for giving large amount of yellow healthy calli after four weeks. The best sucrose concentration for obtaining the highest amount of both callus fresh and dry weights is 40 g/l. Maximum growth rates of this callus on both solid and liquid media was recorded after 20 and 10 days respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening on this callus revealed the presence of carbohydrates and / or glycosides, saponins, sterols and/or triterpenoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, coumarins, irodoids, chlorides and sulphates, but this callus devoid of tannins and anthraquinones. Studying the chemical composition of this callus showed that it contains; raffinose, fructose, ribose and sucrose, the most dominant type of carbohydrates is fructose (7.77mg/g fresh weight). Callus contains also amino acids; aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glycine, histidine, argenine, threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine, the most dominant type of amino acids is phenylalanine (25 mg/g fresh weight). Total phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and oils present in fresh callus were 1.95, 113.40, 0.78, 10 mg/g and 0.68 % respectively. Six fatty acids were isolated and identified; myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, lenoleic and lenoleinic acids, the most dominant type of these fatty acids is oleic acid (45.7%). Comparative study through the antibacterial activity was carried out between callus and the intact leaf showed that, the antibacterial effect of this callus superior that of the intact leaf.

[Eman, A. Alam*; Gehan, H. Amin**; Yassin, M . ElAyouty** and Mohamed, S. Abdel-Hady. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity studies on calli of Fagonia arabica L.

Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):68] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net. 

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.13

Key words: Fagonia, Fagonia arabica, Fagonia indica, Fagonia bruguieri, callus, chemical composition, antibacterial activity.

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Impact of sources on waste production in activities: A new approach

Mohamad Reza Parsanejad¹, Mansor Momeni², Ali Mohaghar³

1,2,3 Faculty of management, university of Tehran

parsanejad@ut.ac.ir

Abstract: Productivity of construction industry is low especially in waste production. To demonstrate how it can be better than this situation, we should identify its waste sources. Whereas sources of waste are different for any material, so construction activities across supply chain that use so many kinds of materials have some different sources of waste. For responses to the question "which kind of sources effect on waste production in activities?" 30 questionnaires were distributed between experts. By following question about impact of five top sources on waste in activities, using binominal test, it observed that sources of waste for any activity are same as waste sources of materials that used in that. Indeed a category of sources that had been influenced on waste production of some materials were effective on waste in activities that use them.

[Mohamad Reza Parsanejad¹, Mansor Momeni², Ali Mohaghar. Impact of sources on waste production in activities: A new approach. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):69-78] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net.

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.14

Keywords: Waste, source of waste, waste in activities, supply chain, dimensional material, weight material

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远古联合国及四川盆塞海地理形成初探

巴海

Recommended by 王德奎 y-tx@163.com

Abstract: 《死海古卷》，远在第一世纪以前大约一百年的时候，就被藏在死海西北的山洞中。此地离耶路撒冷约只有30公里路，于是人们称这本古卷为死海古卷。死海古卷也泛称1947～1956年间，在死海西北基伯昆兰旷野的山洞发现的古代文献。《死海古卷》中最重要的文献是希伯来文《圣经》抄本（即《旧约圣经》）。1947年，居住在死海西北部某一小村中的儿童，在死海附近的山洞中发现了一些羊皮卷。从1948年至1956年间，11个藏有手稿的洞穴，又在死海西岸北部角落被发现。从这些洞穴又发掘出大量《旧约圣经》古卷和其他文献手抄本，种类多达600多种，残篇碎片数以万计。这些古卷在近代考古史上非常罕见，被西方学术界称为当代最重大的文献发现。

[巴海. 远古联合国及四川盆塞海地理形成初探. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):79-86] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net. 

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.15

Keywords: 《死海古卷》; 离耶路撒冷;古代文献; 希伯来文; 《圣经》;手稿; 《旧约圣经》; 西方; 学术; 文献发现

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The effects of Diethyl ether and Aqueous Garcinia kola seeds extracts on some bacterial isolates.

Ghamba, P. E.* Agbo, E. B.* Umar, A. F.* and Bukbuk, D. N.**

 *Biological Sciences Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi,

Nigeria.

**Microbiology Department, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.

Email: Peghamba@yahoo.com

+234-806-4820-524

Abstract: The antibacterial activity of Garcinia Kola seeds Diethyl ether and Aqueous extracts were tested against selected clinical bacterial isolates; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 50, 100, 150mg/ml. Agar well diffusion method was employed to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (mm) of the extracts against test isolates. The results showed that Diethyl ether exhibit more significant activity at P<0.01 and Aqueous extracts at P<0.05, at the different treatment regimes. Similarly, the concentration of 150mg/ml produced the highest zone of inhibition (mm), while, 50mg/ml gave the least against the test isolates. Also, phytochemical compounds (Flavonoids, tannin, Saponins, Sterols, and terpenes) possibly responsible for the antibacterial activity in the plant extracts were determined. Implication of results is that Diethyl ether and Aqueous Garcinia kola seed extracts posses strong antibacterial and potentially chemotherapeutic activity and it can be useful in the treatment of bacterial infections in humans.

[Ghamba, P. E. Agbo, E. B. Umar, A. F. and Bukbuk, D. N. The effects of Diethyl ether and Aqueous Garcinia kola seeds extracts on some bacterial isolates. Academia Arena, 2011;3(2):87-94] (ISSN 1553-992X). http://www.sciencepub.net. 

doi:10.7537/marsaaj030211.16

Keywords: Phtytochemical, Bacterial,Isolates, Agar, Chemotherapeutic

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